2024 AHA/ASA Performance and Quality Measures for Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage: A Report From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association.

The American Heart Association/American Stroke Association released a revised spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage guideline in 2022. A working group of stroke experts reviewed this guideline and identified a subset of recommendations that were deemed suitable for creating performance measures. These 15 performance measures encompass a wide spectrum of intracerebral hemorrhage patient care, from prehospital to posthospital settings, highlighting the importance of timely interventions. The measures also include 5 quality measures and address potential challenges in data collection, with the aim of future improvements.

Measuring Ambulatory Racial and Ethnic Neurologic Disparities With the Axon Registry.

Background and Objectives: The primary objective is to examine potential racial and ethnic (R/E) disparities in ambulatory neurology quality measures within the American Academy of Neurology Axon Registry. R/E disparities in neurologic US morbidity and mortality have been clearly documented. Despite these findings, there have been no nationwide examinations of how ambulatory neurologic care affects these negative health outcomes. Methods: This was a retrospective nonrandomized cohort study of patients in the AAN Axon Registry. The Axon Registry is a neurology-specific outpatient quality registry that collects, reports, and analyzes real-world deidentified electronic health record (EHR) data. Patients were included in the study if they contributed toward one of the selected quality measures for multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, Parkinson disease, or headache during the study period of January 1, 2019-December 31, 2019. Descriptive analyses of patient demographics were performed and then stratified by race and ethnicity. Results: There were a total of 633,672 patients included in these analyses. Separate analyses were performed for race (64% White, 8% Black, 1% Asian, and 27% unknown) and ethnicity (52% not Hispanic, 5% Hispanic, and 43% unknown). The mean age ranged from 18 to 55 years, with 61% female and 39% male. Quality measures were chosen based on completeness of R/E data and were either process or outcomes focused. Statistically significant differences were noted after controlling for multiple comparisons. Discussion: The large proportion of missing or unknown R/E data and low overall rate of performance on these quality measures made the relevance of small differences difficult to determine. This analysis demonstrates the feasibility of using the Axon Registry to assess neurologic disparities in outpatient care. More education and training are required on the accurate capture of R/E data in the EHR.

Impact of Time to Treatment on Endovascular Thrombectomy Outcomes in the Early Versus Late Treatment Time Windows.

BACKGROUND: The impact of time to treatment on outcomes of endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) especially in patients presenting after 6 hours from symptom onset is not well characterized. We studied the differences in characteristics and treatment timelines of EVT-treated patients participating in the Florida Stroke Registry and aimed to characterize the extent to which time impacts EVT outcomes in the early and late time windows. METHODS: Prospectively collected data from Get With the Guidelines-Stroke hospitals participating in the Florida Stroke Registry from January 2010 to April 2020 were reviewed. Participants were EVT patients with onset-to-puncture time (OTP) of ≤24 hours and categorized into early window treated (OTP ≤6 hours) and late window treated (OTP >6 and ≤24 hours). Association between OTP and favorable discharge outcomes (independent ambulation, discharge home and to acute rehabilitation facility) as well as symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage and in-hospital mortality were examined using multilevel-multivariable analysis with generalized estimating equations. RESULTS: Among 8002 EVT patients (50.9% women; median age [±SD], 71.5 [±14.5] years; 61.7% White, 17.5% Black, and 21% Hispanic), 34.2% were treated in the late time window. Among all EVT patients, 32.4% were discharged home, 23.5% to rehabilitation facility, 33.7% ambulated independently at discharge, 5.1% had symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage, and 9.2% died. As compared with the early window, treatment in the late window was associated with lower odds of independent ambulation (odds ratio [OR], 0.78 [0.67-0.90]) and discharge home (OR, 0.71 [0.63-0.80]). For every 60-minute increase in OTP, the odds of independent ambulation reduced by 8% (OR, 0.92 [0.87-0.97]; P<0.001) and 1% (OR, 0.99 [0.97-1.02]; P=0.5) and the odds of discharged home reduced by 10% (OR, 0.90 [0.87-0.93]; P<0.001) and 2% (OR, 0.98 [0.97-1.00]; P=0.11) in the early and late windows, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In routine practice, just over one-third of EVT-treated patients independently ambulate at discharge and only half are discharged to home/rehabilitation facility. Increased time from symptom onset to treatment is significantly associated with lower chance of independent ambulation and ability to be discharged home after EVT in the early time window.

Association of Acute Alteration of Consciousness in Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke With Outcomes and Early Withdrawal of Care.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Early consciousness disorder (ECD) after acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is understudied. ECD may influence outcomes and the decision to withhold or withdraw life-sustaining treatment. METHODS: We studied patients with AIS from 2010 to 2019 across 122 hospitals participating in the Florida Stroke Registry. We studied the effect of ECD on in-hospital mortality, withholding or withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment (WLST), ambulation status on discharge, hospital length of stay, and discharge disposition. RESULTS: Of 238,989 patients with AIS, 32,861 (14%) had ECD at stroke presentation. Overall, average age was 72 years (Q1 61, Q3 82), 49% were women, 63% were White, 18% were Black, and 14% were Hispanic. Compared to patients without ECD, patients with ECD were older (77 vs 72 years), were more often female (54% vs 48%), had more comorbidities, had greater stroke severity as assessed by the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (score ≥5 49% vs 27%), had higher WLST rates (21% vs 6%), and had greater in-hospital mortality (9% vs 3%). Using adjusted models accounting for basic characteristics, patients with ECD had greater in-hospital mortality (odds ratio [OR] 2.23, 95% CI 1.98-2.51), had longer hospitalization (OR 1.37, 95% CI 1.33-1.44), were less likely to be discharged home or to rehabilitation (OR 0.54, 95% CI 0.52-0.57), and were less likely to ambulate independently (OR 0.61, 95% CI 0.57-0.64). WLST significantly mediated the effect of ECD on mortality (mediation effect 265; 95% CI 217-314). In temporal trend analysis, we found a significant decrease in early WLST (<2 days) (R2 0.7, p = 0.002) and an increase in late WLST (≥2 days) (R2 0.7, p = 0.004). DISCUSSION: In this large prospective multicenter stroke registry, patients with AIS presenting with ECD had greater mortality and worse discharge outcomes. Mortality was largely influenced by the WLST decision.

Withdrawal of Life-Sustaining Treatment Mediates Mortality in Patients With Intracerebral Hemorrhage With Impaired Consciousness.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Impaired level of consciousness (LOC) on presentation at hospital admission in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) may affect outcomes and the decision to withhold or withdraw life-sustaining treatment (WOLST). METHODS: Patients with ICH were included across 121 Florida hospitals participating in the Florida Stroke Registry from 2010 to 2019. We studied the effect of LOC on presentation on in-hospital mortality (primary outcome), WOLST, ambulation status on discharge, hospital length of stay, and discharge disposition. RESULTS: Among 37 613 cases with ICH (mean age 71, 46% women, 61% White, 20% Black, 15% Hispanic), 12 272 (33%) had impaired LOC at onset. Compared with cases with preserved LOC, patients with impaired LOC were older (72 versus 70 years), more women (49% versus 45%), more likely to have aphasia (38% versus 16%), had greater ICH score (3 versus 1), greater risk of WOLST (41% versus 18%), and had an increased in-hospital mortality (32% versus 12%). In the multivariable-logistic regression with generalized estimating equations accounting for basic demographics, comorbidities, ICH severity, hospital size and teaching status, impaired LOC was associated with greater mortality (odds ratio, 3.7 [95% CI, 3.1-4.3], P<0.0001) and less likely discharged home or to rehab (odds ratio, 0.3 [95% CI, 0.3-0.4], P<0.0001). WOLST significantly mediated the effect of impaired LOC on mortality (mediation effect, 190 [95% CI, 152-229], P<0.0001). Early WOLST (<2 days) occurred among 51% of patients. A reduction in early WOLST was observed in patients with impaired LOC after the 2015 American Heart Association/American Stroke Association ICH guidelines recommending aggressive treatment and against early do-not-resuscitate. CONCLUSIONS: In this large multicenter stroke registry, a third of ICH cases presented with impaired LOC. Impaired LOC was associated with greater in-hospital mortality and worse disposition at discharge, largely influenced by early decision to withhold or WOLST.

Development of an Equity, Diversity, Inclusion, and Anti-racism Pledge as the Foundation for Action in an Academic Department of Neurology.

Racial inequities as illustrated by the health disparities in COVID19 infections and deaths, the recent killings of Black men and women by law enforcement, and the widening socioeconomic inequality and have brought systemic racism into a national conversation. These unprecedented times may have deleterious consequences, increasing stress, and trauma for many members of the neurology workforce. The Equity, Diversity, Inclusion and Anti-Racism Committee within our Department of Neurology provides infrastructure and guidance to foster a culture of belonging and addresses the well-being of faculty, staff, and trainees. Here, we present the creation and implementation of our Equity, Diversity, Inclusion, and Anti-Racism (EDIA) Pledge which was central to our committee's response to these unprecedented times. We outline the process of developing this unique EDIA Pledge and provide a roadmap for approaching these important topics through a CME Neurology Grand Rounds aimed at fostering a diverse, inclusive, equitable and antiracist work environment. Through the lived experiences of 4 faculty members, we identify the impact of bias and microaggressions, and encourage allyship and personal development for cultural intelligence. We hope these efforts will inspire Neurology departments and other academic institutions across the globe to make a similar pledge.

Developing the Neurology Diversity Officer: A Roadmap for Academic Neurology Departments.

Academic Neurology Departments must confront the challenges of developing a diverse workforce, reducing inequity and discrimination within academia, and providing neurologic care for an increasingly diverse society. A neurology diversity officer should have a specific role and associated title within a neurology department as well as a mandate to focus their efforts on issues of equity, diversity and inclusion that affect staff, trainees and faculty. This role is expansive and works across departmental missions but it has many challenges related to structural intolerance and cultural gaps. In this review, we describe the many challenges that diversity officers face and how they might confront them. We delineate the role and duties of the neurology diversity officer and provide a guide to departmental leaders on how to assess qualifications and evaluate progress. Finally, we describe the elements necessary for success. A neurology diversity officer should have the financial, administrative and emotional support of leadership in order for them to carry out their mission and to truly have a positive influence.

Intravenous tPA for Acute Ischemic Stroke in Patients with COVID-19.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is associated with increased risk of acute ischemic stroke (AIS), however, there is a paucity of data regarding outcomes after administration of intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (IV tPA) for stroke in patients with COVID-19. METHODS: We present a multicenter case series from 9 centers in the United States of patients with acute neurological deficits consistent with AIS and COVID-19 who were treated with IV tPA. RESULTS: We identified 13 patients (mean age 62 (±9.8) years, 9 (69.2%) male). All received IV tPA and 3 cases also underwent mechanical thrombectomy. All patients had systemic symptoms consistent with COVID-19 at the time of admission: fever (5 patients), cough (7 patients), and dyspnea (8 patients). The median admission NIH stroke scale (NIHSS) score was 14.5 (range 3-26) and most patients (61.5%) improved at follow up (median NIHSS score 7.5, range 0-25). No systemic or symptomatic intracranial hemorrhages were seen. Stroke mechanisms included cardioembolic (3 patients), large artery atherosclerosis (2 patients), small vessel disease (1 patient), embolic stroke of undetermined source (3 patients), and cryptogenic with incomplete investigation (1 patient). Three patients were determined to have transient ischemic attacks or aborted strokes. Two out of 12 (16.6%) patients had elevated fibrinogen levels on admission (mean 262.2 ± 87.5 mg/dl), and 7 out of 11 (63.6%) patients had an elevated D-dimer level (mean 4284.6 ±3368.9 ng/ml). CONCLUSIONS: IV tPA may be safe and efficacious in COVID-19, but larger studies are needed to validate these results.

Endovascular Therapy in Mild Ischemic Strokes Presenting Under 6 hours: An International Survey.

BACKGROUND: Endovascular therapy (EVT) for patients with mild ischemic stroke (NIHSS ≤5) and visible intracranial occlusion remains controversial, including within 6 hours of symptom onset. We conducted a survey to evaluate global practice patterns of EVT in this population. METHODS: Vascular stroke clinicians and neurointerventionalists were invited to participate through professional stroke listservs. The survey consisted of six clinical vignettes of mild stroke patients with intracranial occlusion. Cases varied by NIHSS, neurological symptoms and occlusion site. All had the same risk factors, time from symptom onset (5h) and unremarkable head CT. Advanced imaging data was available upon request. We explored independent case and responder specific factors associated with advanced imaging request and EVT decision. RESULTS: A total of 482/492 responders had analyzable data ([median age 44 (IQR 11.25)], 22.7% women, 77% attending, 22% interventionalist). Participants were from USA (45%), Europe (32%), Australia (12%), Canada (6%), and Latin America (5%). EVT was offered in 48% (84% M1, 29% M2 and 19% A2) and decision was made without advanced imaging in 66% of cases. In multivariable analysis, proximal occlusion (M1 vs. M2 or A2, p<0.001), higher NIHSS (p<0.001) and fellow level training (vs. attending; p=0.001) were positive predictors of EVT. Distal occlusions (M2 and A2) and higher age of responders were independently associated with increased advanced imaging requests. Compared to US and Australian responders, Canadians were less likely to offer EVT, while those in Europe and Latin America were more likely (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Treatment patterns of EVT in mild stroke vary globally. Our data suggest wide equipoise exists in current treatment of this important subset of mild stroke.

Patterns and Outcomes of Endovascular Therapy in Mild Stroke.

Background and Purpose- We aimed to evaluate the current practice patterns, safety and outcomes of patients who receive endovascular therapy (EVT) having mild neurological symptoms. Methods- From Jan 2010 to Jan 2018, 127,794 ischemic stroke patients were enrolled in the Florida-Puerto Rico Stroke Registry. Patients presenting within 24 hours of symptoms who received EVT were classified into mild (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale [NIHSS] ≤5) or moderate/severe (NIHSS>5) categories. Differences in clinical characteristics and outcomes were evaluated using multivariable logistic regression. Results- Among 4110 EVT patients (median age, 73 [interquartile range=20] years; 50% women), 446 (11%) had NIHSS ≤5. Compared with NIHSS >5, those with NIHSS ≤5 arrived later to the hospital (median, 138 versus 101 minutes), were less likely to receive intravenous alteplase (30% versus 43%), had a longer door-to-puncture time (median, 167 versus 115 minutes) and more likely treated in South Florida (64% versus 53%). In multivariable analysis younger age, private insurance (versus Medicare), history of hypertension, prior independent ambulation and hospital size were independent characteristics associated with NIHSS ≤5. Among EVT patients with NIHSS ≤5, 76% were discharged home/rehabilitation and 64% were able to ambulate independently at discharge as compared with 53% and 32% of patients with NIHSS >5. Symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage occurred in 4% of mild stroke EVT patients and 6.4% in those with NIHSS >5. Conclusions- Despite lack of evidence-based recommendations, 11% of patients receiving EVT in clinical practice have mild neurological presentations. Individual, hospital and geographic disparities are observed among endovascularly treated patients based on the severity of clinical symptoms. Our data suggest safety and overall favorable outcomes for EVT patients with mild stroke.

Reducing neurodisparity: Recommendations of the 2017 AAN Diversity Leadership Program.

Many advances in prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of neurologic disease have emerged in the last few decades, resulting in reduced mortality and decreased disability. However, these advances have not benefitted all populations equally. A growing body of evidence indicates that barriers to care fall along racial and ethnic lines, with persons from minority groups frequently having lower rates of evaluation, diagnosis, and intervention, and consequently experiencing worse neurologic outcomes than their white counterparts. The American Academy of Neurology (AAN) challenged its 2017 Diversity Leadership Program cohort to determine what the AAN can do to improve quality of care for racially and ethnically diverse patients with neurologic disorders. Developing a fuller understanding of the effect of disparities in neurologic care (neurodisparity) on patients is an important prerequisite for creating meaningful change. Clear insight into how bias and trust affect the doctor-patient relationship is also crucial to grasp the complexity of this issue. We propose that the AAN take a vital step toward achieving equity in neurologic care by enhancing health literacy, patient education, and shared decision-making with a focus on internet and social media. Moreover, by further strengthening its focus on health disparities research and training, the AAN can continue to inform the field and aid in the development of current and future leaders who will address neurodisparity. Ultimately, the goal of tackling neurodisparity is perfectly aligned with the mission of the AAN: to promote the highest-quality patient-centered neurologic care and enhance member career satisfaction.

Target Stroke: Best Practice Strategies Cut Door to Thrombolysis Time to <30 Minutes in a Large Urban Academic Comprehensive Stroke Center.

The therapeutic window for acute ischemic stroke with intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (IV rt-PA) is brief and crucial. The American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Target: Stroke Best Practice Strategies (TSBPS) aim to improve intravenous thrombolysis door-to-needle (DTN) time. We assessed the efficacy of implementation of selected TSBPS to reduce DTN time in a large tertiary care hospital. A multidisciplinary DTN committee assessed causes of delayed DTN time and implemented focused TSBPS in our urban academic medical center. We analyzed door-to-CT time, DTN time, and CT to IV rt-PA time in consecutive patients treated with IV rt-PA over 27 months preimplementation and 13 months postimplementation. One hundred forty-eight patients were included in the preimplementation and 126 in the postimplementation group. We found no significant difference between the groups in demographics, comorbidities, anticoagulation status, prethrombolysis hypertension treatment, arrival by EMS, after-hours arrival, or in stroke etiology. After implementation, median DTN time improved from 59 (interquartile range [IQR]: 52-80) to 29 (IQR: 20-41) minutes (P < .001). Door-to-CT time decreased from 17 (14-21) to 16 (12-19) minutes (P = .016), and CT-to-IV rt-PA time improved from 43 (IQR: 31-59) to 13 (IQR: 6-23) minutes (P < .001). Rates of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (2.7% vs 3.2%, P = .82) and treatment of stroke mimics (9% vs 13%, P = .31) were similar in both the groups. Individualized hospital gap analysis identifies targeted interventions that lead to rapid and sustained improvement in treatment times.

Anticoagulation reversal in vitamin K antagonist-associated intracerebral hemorrhage: a systematic review.

The effect of rapid anticoagulation reversal on mortality and functional outcome in vitamin K antagonist-associated intracerebral hemorrhage (VKA-ICH) is uncertain. Given the approval of idarucizumab for dabigatran reversal and pending approval for andexanet alfa for reversal of factor Xa inhibitors, a systematic appraisal of the effectiveness of reversal for VKA-ICH would provide a bench mark for current practice. We performed PubMed searches and reviewed current guidelines. Using pre-specified inclusion and exclusion criteria, studies were reviewed by two physicians independently. Data elements abstracted included study design, sample size, inclusion and exclusion criteria; patient characteristics at presentation; time to presentation and therapy; dose and timing of warfarin reversal agents; functional outcome and mortality. Studies were assessed for risk of bias. Twenty-one studies met the selection criteria. The overall quality of the studies was poor with small sample size for the majority and all studies being either case series or retrospective observational in design. Inclusion criteria were not uniform. Interpretation of the effectiveness of vitamin K antagonist reversal on functional outcome was not feasible due to lack of standard protocols in the management of VKA-ICH including choice, dose, and timing of reversal agent, timing of subsequent INR monitoring, and decision for repeat imaging. Confounding by indication, lack of universal reporting of functional outcome, and use of varied scales for the endpoint further limited a summary interpretation. Despite availability of reversal agents, mortality and morbidity remain high following VKA-ICH. Evidence for improvement in neurological outcome is limited.

The Interplay between Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Atrial Fibrillation.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is also an increasingly common condition. Both entities are risk factors for ischemic stroke and both conditions are linked with increased mortality. Mechanical effects of obesity and sleep apnea can lead to increased afterload, left ventricular hypertrophy, and left atrial fibrosis and remodeling. These changes can result in an increased risk of AF development. The current paper summarizes the evidence for the bidirectional relationship between AF and OSA. The merits of selective screening for these two conditions are also discussed.

Carotid stenosis in women: time for a reappraisal.

The treatment approach for patients with internal carotid artery stenosis is receiving increased scrutiny. Major advances in optimal medical therapy have been associated with a declining stroke rate for symptomatic and asymptomatic patients with carotid stenosis. Customising treatment according to gender is worthy of consideration, since earlier clinical trials showed reduced benefit with carotid endarterectomy in women compared to men. In this review, clinical trial results in women are summarised, studies pertaining to carotid plaque imaging in men and women are discussed and new clinical trials are identified. Finally, the rationale for a women's carotid trial is provided.

Stroke due to large vessel atherosclerosis: Five new things.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Extracranial (EC) and intracranial (IC) large vessel atherosclerosis account for about 20% of ischemic stroke cases. In recent years, new treatments have emerged for treatment of both EC and IC disease. RECENT FINDINGS: The stroke rate in patients with carotid stenosis is decreasing with modern medical therapy. For patients with asymptomatic stenosis, the stroke rate is likely <1% per year. Some subsets of patients with symptomatic carotid disease benefit less from revascularization, and medical management can be considered in these patients. A second clinical trial has confirmed that aggressive medical management is the treatment of choice for IC atherosclerotic disease. Vessel wall imaging may be useful to define pathophysiology in patients with IC stenosis and could ultimately help tailor therapy, but further studies are needed. Medical therapy is preferred to stenting for patients with vertebral artery-origin stenosis. SUMMARY: Recent data and emerging concepts regarding large vessel atherosclerosis are provided.