Slow integrin-dependent migration organizes networks of tissue-resident mast cells.

Immune cell locomotion is associated with amoeboid migration, a flexible mode of movement, which depends on rapid cycles of actin polymerization and actomyosin contraction1. Many immune cells do not necessarily require integrins, the major family of adhesion receptors in mammals, to move productively through three-dimensional tissue spaces2,3. Instead, they can use alternative strategies to transmit their actin-driven forces to the substrate, explaining their migratory adaptation to changing external environments4-6. However, whether these generalized concepts apply to all immune cells is unclear. Here, we show that the movement of mast cells (immune cells with important roles during allergy and anaphylaxis) differs fundamentally from the widely applied paradigm of interstitial immune cell migration. We identify a crucial role for integrin-dependent adhesion in controlling mast cell movement and localization to anatomical niches rich in KIT ligand, the major mast cell growth and survival factor. Our findings show that substrate-dependent haptokinesis is an important mechanism for the tissue organization of resident immune cells.

Studying the biology of cytotoxic T lymphocytes in vivo with a fluorescent granzyme B-mTFP knock-in mouse.

Understanding T cell function in vivo is of key importance for basic and translational immunology alike. To study T cells in vivo, we developed a new knock-in mouse line, which expresses a fusion protein of granzyme B, a key component of cytotoxic granules involved in T cell-mediated target cell-killing, and monomeric teal fluorescent protein from the endogenous Gzmb locus. Homozygous knock-ins, which are viable and fertile, have cytotoxic T lymphocytes with endogeneously fluorescent cytotoxic granules but wild-type-like killing capacity. Expression of the fluorescent fusion protein allows quantitative analyses of cytotoxic granule maturation, transport and fusion in vitro with super-resolution imaging techniques, and two-photon microscopy in living knock-ins enables the visualization of tissue rejection through individual target cell-killing events in vivo. Thus, the new mouse line is an ideal tool to study cytotoxic T lymphocyte biology and to optimize personalized immunotherapy in cancer treatment.

Cytotoxic, or killer, T cells are a key part of the immune system. They carry a lethal mixture of toxic chemicals, stored in packages called cytotoxic granules. Killer T cells inject the contents of these granules into infected, cancerous or otherwise foreign cells, forcing them to safely self-destruct. In test tubes, T cells are highly efficient serial killers, moving from one infected cell to the next at high speed. But, inside the body, their killing rate slows down. Researchers think that this has something to do with how killer T cells interact with other immune cells, but the details remain unclear. To get to grips with how killer T cells work in their natural environment, researchers need a way to follow them inside the body. One approach could be to use genetic engineering to attach a fluorescent tag to a protein found inside killer T cells. That tag then acts as a beacon, lighting the cells up and allowing researchers to track their movements. Tagging a protein inside the cytotoxic granules would allow close monitoring of T cells as they encounter, recognize and kill their targets. But fluorescent tags are bulky, and they can stop certain proteins from working as they should. To find out whether it is possible to track killer T cells with fluorescent tags, Chitirala, Chang et al. developed a new type of genetically modified mouse. The modification added a teal-colored tag to a protein inside the granules of the killer T cells. Chitirala, Chang et al. then used a combination of microscopy techniques inside and outside of the body to find out if the T cells still worked. This analysis showed that, not only were the tagged T cells able to kill diseased cells as normal, the tags made it possible to watch it happening in real time. Super-resolution microscopy outside of the body allowed Chitirala, Chang et al. to watch the killer T cells release their toxic granule content. It was also possible to follow individual T cells as they moved into, and destroyed, foreign tissue that had been transplanted inside the mice. These new mice provide a tool to understand how killer T cells really work. They could allow study not only of the cells themselves, but also their interactions with other immune cells inside the body. This could help to answer open questions in T cell research, such as why T cells seem to be so much more efficient at killing in test tubes than they are inside the body. Understanding this better could support the development of new treatments for viruses and cancer.