Effects of dietary fiber on the ideal standardized ileal digestible threonine:lysine ratio for twenty-five to fifty kilogram growing gilts.

Four experiments were conducted to determine effects of fiber on the ideal Thr:Lys ratio for 25- to 50-kg gilts. In Exp. 1, the objective was to determine the requirement for standardized ileal digestible Lys for gilts from 25 to 50 kg BW. Seventy gilts (24.54 ± 3.28 kg BW) were used in a growth assay with 2 pigs per pen, 5 diets, and 7 replicate pens per diet. The 5 diets were based on corn and soybean meal and contained between 0.80 and 1.32% SID Lys. Results indicated that 1.09% SID Lys was needed to optimize ADG and G:F. In Exp. 2, the objective was to determine the standardized ileal digestibility of AA in corn, soybean meal, field peas, fish meal, and soybean hulls. Six ileal-cannulated gilts (26.5 ± 0.74 kg BW) were allotted to a 6 × 6 Latin square design with 6 diets and 6 periods. Values for standardized ileal digestibility of AA were calculated for all ingredients. In Exp. 3, the objective was to determine the effect of fiber on the ideal SID Thr:Lys ratio for gilts from 25 to 50 kg BW. A total of 192 gilts (26.29 ± 4.64 kg BW) were used in a growth assay with 2 pigs per pen and 8 replicate pens per treatment. Six low-fiber diets and 6 high-fiber diets were formulated using the same batches of ingredients as in Exp. 2. Within each level of fiber, diets with SID Thr:Lys ratios ranging from 45:100 to 90:100 were formulated using the SID values calculated in Exp. 2. In both types of diets, ADG and G:F linearly and quadratically ( < 0.05) increased as the Thr:Lys ratio increased. Regression analysis estimated the ideal SID Thr:Lys ratio at 0.66 and 0.63 for ADG and G:F, respectively, for pigs fed low-fiber diets and at 0.71 and 0.63, respectively, for pigs fed high-fiber diets. In Exp. 4, the objective was to determine the N balance in pigs fed low-fiber or high-fiber diets that were formulated to have SID Thr:Lys ratios of 45:100 or 60:100. The 4 diets were formulated using the same batches of ingredients as in Exp. 2, and the SID values determined in Exp. 2 were used in diet formulations. Thirty-six gilts (29.0 ± 0.74 kg BW) were individually housed in metabolism crates with 9 replicate pigs per diet. Retention of N (% of intake) was greater (P < 0.05) for pigs fed the low-fiber diets compared with pigs fed the high-fiber diets regardless of the Thr:Lys ratio. Results of these experiments indicate that increased fiber levels in diets fed to growing gilts increase the requirement for Thr and that diets with higher fiber levels should be formulated to a greater SID Thr:Lys ratio.

Nutritional value of dried fermentation biomass, hydrolyzed porcine intestinal mucosa products, and fish meal fed to weanling pigs.

Dried fermentation biomass (DFB) and hydrolyzed porcine intestinal mucosa are co-products of L-Lys • HCl production and heparin extraction, respectively. Three experiments were conducted to determine standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA (Exp. 1), concentration of DE and ME (Exp. 2), and standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of P (Exp. 3) in DFB and 2 hydrolyzed porcine intestinal mucosa products (PEP50 and PEP2+), and compare these values with values for fish meal. In Exp. 1, 12 ileal cannulated barrows (BW = 11.5 ± 1.1 kg) were allotted to a replicated 6 × 6 Latin square design with 6 diets and 6 periods. A N-free diet, diet based on soybean meal (SBM), and 4 diets based on a combination of SBM and DFB, PEP50, PEP2+, or fish meal were formulated. With the exception of Lys, there were no differences in SID of indispensable AA between DFB and fish meal. Except for Thr, no differences in SID of indispensable AA between PEP50 and fish meal were observed, but SID of all indispensable AA, except Lys and Trp, was less (P < 0.05) in PEP2+ than in the other ingredients. In Exp. 2, 40 barrows (BW = 12.8 ± 1.4 kg) were allotted to 5 diets with 8 pigs/diet. A basal diet containing 96.4% corn and 4 diets containing corn and DFB, PEP50, PEP2+, or fish meal were formulated. The DE (5,445 kcal/kg DM) and ME (5,236 kcal/kg DM) in DFB were greater (P < 0.01) than in PEP50 (4,758 and 4,512 kcal/kg DM for DE and ME, respectively) and fish meal (4,227 and 3,960 kcal/kg DM for DE and ME, respectively). Also, DE in DFB was greater (P < 0.01) than in PEP2+ (4,935 kcal/kg DM), but ME in DFB was not different from that in PEP2+ (4,617 kcal/kg DM). Furthermore, DE in PEP50 and PEP2+ were greater (P < 0.01) than in fish meal, but ME did not differ from that in fish meal. In Exp. 3, 40 barrows (BW = 12.4 ± 1.3 kg) were randomly allotted to 5 diets with 8 pigs/diet. A P-free diet and 4 diets in which the sole source of P was from DFB, PEP50, PEP2+, or fish meal were formulated. The STTD of P in DFB (96.9%) and PEP2+ (97.6%) were greater (P < 0.01) than in PEP50 and fish meal (76.2% and 68.5%, respectively), and STTD of P in PEP50 was greater (P < 0.01) than in fish meal. In summary, SID of most indispensable AA did not differ among DFB, PEP50, and fish meal, but DE and ME and STTD of P in DFB were greater than in PEP50 and fish meal.

Tricalcium phosphate ceramic as immediate root implants for the maintenance of alveolar bone in partially edentulous mandibular jaws. A clinical study.

This study was undertaken to probe the efficacy of tricalcium phosphate ceramic (TCP) as an immediate root implant in the maintenance of alveolar bone. Three patients had five TCP root implants placed in fresh extraction sockets with soft tissue closure. The control and implant areas were evaluated at the 20th and 78th week on the basis of radiographic and clinical measurements. Tricalcium phosphate ceramic root implants in extraction sockets produced a significant increase in height and width of alveolar bone compared with control sites. It is believed that this method is a more effective and efficient procedure to preserve alveolar bone for the retention of dentures than other methods.