[The role of the community and hospital pharmacist in public health prevention in France]. / Le rôle du pharmacien en officine et en pharmacie hospitalière dans la prévention en santé publique en France.

INTRODUCTION: As the healthcare system changes, the pharmacist's place does. In this context the health institutions are looking for improving prevention and so realize how well placed pharmacists were. For their competences as well as the trust patients are giving, they are serious actors in the implementation of prevention. METHODS: We sought to understand which place pharmacists take in prevention policies. Thus, we have proceeded with an analysis of bibliography of the past ten years about articles registered in Medline talking about pharmacist's places in French prevention. RESULTS: We have selected 47 articles classified according to San Marco's 3 levels of prevention: universal, oriented or targeted prevention. The pharmacist is involved in universal prevention, cancer screening or the proper use of antibiotics. In targeted prevention, they are specifically interested in the proper use of medicines and their correct prescription to patients. Finally, for targeted prevention, they offer patients therapeutic education adapted to their needs. CONCLUSIONS: We can highlight that pharmacists improve consequently the patient's quality of life. They also enhance connections between health care professionals. Thanks to pharmacists, patients can find easy access and reliable health advice and government, trustworthy support for prevention.

[The ethical approach of small humanitarian medical non-governmental organisations (NGOs) - the example of Biology Without Borders]. / L'approche éthique des petites organisations non gouvernementales (ONG) médicales humanitaires ­ l'exemple de Biologie Sans Frontières.

In France, more than 400 non-governmental organisations (NGOs) work in the field of health; they differ in their missions and means. Nevertheless, their actions question common ethical principles, which include respect for populations and political or financial non-interference. Biologie Sans Frontières has considered these ethical aspects and has formalised a charter on the principles it defends in its actions. The creation of an ethics committee with a single charter would be unifying for all NGOs; it would also be a guarantee of respectability for international bodies such as the World Health Organisation (WHO).

[Vaccination against COVID-19 in pharmacies in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region. Study conducted three months after the start of vaccination]. / Vaccination contre la COVID-19 dans les officines en région Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes. Étude menée trois mois après le début de la vaccination.

INTRODUCTION: The development of vaccines against SARS-Cov-2 has enabled the deployment of vaccination, particularly through dispensing pharmacists, who are already authorised to administer influenza vaccines in France. METHODS: We surveyed pharmacists in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region to assess the current status of SARS-Cov-19 vaccination in the region. A questionnaire was sent to them; the analysis was carried out jointly with the URPS-Pharmacists. RESULTS: 739 pharmacies took part in our survey, and gave us their impressions of the organisation of the anti-COVID-19 vaccination and the information to be transmitted to patients. CONCLUSIONS: The commitment of pharmacists to the anti-COVID-19 vaccination testifies to the attachment of pharmacists to their patients, and their privileged place in prevention in France. The extension of their competences to the general vaccination of the population expects legitimacy from the decision-making authorities.

[Use of self-tests and rapid diagnostic tests: Survey of dispensing pharmacists in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region]. / Utilisation des TROD et autotests : enquête auprès des pharmaciens officinaux de la région Auvergne­Rhône-Alpes.

OBJECTIVES: RDT and self-tests are sold in pharmacies. These are medical biology procedures that are currently reserved for biologists. Nevertheless, their use is now being reinforced by the COVID-19 pandemic. What role should the dispensing pharmacist have in relation to the patient? What role can the biologist have in this system? METHODS: A survey was carried out in pharmacies in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region, as well as in Cameroon during the summer of 2020, to evaluate the use of RDT and self-tests. The answers obtained to the 10 questions were discussed after a simple statistical analysis. RESULTS: Two hundred and eighty-three pharmacies and 13 Cameroonian pharmacies participated in our survey. Pharmacists want to develop the use of RDT and self-test, but agree that training is necessary. Some tests are dispensed despite their unproven clinical usefulness. CONCLUSIONS: The delivery of TRODs and self-tests is acquired in pharmacies despite the reluctance of biologists. Pharmacists should be trained by biologists to use these tests in a relevant and appropriate manner.

[The armed forces health service in the face of major health risks]. / Le Service de Santé des Armées face aux risques sanitaires majeurs d'origine infectieuse. Une mise en œuvre de l'éthique de responsabilité.

In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic in France called upon the French Army Health Services (SSA) to support the population on its national territory but also overseas, in Mayotte and French Guiana. In charge of the medical support of the forces, the SSA has evolved since the 18th century according to the format of the Armed Forces but also according to the nature of the conflicts, these changes being accompanied by ethical and moral questions. If rules of medical ethics apply to practitioners, they are also military: in this context, the notions of ethics of responsibility and ethics of conviction bring questions. Its questions are even more complex when these soldiers are projected into external operations where current conflicts, of a terrorist nature, expose the local populations, women and children specifically. Nevertheless, the SSA can also be projected to respond to exclusively health issues (excluding conflicts) as during the Ebola epidemic in Guinea in 2014, or more recently in Mulhouse with COVID-19. This last point raises fears of the development of bioterrorism where the questions of medico-military ethics would then be very complex; they must therefore be taken into account and analyzed, but also extended to raising awareness of the fighting forces.

[Cholecystitis and biliary infection]. / Cholécystitie et infection biliaire.

Cytobacteriologic study of 150 gallbladder fluid samples obtained before cholecystectomy found no correlations between clinical manifestations, gross and histologic features of the gallbladder, and underlying biliary infection. The potential parts played in these discrepancies by bile, time to surgery, and use of antimicrobial agents are discussed.

[Microalbuminuria: evaluation of an immunoturbidimetric method and an immunonephelemetric method]. / Micro-albuminurie: évaluation d'une méthode immunoturbidimétrique et d'une méthode immunonéphélémétrique.

Two methods for measurement microalbuminuria are appraised to take the place of RIA. One is immunonephelemetry, using a "closed" immunochemistry analyzer of modest price. The other one is immunoturbidimetry on an "open" centrifugal analyzer, which is of a middle price. The results which are obtained by IN and IT are compared statistically to the RIA. These methods give satisfaction for practicability, precision and accuracy and can be used in any biological laboratory.

Actinomycosis of the gallbladder due to Actinomyces naeslundii.

We report two cases of actinomycosis of the gallbladder due to Actinomyces naeslundii. Both patients presented with acute cholecystitis. After cholecystectomy with the removal of gallstones each patient made an uneventful recovery. The literature on cholecystitis due to Actinomyces is reviewed.

[Susceptibility of Campylobacter pyloridis to antibiotics]. / Sensibilité de Campylobacter pyloridis vis-à-vis des antibiotiques.

In vitro antibacterial activity of 32 antimicrobials was studied on 20 strains of Campylobacter pyloridis (CP). CP is susceptible to beta lactams, cyclins, chloramphenicol, rifampicin, macrolides, aminoglycosides, sometimes to colistin, nalidixic acid, metronidazole, never to vancomycin, trimethoprim, co-trimoxazole.

Study of a myoglobin test in patients hospitalized for suspected myocardial infarction.

An immunoagglutination latex test was studied in comparison with a plasma myoglobin radioimmunoassay in 103 subjects with suspected myocardial infarction. The test provided an early and reliable indication of raised plasma myoglobin (greater than 85 micrograms/l), a biochemical marker for the early phase (12 h) of myocardial infarction. The diagnostic values (sensitivity and specificity) studied over a 36 h period were the same as those for the plasma myoglobin assay. The sensitivity was similar to that of creatine kinase activity and better than that of the creatine kinase MB/creatine kinase ratio; the lower specificity was due to false-positive results in some subjects with angina. The myoglobin test, which provides rapid results, may be substituted in early diagnosis of myocardial infarction for the plasma myoglobin assay which is unsuitable for emergency analysis.