RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: There is early evidence about Valproic acid (VPA) antiviral effect. Our aim was to investigate the incidence and severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection in VPA users as compared with the general population. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A case-control study nested within a cohort, carried out between March 1 and December 17, 2020. Retrospectively, we identified confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection patients exposed to VPA in our health department (defined as case). We ascertained VPA regimen (all the time (AT)(292 days) or at least 20% of the study period (notAT)(≥58 days) and if VPA levels were in therapeutic range (ATR) (50-100 mcg/mL) in the last 24 months. We calculated the cumulative incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection and hospital admission in the cases, comparing it with the general unexposed VPA population (controls). RESULTS: During the study period, 6183 PCR+ were detected among 281035 inhabitants, of these, 746 were hospitalized. 691 patients were on VPA notAT and 628 (90.1%) AT. The indication for VPA use was epilepsy in 54.9%. The incidence of PCR+ was 1.736 % (OR 0.785 (95%CI 0.443-1.390) and 1.910 % (OR 0.865 (95%CI 0.488-1.533), on VPA notAT and VPA AT patients, respectively vs. 2.201% in people without VPA regimen. Those patients with VPA ATR had a lower risk of PCR + (OR 0.233 (95%CI 0.057-0.951) notAT; OR 0.218 (95%CI 0.053-0.890) AT). Hospital admission incidence was lower in patient on VPA (OR was 0.543 (95% CI 0.076 to 3.871). CONCLUSION: Patients with VPA within the therapeutic range had a reduction of SARS-Cov-2 infection incidence greater than 75%. There is a downward trend in the risk of COVID-19 admission by SARS-CoV-2 in patients on VPA therapy. These ï¬ndings warrant further investigation.
RESUMO
La inmunosupresión basada en los inhibidores de la calcineurina (INC) ha hecho posible la reducción del rechazo agudo en el trasplante renal y el aumento de la supervivencia del injerto a corto pero no a largo plazo, siendo la muerte del receptor con injerto funcionante y la disfunción crónica del injerto sus principales causas. Los fármacos inhibidores de la m-Tor son inmunosupresores con capacidad antiproliferativa y antimigratoria, lo que les confiere un potencial papel protector en la disfunción del injerto renal, una mejora del perfil cardiovascular y una reducción en el desarrollo de neoplasias; todo ello podría, teóricamente, preservar la función renal y la vida del paciente a largo plazo en un grupo seleccionado de pacientes. Por otro lado, el uso de monoterapia en un paciente facilita su adherencia a cualquier tratamiento crónico. El objetivo del estudio es evaluar el uso de inhibidores de la m-Tor en monoterapia a largo plazo en un grupo seleccionado de receptores de trasplante renal de bajo riesgo inmunológico mediante un estudio observacional y prospectivo, desarrollado en el período 2001-2011. Los pacientes en tratamiento con inhibidores de la m-Tor junto con micofenolato mofetilo o prednisona fueron evaluados inmunológicamente de cara a ser incluidos en el protocolo de monoterapia con inhibidores de la m-Tor. Se incluyeron los pacientes considerados de bajo riesgo inmunológico: sin antecedentes de episodios previos de rechazo agudo, ausencia de anticuerpos antidonante específico y una producción de ATP inferior a 520 ng/dl. La valoración inmunológica se repitió a los 3 y 12 meses del inicio de la monoterapia. La población del (..) (AU)
Calcineurin inhibitors have reduced acute rejection rates and improved short-term graft survival, but without any improvement in long-term outcomes, since calcineurin inhibitors cause nephrotoxicity and death with a functioning graft. mTOR inhibitors have antiproliferative and anti-angiogenic effects with no nephrotoxicity. These properties could improve patient and graft long-term survival rates in select transplant recipients. In addition, monotherapy always diminishes the rate of non-compliance in chronic patients. We examined the evolution of 47 low immunological risk kidney transplant recipients with mTOR inhibitor monotherapy. The mean age was 45±10 years (range: 18-69 years), with 25 males y 22 females. We performed an immunological evaluation before and at 3 and 12 months after starting monotherapy by detection of donor-specific antibodies by microsphere cytometry and the determination of lymphocyte activity with production of ATP by CD4+ T-lymphocytes activated by PHA mitogen. We considered patients to be of low immunological risk when the patient had an ATP production less than 520ng/dl and no history of acute rejection episode or donor-specific antibodies. Initially, 5 patients received immunosuppression induction without calcineurin inhibitors (mycophenolate, prednisone, mTOR inhibitors and anti-CD25), and 42 were converted to mTOR inhibitors due to secondary effects of calcineurin inhibitors or (..) (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Imunossupressores/administração & dosagem , Transplante de Rim , Serina-Treonina Quinases TOR/uso terapêutico , /uso terapêutico , Eritropoetina/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Calcineurin inhibitors have reduced acute rejection rates and improved short-term graft survival, but without any improvement in long-term outcomes, since calcineurin inhibitors cause nephrotoxicity and death with a functioning graft. mTOR inhibitors have antiproliferative and anti-angiogenic effects with no nephrotoxicity. These properties could improve patient and graft long-term survival rates in select transplant recipients. In addition, monotherapy always diminishes the rate of non-compliance in chronic patients. We examined the evolution of 47 low immunological risk kidney transplant recipients with mTOR inhibitor monotherapy. The mean age was 45 ± 10 years (range: 18-69 years), with 25 males y 22 females. We performed an immunological evaluation before and at 3 and 12 months after starting monotherapy by detection of donor-specific antibodies by microsphere cytometry and the determination of lymphocyte activity with production of ATP by CD4+ T-lymphocytes activated by PHA mitogen. We considered patients to be of low immunological risk when the patient had an ATP production less than 520 ng/dl and no history of acute rejection episode or donor-specific antibodies. Initially, 5 patients received immunosuppression induction without calcineurin inhibitors (mycophenolate, prednisone, mTOR inhibitors and anti-CD25), and 42 were converted to mTOR inhibitors due to secondary effects of calcineurin inhibitors or malignancies. A total of 34 recipients had received sirolimus and 13 everolimus. Eighteen out 47 patients (38.2%) received prednisone and 29 (61.7%) mycophenolate with mTor before starting monotherapy. The mean follow-up period after starting monotherapy was 46.9 months (95% CI: 38.8-55.0 months). At the end of the follow-up, 7 out of 47 recipients (11.5%) had to change immunosuppression without losing their grafts after 1 year, due to heavy proteinuria in 2 cases, pulmonary infection in 1, acute rejection in 1, hepatotoxicity in 1, vasculitis in 1 and a temporary inclusion on dialysis after acute pyelonephritis in 1. Four out of 47 patients (8.5%) lost their grafts, as a result of chronic rejection in 3 cases, and as a result of death with a functioning graft in 1. The rate of acute rejection was 2.1%, one episode, which was solved with steroid pulses and switching from mTOR inhibitors to tacrolimus and mycophenolate. No patients developed donor-specific antibodies, and all of them maintained an ATP production less than 520 ng/dl. The rates of graft and recipient survival were both 100% at 1 year, and 88.7% and 95.7% at 5 years. The percentages of patients on monotherapy were 97.9% and 70.5 % at 1 and 5 years, respectively. At the end of the follow-up, 36 out of 47 recipients remained on mTOR inhibitor monotherapy. Serum creatinine and glomerular filtration rates improved significantly, from 2.16 ± 1.05 mg/dl to 1.49 ± 0.56 mg/dl (P=.001) and from 39.23 ± 25.23 ml/min to 52.23 ± 23.20 ml/min (P=.001), respectively. Proteinuria increased but not significantly, from 306.6 ± 400 mg/24h to 418.1 ± 514.1mg/24h (P=.17). The patients treated with mTOR inhibitors received significantly more erythropoietin and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers than before starting mTOR, but there was no change in the treatment with statins or hypotensive agents. Body weight and the percentage of diabetic recipients were similar during the study. No cases of non-compliance were observed during the follow-up. The present study supports the safety and efficacy of monotherapy with mTOR inhibitors in select kidney transplant recipients.
