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INTRODUCTION: Heart failure (HF) affects about 320,000 Saudi individuals and is associated with a considerable negative impact on the patients' quality of life. In literature, there is a lack of data about the echocardiographic abnormalities of HF patients in Saudi Arabia. AIM OF WORK: To describe the echocardiographic findings of HF patients in Western Saudi Arabia. METHODOLOGY: This was a retrospective record review study conducted on 2000 patients with chronic HF in Saudi Arabia. Demographic, clinical and echocardiographic data were collected and compared among patients with HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), ie, EF≤40%; HF with mid-range EF (HFmrEF), ie, EF=41-49%; and HF with preserved EF (HFpEF), ie, EF≥50%. RESULTS: Among the 2000 patients studied, females constituted 46.3% of the sample. About 52% of females had HFpEF, whilst 70% of males had HFrEF (p<0.0001). Diastolic dysfunction occurred in 98% of HFpEF versus 78% of HFrEF (p<0.0001). Patients with HFrEF had higher left-ventricular diastolic (LVd) volume (1536 versus 826), higher left-ventricular systolic (LVs) volume (1660 vs 772), higher left atrial volume (1344 vs 875), higher aortic root dimension (1144 vs 929) and lower fractional shortening (FS) (267 vs 1213) than patients with HFpEF (p<0.0001). CONCLUSION: HFpEF was more common among females and was associated with higher rates of diastolic dysfunction and higher FS. HFrEF was prevalent among males and associated with higher LVd, LVs, left atrium volume and aortic root dimensions.
RESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common type of cardiac arrhythmia worldwide and carries significant risk of morbidity and mortality. The prevalence of AF is high in significant parts of the world, but not much is known from countries, such as Saudi Arabia. AIMS: To study the risk factors, etiologies, comorbidities, and outcome of AF in Saudi Arabia. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted in King Abdul-Aziz Hospital in Jeddah during the period 2010-2017. Data were collected from both the electronic-and paper-based medical records of patients with AF. The data included the demographic information, adverse lifestyle (smoking and obesity), cardiothoracic surgery, and comorbidities. RESULTS: A total of 167 patients were included in the analysis (43% were males). The mean age was 63.3±35 years and the mean body mass index was 28.8±83. Hypertension (HTN) was the most prevalent risk factor encountered (73.1%). This was followed by valvular heart disease, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which occurred in 58.7% and 53.3% of patients, respectively. Valvular heart disease was significantly associated with older age (P=0.002) and coronary artery disease (CAD) (P=0.001). Heart failure (HF) was associated with HTN (P=0.005), coronary heart disease (P=0.001), and chronic kidney disease (CKD) (P=0.003). CONCLUSION: AF was more prevalent among females in Saudi Arabia. HTN, valvular heart disease, and T2DM were the most prevalent risk factors of AF in Saudi Arabia. Valvular heart disease was more prevalent among older patients and significantly associated with CAD. HTN, CAD, and CKD were the most significant risk factors for HF in patients with AF.
