Idiopathic polyhydramnios.

OBJECTIVE: A comprehensive overview on idiopathic polyhydramnios and associated complications. DESIGN: Review article. SETTING: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Hospital Na Bulovce, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic. METHODS: Literature search using the databases Web of Science, Ovid, Cochrane, Medline databases and an analysis of articles published in peer-reviewed journals with impact factor in the years 1958-2020. RESULTS: Polyhydramnios occurs in 0.2-2% of pregnancies. Pregnancies with polyhydramnios are more often complicated by abnormal foetal lie or presentation and, moreover, should be associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, particularly with the higher incidence of intrauterine foetal death, placental abruption, labour induction, caesarean sections, prolonged first stage of labor and shoulder dystocia. CONCLUSION: The moderate and severe forms of idiopathic polyhydramnios are associated with the higher risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes that implies the need for intensive monitoring of a pregnant woman and the foetus both in pregnancy and during the delivery itself.

Sacrococcygeal teratoma.

OBJECTIVE: Description of newborn with early prenatal diagnosis of sacrococcygeal teratomia. Desing: Case report. SETTING: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and Faculty Hospital Motol Prague. CASE REPORT: In this case report a term neonate with a massive sacrococcygeal teratoma was delivered by a cesarean section (approach by Geppert) with an intrapartal relieving punction of the tumor. It was a type II SCT with both pelvic end extracorporal component with a size of 60×35 centimeters. The tumor was completely resected during the first day of life and was followed by a normal function of lower extremities, normal bowel function and only transitional urinary tract symptoms. CONCLUSION: A sacrococcygeal teratoma (SCT) is the most common congenital tumor in newborns with reported incidence of 1:35000-40000 live births affecting more frequently females (4:1). This germinal tumor is either benign (mature) or malignant (immature), mature types are more common in neonates. A SCT is usually diagnosed by prenatal ultrasound, magnetic resonance is performed to characterize its size and content, type of tumor (type I-IV Altman classification) and relation to surrounding tissues. Preemptive early delivery by cesarean section is recommended when the tumor exceeds the diameter of 5 centimeters to avoid complications during vaginal delivery (rupture, bleeding etc.). The primary treatment of SCT is an early surgical resection with a complete resection of the coccyx („en bloc“ resection), malignant tumors are indicated for adjuvant chemotherapy. Long term complications can be urinary tract or bowel dysfunctions, lower extremity muscle weakness or paralysis and recurrence of the tumor with potential malignancy.

Prenatally diagnosed patent urachus with umbilical cord cyst and early surgical intervention.

OBJECTIVE: Description of rare diagnosis of patent urachus. DESIGN: Case report. SETTING: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and Faculty Hospital Motol Prague. CASE REPORT: Patent urachus is a rare diagnosis, which in this case was detected prenatally by ultrasound. Involution of the urachus is not fully completed upon birth, therefore in cases of small persisting communication between the urinary bladder and the umbilicus conservative approach and waiting for spontaneous closure is usually chosen. In our case surgery treatment has chosen as a prevention of urinary infection because of patent urachus manifested as a wide communication. CONCLUSION: This congenital defect usually manifests itself early after birth as a visible structural anomaly of the umbilicus and/or as urine leakage in the umbilicus opening area. It is important to keep in mind that urachus irregularities may be accompanied by other urinary system defects. Every child presenting with such an anomaly should therefore be thoroughly examined. If the procedure is performed by an experienced surgical team postoperative complications are uncommon and overall long-term prognosis for patients is excellent.

[Pregnancy in women with solid-organ transplants]. / Tehotenství u zen po transplantacích solidních orgánu.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluation of pregnancies and deliveries in women after solid organ transplantations with respect to the maternal and fetal risks. DESIGN: Overview article. SETTING: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague. METHODS: Literature search using the Web of Science, Ovid, Cochrane, Google Scholar and Medline databases with keywords (transplantation, pregnancy, immunosuppression) and analysis of articles published in impact and reviewed journals from 1958 to 2017. RESULTS: Pregnancy in patients after solid organ transplantions is associated with the higher risk of complications, particularly preeclampsia, and high incidence of comorbidities. Women after transplantation have an increased risk of premature deliveries and low birth weight newborns. The highest risk of complications is documented after lung transplantation. For immunosuppression in pregnancy inhibitors of calcineurin, azathioprine and prednisone are used. CONCLUSION: Pregnancies and deliveries in women after solid organ transplants are in a high risk. With early transplantation, adequate patient health compensation, properly planned pregnancy, adequate immunosuppressive therapy and specialized prenatal and obstetric care, women can give birth to healthy newborns after transplantation.

[Fetal alloimmune thrombocytopenia in pregnant woman with anti-HPA-1a antibodies]. / Aloimunitní trombocytopenie plodu u tehotné zeny s protilátkami anti-HPA-1a.

OBJECT: Description of the pregnancy in patient with anti-HPA-1a antibodies. DESIGN: Case report. SETTING: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and Motol University Hospital. CASE REPORT: Report of cases of neonatal alloimune thrombocytopenia in a patient with proven anti-HPA 1a antibodies. The immunization developed during the first pregnancy, accompanied with fetal thrombocytopenia which recurred in every subsequent pregnancy with greater severity. None of the neonates was affected by intracranial hemorrhage.

The ratio of diameters between the target artery and the bypass modifies hemodynamic parameters related to intimal hyperplasia in the distal end-to-side anastomosis.

Hemodynamics in the distal end-to-side anastomosis is related to early development of intimal hyperplasia and bypass failure. In this study we investigated the effect of diameter ratios between the target artery and the bypass at three different angles of the connection. The pulsatile flow field was visualized using particle image velocimetry in transparent models with three different angles of the connection (25°, 45°, 60°) and the diameter ratio between the bypass and the target artery was 4.6 mm : 6 mm, 6 mm : 6 mm, and 7.5 mm : 6 mm. Six parameters including location and oscillation of the stagnation point, local energy dissipation, wall shear stress (WSS), oscillatory shear index, spatial and temporal gradient of WSS and their distribution in the target artery were calculated from the flow field. In the wider bypass, the stagnation point oscillated in a greater range and was located more proximal to the anastomosis. Energy dissipation was minimal in a wider bypass with a more acute angle. The maximum WSS values were tree times greater in a narrow bypass and concentrated in a smaller circular region at the floor of the anastomosis. The oscillatory shear index increased with wider bypass and more acute angle. The maximum of spatial gradient of WSS concentrated around the floor and toe of the anastomosis and decreased with more acute angle and wider bypass, the temporal gradient of WSS was stretched more towards the side wall. Greater bypass to target vessel ratio and more acute anastomosis angle promote hemodynamics known to reduce formation of intimal hyperplasia.

The influence of the anastomosis angle on the hemodynamics in the distal anastomosis in the infrainguinal bypass: an in vitro study.

The geometric shape of the distal anastomosis in an infrainguinal bypass has an influence on its durability. In this article, we compared three different angles of the anastomosis with regard to the hemodynamics. Three experimental models of the distal infrainguinal anastomosis with angles of 25°, 45°, and 60° respectively were constructed according to the similarity theory to assess flow in the anastomoses using particle image velocimetry and computational fluid dynamics. In the toe, heel, and floor of the anastomosis that correspond to the locations worst affected by intimal hyperplasia, adverse blood flow and wall shear stress were observed in the 45° and 60° models. In the 25° model, laminar blood flow was apparent more peripherally from the anastomosis. In conclusions, decreasing the distal anastomosis angle in a femoropopliteal bypass results in more favorable hemodynamics including the flow pattern and wall shear stress in locations susceptible to intimal hyperplasia.

[Electrical cardioversion in pregnancy - case report]. / Elektrická kardioverze v tehotenství - kazuistika.

OBJECT: Describing the course of pregnancy and perinatal outcomes in a patient with supraventricular tachycardia treated by electrical cardioversion. DESIGN: Case report. SETTING: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and Motol University Hospital. CASE REPORT: We report a case of electrical cardioversion performed during pregnancy. Young patient with a history of surgical correction of congenital heart defect (double outlet right ventricle, aortic arch hypoplasia and coarctation) with implanted pacemaker for dysfunction of both SA and AV node was diagnosed with persistent atrial flutter leading to incipient heart failure during pregnancy. At 30 weeks of pregnancy, the electrical cardioversion was performed under continuous fetal monitoring. Rest of the pregnancy was uneventful, delivery via caesarean section with obstetric indication (breech presentation, premature rupture of membranes at 37+3/7 weeks) without any complications.

[Prevention of preeclampsia - review]. / Prevence preeklampsie - prehledový clánek.

Preeclampsia is a serious condition that affects about five percent of pregnant women. The disorder itself or related complications are responsible for a significant percentage of maternal and fetal morbidity, even in developed countries. Although our understanding of etiology is still limited, the possibility of detecting and evaluating certain angiogenic factors by the end of the first trimester gives food for thought about prospects for preeclampsia prevention. Secondary prevention is currently based mostly on the effort to pharmacologically affect the spiral artery transformation and development of the abnormal placental microcirculation which lead to clinical symptoms of preeclampsia. The preventive treatment options are narrow. Greatest effect was noted with acetylsalicylic acid medication in the at-risk population. The dose of 75-150 mg per day is considered optimal. The treatment should start before the 16th gestational week; later initiation of therapy is associated with considerably smaller effect. The incidence of the early-onset preeclampsia (<34th gestational week) can be reduced up to 50% while preventive treatment affects the late-onset preeclampsia only minimally. Calcium supplementation is effective only in women with low calcium intake. Question for the future as well as subject of several studies is a clinical significance of low molecular weight heparin and sildenafil.

The anastomosis angle is a key to improved long-term patency of proximal femoropopliteal bypass.

BACKGROUND: Femoropopliteal bypass is a common vascular reconstructive procedure. A significant proportion of bypasses become ineffective within 1 year because of occlusion due to progression of intimal hyperplasia (IH). METHODS: The clinical part of the study involved an analysis of 43 patients with proximal femoropopliteal bypass, which became occluded no later than 1 year from the procedure, who were successfully treated with thrombolysis. Morphological changes of intima in the anastomosis (evaluated angiographically) and the angle of the distal end-to-side anastomosis were evaluated. In the second part of the study, blood flow in the distal end-to-side anastomosis was modeled experimentally (by particle image velocimetry) and numerically (by computational fluid dynamics). The results were correlated with the previously identified locations of IH. RESULTS: We proved that the locations of IH correlate with the locations of disturbed blood flow, increased wall shear stress, and stagnation points as documented by experimental visualization and angiographic findings. We also confirmed that anastomoses with more acute angles are less prone to IH and occlusion of the lumen. CONCLUSION: We suggest that a better understanding of the hemodynamics and its influence on IH should lead to an optimized graft design by adopting a more acute angle of the anastomosis.

Particle image velocimetry measurement in the model of vascular anastomosis.

Neointimal hyperplasia is the most common complication of all forms of arterial reconstructions. This response of the vascular wall to injury is influenced by many factors, especially, but not limited to, by the hemodynamic profile in the area of vascular anastomosis and in its close proximity. To eliminate this negative influence of hemodynamics on progression of neointimal hyperplasia, we tried to develop anastomosis with optimal hemodynamic parameters. In our experimental study we used Particle Image Velocimetry measurement and 3D blood flow simulation for studying flow characteristics for different length and angles of anastomoses. Based on our experimental studies and numerical simulations we believe that anastomosis with smaller angle demonstrates better hemodynamic parameters, optimal angle being less than 30 dg. Length of anastomosis in this smaller angle anastomosis is app. 2-2.5 of native vessel diameter.