[Clinical, structural and functional features of paroxismal syndrome in insular and temporal lobe tumors]. / Klinicheskie i strukturno-funktsional'nye osobennosti paroksizmal'nykh rasstroistv, obuslovlennykh opukholyami ostrovkovoi i visochnoi dolei.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the characteristics of paroxysmal syndrome in insular and temporal lobe tumors, to determine their relationship with the histological structure of tumor, to assess the effect of tumor growth nature on severity of disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis enrolled 80 patients aged 11 - 80 years with insular and temporal lobe tumors and symptomatic epilepsy. All patients underwent surgery at the Polenov National Research Neurosurgery Center in Almazov National Medical Research Center for the period from 2012 to 2018. RESULTS: The main group consisted of 29 patients with tumors of temporal and insular lobes. Control group of 51 patients with temporal gliomas was formed for comparative analysis. It was found that involvement of insular lobe into paroxysmal syndrome is characterized by attacks with a motor component, somatosensory paroxysms, vegetative manifestations (respiratory attacks, salivation, nausea), speech disorders and taste hallucinations. Derealization, motor arrest and déjà vu/jamis vu paroxysms were more common in patients with temporal lobe lesion. Neoplastic lesion of the insular lobe shortens the period between manifestation of paroxysms and surgical treatment. Moreover, this type of disease is characterized by higher incidence of seizures compared to isolated temporal lobe tumors.

[The influence of sexual experience on sexual motivation and copulatory behavior in male rats].

The influence of sexual experience on male behavior induced by a possible sexual or social partner was studied in 12-month-old Wistar rats in direct interaction or under conditions excluding their direct partner contact. Sexually experienced males demonstrated an interest towards a social partner situated behind the partition to a greater extent than sexually naive males, whereas in direct contact sexually naive males showed greater communicative behavior than experienced ones. All the males demonstrated greatest activity in the presence of a receptive female. Sexual experience did not influence the motivational component of male sexual arousal: the intensity of sexual motivation in the presence of a receptive female did not differ in experienced and naive males. However, sexual experience significantly changed the character of consummatory pattern of sexual behavior increasing its expression. The frequency of such copulatory parameters as mounts and intromissions amount was increased while latency time was decreased.

[Age-related aspects of male rats sexual behavior with different senescence rates].

Social and sexual behavior of males Wistar and senescence-accelerated OXYS rats was studied. The experimental model excluding direct interaction between partners showed that the exploratory activity decreased with aging in rats of both strains, but social motivation didn't change. No interstrain differences in intensity of sexual motivation in the presence of an inaccessible receptive female were observed in 4-month rats. The level of sexual motivation of 12-month Wistar rats didn't differ from that of 4-month animals. However, in 12-month OXYS males, sexual motivation was decreased as compared to both 4- and 12-month Wistar rats. The same regularities were found under conditions of direct interaction with a partner. Behavioral changes in 12-month OXYS rats were considered as genetically determinate abnormality at the initial stage of sexual behavior, i.e., sexual motivation. The results suggest the accelerated senescence of the reproductive system of OXYS rats.

[Social isolation and social instability in adolescence in rats: immediate and long-term physiological and behavioral effects].

After weaning on the 21th day, offspring of Wistar rats were reared in groups of 4-5 (controls), singly (social isolation), or exposed to alternate days of isolation and housing in groups of 10 with partner rotation (social instability) for 6 weeks. Then, a part of the rats was decapitated and the remaining young animals were tested and left undisturbed for 2 months in stable groups of 4-5 animals. Adults were tested repeatedly. The weight of the body, thymus and adrenals, resting and acute stress-induced plasma corticosterone levels and basal testosterone concentration, resting and stress-induced systolic blood pressure, amplitude and prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle reflex, anxiety- and depression-related behavior were studied in young and adult rats. It was shown that social environment in adolescence can affect the physiological and behavioral responses, some of the effects being transient blunted by subsequent rearing in stable groups, yet others still persisted with age or were clearly manifested in adults only.

The characteristics of motor activity in ISIAH rats in an open field test are controlled by genes on chromosomes 2 and 16.

Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) analysis was used to identify the loci of polygenic characteristics in a study of the genetic determination of the behavior of rats with inherited stress-induced arterial hypertension (ISIAH rats). Analysis was performed using males of two populations of F2 hybrids (ISIAH x WAG) of different ages: 3-4 (n = 106) and six months (n = 130). Chromosomes 2 and 16 in the young population of F2 rats showed significant associations between two characteristics of behavior in ISIAH rats and genetic loci: a) the rats' motor activity at the periphery of the open field area with loci in the regions of markers D2Rat157-D2Rat88 (LOD score 4.83; p = 0.000058) and D16Rat32 (LOD score 3.71; p = 0.00023). Together, these two loci accounted for 42.9% of the trait variability; b) the rats' motor activity during the first minute of the open field test and loci in the region of the marker D16Rat58 (LOD score 3.78; p = 0.00028). Results obtained by QTL analysis demonstrated a relationship between the genetic control of these traits and the animals' age.

[Long-term results of treatment in patients with oligodendrogliomas and oligoastrocytomas of the cerebral hemispheres].

BACKGROUND: the current approach to treating patients with cerebral oligodendrogliomas and oligoastrocytomas involves surgical treatment with the maximum tumor resection in reasonable ranges, by taking into account the anatomic and physiological availability, followed by chemo- and radiotherapy. Nevertheless, it should be recognized that criteria for choosing the optimum regiment for the treatment of these tumors have not conclusively established. MATERIALS: the long-term results of treatment were analyzed in 80 patients with oligoglial tumors (oligodendrogliomas and oligoastrocytomas in 31 and 49 patients, respectively) treated at the A.L. Polenov Russian Institute of Neurosurgery in 1990 to 2004. The patients' mean age was 18.9 years. 38.5% of tumors were located in the frontal lobe. In 67 (83.75%) patients, Karnoffsky score was 70-90. Radiotherapy was used in the treatment of 71 patients and postoperative chemotherapy in 52 (87,5%) patients. RESULTS: After complex therapy, the mean survival was 80.6 months in patients with oligodendrogliomas, 63.3 months in those with anaplastic oligoastrocytomas, and 42 months in those with anaplastic oligodendrogliomas.

[The ISIAH rat locomotion in the open field test is under control of the genes on chromosome 2 and chromosome 16].

The QTL analysis was performed in order to identify the genetic loci that contribute to the behavior in the open field tests in the ISIAH rat strain with inherited stress-induced arterial hypertension. Two F2 populations of 3-4-month-old (n = 106) and 6-month-old (n = 130) male rats derived from a cross between the normotensive Wistar albino Glaxo (WAG) and hypertensive ISIAH rats were used in the search for the QTL. In 3-4-month-old rats, QTL were found: a) for the rat locomotion at the periphery of the open field in the region of D2Rat157-D2Rat88 markers (logarithm of odds (LOD) score 4.83; p= 0.000058) on Chr. 2 and in the vicinity of the D16Rat32 marker (LOD score 3.71; p = 0.00023) on Chr. 16. These two QTL describe the 42.9% of the trait variability. b) for the rat locomotion during the first minute of the open field test on Chr.16 near the D16Rat58 marker (LOD score 3.78; p = 0.00028). The results provided support for the existence of the age-dependent differences in the genetic control of the traits analyzed.

[Treatment of cancer metastasis in the brain].

Surgery for brain metastases is an effective treatment for most cancer patients. It involves low post-operative lethality (2.9%) and causes neurological symptoms to regress in most patients. 12-month survival occured in 48.5%, 5 years--10.8%; mean survival duration with good quality of life--11.8 months. Survival basically depended on tumor pattern, metastases to other organs, multiple foci in the brain and habitus.

Hypothalamic monoamines in cold stress on the background of changes in the activity of the nitric oxide system.

The effects of the NO donor sodium nitroprusside and the NO synthase blocker L-omega-N-nitroarginine (LNA) on body temperature, hypothalamic monoamines, and plasma corticosterone in conditions of cooling were studied in Male Wistar rats. Reductions in body temperature on cooling, both after administration of sodium nitroprusside and LNA, were no different from those seen without treatment. The basal corticosterone level after treatment with sodium nitroprusside increased from 5.3 +/- 2.2 to 29.1 +/- 1.8 microg%. Cooling led to a multiple increase in corticosterone levels in all animals, both in control conditions and after treatment with sodium nitroprusside and LNA. Sodium nitroprusside significantly decreased the basal hypothalamic noradrenaline level, by 37%. Cooling of the animals in these conditions led to an additional drop in the noradrenaline level. Noradrenaline levels 48 h after cold stress applied to animals cooled after treatment with LNA or sodium nitroprusside were significantly higher than in those cooled without treatment. No changes in serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid levels were seen in these experiments. The basal dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and dopamine levels increased after treatment with sodium nitroprusside, by 379% and 239% respectively. No dopamine response to cold was observed, though the dihydroxyphenylacetic acid level in the control group and animals treated with LNA increased. Thus, cold stress did not reveal differently directed directions for the actions of the NO donor and the NO synthase blocker, as seen with other types of stress.

[The effect of social isolation during juvenile period on the sexual arousal in adult rats].

The effects of chronic postweaning social isolation combined with subsequent resocialization on the sexual arousal were studied in male rats with inherited stress-induced arterial hypertension (ISIAH strain) and in Wistar rats. Young males were isolated on the Day 21 of postnatal life for 6 weeks. Then they were kept in groups of 5. 4-month males underwent the partition test: a receptive female was introduced into the male's cage, but the male and the female were separated by a transparent partition. The number of approaches to the partition and total time spent near the partition during the test served as an index of sexual motivation. Hormonal component of sexual arousal was estimated by measuring plasma testosterone level. No interstrain differences in magnitude of the sexual arousal were observed. However, chronic social isolation during juvenile period caused a genotype-dependent diminution of sexual motivation in the adult male rats of both strains. The decrease of sexual motivation in ISIAH rats was more pronounced as compared to Wistar rats. Moreover, the social isolation during the juvenile period completely abolished the female-induced rise in plasma testosterone in ISIAH and Wistar male rats. Plasma corticosterone level was increased during the period of sexual arousal, but this rise of corticosterone was not affected by the social conditions during postweaning period.

[Hypothalamic monoamines in the cold stress during changes in activity of nitric oxide system]. / Monoaminy gipotalamusa pri kholodovom stresse na fone izmenenii aktivnosti sistemy oksida azota.

Effects of NO-synthase inhibitor N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine (LNA) and donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) on alteration in body temperature, plasma corticosterone level and hypothalamic monoamines in response to cold exposure, were studied. Drop of the body temperature in cold exposure in rats treated with LNA or SNP was the same as in the control group. Administration of SNP (2 mg/kg i.p.) significantly increased the basal level of corticosterone (CS). Cold exposure elevated CS in all groups of rats. LNA did not markedly alter the hypothalamic noradrenaline (NA) while SNP significantly decreased the NA. Cold exposure resulted in additional decrease of the NA in SNP-treated rats. NA was found to significantly increase within 48 hrs following the cold exposure in the LNA as well as in the SNP groups. SNP significantly increased basal dopamine and DOPAC levels. Cold exposure did not affect hypothalamic dopamine. In the experiments, NO changes of serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid were observed. The findings suggest that antagonistic effects of the NO-synthase inhibitor and NO donor postulated in literature for various kinds of stress do not occur in experiments with cold stress.

[Effect of chronic stress during prepubertal period of life on development of inherited arterial hypertension]. / Vliianie khronicheskogo stressa v prepubertatnom periode na razvitie nasledstvennoi arterial'noi gipertenzii.

The immediate and long-lasting effects of environmental stress during prepubertal life on arterial blood pressure (AP) were studied in rats with inherited stress-induced arterial hypertension (ISIAH) and normotensive Wistar rats. Two models of chronic stress (the 21st-32nd postnatal days) were used: repeated handling and unpredictable stress of daily exposures to a variety of mild physical or psychoemotional stressors. Chronic prepubertal stress did not affect the basal or stress-induced AP levels in young or adult Wistar rats. In ISIAH rats, chronic stress during the early phase of hypertension development did not accelerate its formation and did not augment its manifestation in adults. Moreover, the basal AP was decreased in young and adult ISIAH rats exposed to prepubertal stress as compared to the age-matched controls. AP elevation under acute stress conditions was lower in young ISIAH rats exposed to unpredictable stress. No long-lasting effect of prepubertal stress on acute stress-induced AP elevation in adults was found. The conclusion was drawn that moderate physical and psychoemotional training at prehypertensive stage can positively affect the development of inherited arterial hypertension.

Hypothalamic tryptophan hydroxylase and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical response to water deprivation and hydration in vasopressin-deficient and normal rats.

The effects of water deprivation and hydration on plasma corticosterone concentration and the activity of tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH), the rate-limiting enzyme in serotonin (5-HT) biosynthesis, in the hypothalamus of vasopressin- (AVP-) deficient homozygous Brattleboro and normal Wistar rats were studied. In the Wistar rats, water deprivation caused an increase in the TPH activity in the anterior and middle (infundibular) parts of the hypothalamus, while hydration did not affect the activity of the enzyme in the anterior hypothalamus but produced an increase in its middle part. In contrast, in the Brattleboro rats, water deprivation had no effect on TPH activity in the anterior and middle parts of the hypothalamus but hydration produced a decrease in TPH activity in the anterior hypothalamus. After 48 h of water deprivation, the plasma corticosterone concentration significantly increased in water-deprived and decreased in hydrated Wistar rats. Under water deprivation, the rise in corticosterone concentration in the homozygous Brattleboro rats was significantly greater than that in the Wistar rats. The data provide evidence that the CRH-like activity of AVP is not necessary for activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system induced by water deprivation. The observations show that AVP is involved in the activation of TPH induced by water deprivation. This suggests that AVP modulates the metabolism of 5-HT and the response of the 5-HT-ergic system to water deprivation.

Chronic stress during prepubertal development: immediate and long-lasting effects on arterial blood pressure and anxiety-related behavior.

The present work was undertaken to study the immediate and long-lasting effects of environmental stress during prepubertal life in rats with inherited stress-induced arterial hypertension (ISIAH) and normotensive Wistar rats on blood pressure (BP) levels and anxiety-related behavior. Two models of chronic stress (21-32 postnatal days) were used: repeated handling (HS) and unpredictable stress (US) of daily exposures to a variety of mild physical or psychoemotional stressors. Rats were tested just after the end of the chronic stress period and then at the age of 4 months. Chronic prepubertal stress did not affect the basal or stress-induced BP levels in young or adult Wistar rats. In ISIAH rats, chronic stress during the early phase of hypertension development did not accelerate its formation and did not augment its manifestation in adults. Moreover, the basal BP was decreased in young and adult ISIAH rats exposed to HS or US as compared to the age-matched controls. No long-lasting effect on BP elevation under acute stress in adults was found. Plasma corticosterone levels at resting and acute stress conditions were not changed in adult rats that had experienced prepubertal stress. Hypertensive rats proved to be less anxious in the elevated plus-maze test. The immediate effects of chronic stress were similar in the two rat strains: HS had an anxiolytic action while US stimulated anxiety. Long-lasting consequences depended on the rat strain: the anxiolytic effect of HS was retained in Wistar rats and US caused a greater anxiety in adult ISIAH rats. The data do not evidence that symptoms of anxiety are related to the development and maintenance of stress-sensitive arterial hypertension in ISIAH rats.

[Chronic stress and forming of psychoemotional state during prepubertal period in rats]. / Khronicheskii stress v prepubertatnom periode i formirovanie psikhoemotsional'nogo sostoianiia u krys.

Immediate and long-lasting effects of chronic stress during prepubertal period (21-32 postnatal days) on anxiety- and depression-related behavior were studied in Wistar and ISIAH (inherited stress-induced arterial hypertension) rats. Significant interstrain differences were found. Both juvenile and adult ISIAH rats were less anxious in the elevated plus-maze and less depressed in the forced swimming test. Immediate effects of the prepubertal stress were similar in both rat strains and depended on the type of stimulation. Long-lasting effects were genotype-dependent. Chronic prepubertal handling exerted an anxiolytic effect in young ISIAH and Wistar rats and adult Wistar rats. Immediate anxiogenic effect of prepubertal unpredictable stress was preserved only in adult ISIAH rats. Depression-related behavior was intensified by the unpredictable stress in young animals, whereas the long-lasting effect was observed only in adult hypertensive rats.

Function of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical system during ontogenesis in rats with inherited stress-induced arterial hypertension.

The functional activity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical system (HPAS) during the development of rats with inherited stress-induced arterial hypertension (HSIAH rats) was compared with that in normotensive Wistar rats. In rats aged 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 18 weeks, competitive protein binding assays were used to estimate peripheral blood plasma corticosterone levels at rest and after 1 h of restricted mobility in mesh cylinders. Basal corticosterone levels and HPAS responses to stress were lower during ontogenesis in hypertensive rats than in Wistar rats of the same age. The exception was rats aged four weeks, when HSIAH rats started to develop hypertension and their HPAS was more sensitive to emotional stress than was the case in Wistar rats, this being associated with the greater reaction of the adrenals to ACTH. Decreased reactions of the HPAS to emotional stress in adult HSIAH rats is not associated with loss of adrenal ACTH sensitivity.

[Effect of chronic stress in prepubertal period on sexual arousal in the male rats]. / Vliianie khronicheskogo stressa v prepubertatnom periode na proiavlenie polovoi aktivatsii u vzroslykh samtsov krys.

Effects of two models of chronic stress were studied in adult male rats with inherited stress-induced arterial hypertension (ISIAH) and in Wistar rats. Intact males of both rat strains demonstrated a similar behavioural and hormonal activation in sexual arousal. Prepubertal chronic stress decreased the female-induced behavioural response and the effect depended on the character of stress and the animal genotype. No long-lasting effects of pre-pubertal stress on the plasma corticosterone level in males under sexual arousal were observed.

Brain serotonin metabolism during water deprivation and hydration in rats.

The effects of two-day water deprivation and hyperhydration (provision of 4% sucrose solution for 48 h) on levels of serotonin and its major metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in the midbrain and hypothalamus were studied in Wistar rats. The rates of diuresis (0.05 +/- 0.01 and 0.84 +/- 0.12 ml/h/100 g in water deprivation and hyperhydration respectively) and urine osmolality (1896 +/- 182 and 50 +/- 13 mOsm/kg) reflected increases and decreases in blood vasopressin levels. Water deprivation was associated with a significant increase in 5-HIAA levels in the midbrain and hypothalamus, along with a decrease in serotonin levels and a three-fold increase in serotonin catabolism (the 5-HIAA:serotonin concentration ratio). Hyperhydration induced moderate increases in serotonin and 5-HIAA levels in the hypothalamus with no changes in the midbrain. The blood corticosterone level doubled in water deprivation and decreased in hyperhydration. It is suggested that activation of the serotoninergic system induces a complex adaptive reaction in water deprivation. including mechanisms specific for the regulation of water-electrolyte homeostasis and non-specific stress mechanisms (vasopressin and corticoliberin secretion).

[Serotonin metabolism in the rat brain during water deprivation and hydration]. / Metabolizm serotonina v mozgu pri vodnoi deprivatsii i gidratatsii krys.

Water deprivation (WD) decreased the serotonin (5-HT) level and significantly increased the 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in the rat midbrain and hypothalamus, the catabolic 5-HIAA/5-HT ratio increasing three-fold. Hydration (H) produced a moderate increase in the 5-HT and 5-HIAA levels in the hypothalamus with no changes in the 5-HIAA/5-HT ratio. Hydration exerted no significant effect upon the 5-HT level and metabolism in the midbrain. A two-fold increase of corticosterone concentration in water deprivation and its decrease in hydration were shown to occur in peripheral blood plasma.