A Pathway Idea for Model Building.

Models, mathematical or stochastic, which move from one functional form to another through pathway parameters, so that in between stages can be captured, are examined in this article. Models which move from generalized type-1 beta family to type-2 beta family, to generalized gamma family to generalized Mittag-Leffler family to Lévy distributions are examined here. It is known that one can likely find an approximate model for the data at hand whether the data are coming from biological, physical, engineering, social sciences or other areas. Different families of functions are connected through the pathway parameters and hence one will find a suitable member from within one of the families or in between stages of two families. Graphs are provided to show the movement of the different models showing thicker tails, thinner tails, right tail cut off etc.

Pseudomembranous colitis in a pregnant woman.

Pseudomembranous colitis in association with pregnancy has not been well described in English literature. Recent studies show a drastic increase in the incidence and severity of Pseudomembranous colitis in pregnant women, who were once thought to be at low risk. We report here a case of Pseudomembranous colitis in a young healthy immunocompetent pregnant lady. An early suspicion of this entity with the characteristic appearance of pseudomembranes on colonoscopy and histology confirmed the diagnosis enabling prompt treatment and complete recovery without any serious consequences.

Pancreatic mucinous cystadenoma.

We report here the case of a 75-year-old lady who presented to us with a 4-month history of abdominal symptoms. The computed tomography scan revealed a cystic lesion in the tail of the pancreas. Distal pancreatectomy was done and biopsy showed a benign mucinous neoplasm. Because this is potentially malignant it is vital to diagnose it before it becomes malignant; identification of this entity remains a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge.