[The health impact of woodsmoke]. / Des toxiques au coin du feu: données récentes sur l'impact sanitaire des fumées de bois.

Biomass is an important renewable resource of primary energy. Wood burning is expected to expand in future as a cheap means of residential heating, especially in wood-producing rural areas. The health consequences of wood smoke are taken in account far less actively in Europe than in North America, where stringent limitations have been introduced, such as those of the EPA Burnwise project. Recently, wildfires were estimated to release 2 petagrams of carbon into the atmosphere worldwide, contributing to more than 300 000 deaths annually. More effective measures are thus needed to prevent indoor and outdoor exposure to wood smoke. Ultrafine particles are the biggest concern, but the volatile phase also contains many toxicants. Ultrafine particles are among the most dangerous carbonaceous particles found in polluted atmospheres. They can be identified by using C14, levoglucosan, crystallography and spectrometry. Any expansion of the use of wood as a fuel source should take into account its health impact, which is similar to that of fossil fuels.

[Are nanoparticles a new class of environmental toxin?]. / Les nanoparticules constituent-elles une nouvelle classe de toxiques environnementaux?

In view of the toxic properties of nanoparticles, the authorities require them to be specifically identified and labeled This is in keeping with the spirit of the REACH legislation, which aims to protect consumers from products with inadequately documented risks for human health and the environment. However, the presence of natural nanoparticles in the environment must also be taken into account, together with the fact that, in any mixture of particles, the presence of a fraction of nanometer-sized particles cannot be ruled out, owing to the laws of statistical distribution. Moreover, while all toxic nanoparticles generate oxidative stress, their properties are not due solely to their size but also to their shape, surface texture and composition. Thus, nanoparticle toxicity should be considered specifically for each substance or group of substances, and the notion of intentional manufacture of nano-sized particles should be included in the impact assessment. The conditions of nanoparticle concentration/dilution and persistence, especially in water and sewage sludge, exemplified by silver and titanium oxide, suggest that nanoparticle behavior in the environment should be monitored.

An estimate of cancers attributable to occupational exposures in France.

OBJECTIVE: To perform a quantitative estimate of the proportion of cancers attributable to occupational exposures in France in 2000. METHODS: Exposure data for established carcinogens were obtained from a 1994 survey and other sources. Relative risks for 23 exposure-cancer combinations were derived from meta-analyses and pooled analyses. RESULTS: A total of 4335 cases of cancer among men (2.7% of all cancers) and 403 cases among women (0.3% of all cancers) were attributed to occupational exposures. Asbestos, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and chromium VI were the main occupational carcinogens in men, and asbestos and involuntary smoking were the main carcinogens in women. Corresponding proportions for cancer deaths were 4.0% and 0.6% in men and women, respectively. Lung cancer represented 75% of deaths attributable to occupational exposures. CONCLUSION: Our estimates are comparable with those obtained for other countries in studies based on similar methodology.