Automatic processes moderate the association between reflective processes and movement behavior: A cross-sectional study.

Dual-process theories postulate that both reflective and automatic processes regulate health behavior. Further research is required to test the basic postulates of dual-process theories. We investigated the direct associations and moderating effect between automatic processes and multiple indicators of reflective processes on various levels of physical activity and sedentary behavior assessed using accelerometry in adults who were not participating in regular physical exercise programs. This cross-sectional study included 257 adults. Each participant completed a computerized test for automatic associations, a set of questions assessing reflective processes, a seven-day assessment using accelerometers to determine their levels of physical activity and sedentary behavior. The results showed a direct relationship between perceived benefits (B = 15.90, p = 0.043), perceived cons (B = -12.81, p = 0.034), decisional intention (B = -0.07, p = 0.049) with light physical activity, and self-efficacy with daily steps (B = 485.71, p = 0.008). There was a positive association between intention strength and daily steps when implicit associations favored physical activity (b = 623.36, LLCI = 79.09, ULCI = 1167.62, p = 0.025); a negative association between self-efficacy and sedentary behavior when implicit associations favored sedentary behavior (b = -25.73, LLCI = -49.77, ULCI = -1.70, p = 0.035); and a positive association between intention strength and sedentary behavior when implicit associations favored physical activity (b = 34.18, LLCI = 8.81, ULCI = 59.56, p = 0.008). These findings underscore the importance of considering the interplay between reflective and automatic processes in shaping movement behavior.

High-intensity interval resistance training (HIIRT) improves liver gluconeogenesis from lactate in Swiss mice.

High-intensity physical exercise favors anaerobic glycolysis and increases lactatemia. Lactate is converted back to glucose in the liver, so that the lactate threshold, an indicator of physical performance, must be related to the gluconeogenic capacity of the liver. This research assessed the effect of a high-intensity interval resistance training (HIIRT) on liver gluconeogenesis from lactate. Swiss mice were trained (groups T) on vertical ladder with overload of 90% of their maximal load. Control animals remained untrained (groups C0 and C8). In situ liver perfusion with lactate and adrenaline was performed in rested mice after 6 hours of food deprivation. There were larger outputs of glucose (T6, 71.90%; T8, 54.53%) and pyruvate (T8, 129.28%) (representative values for 4 mM lactate) in the groups trained for 6 or 8 weeks (T6 and T8), and of glucose in the presence of adrenaline in group T8 (280%). The content of PEPCK, an important regulatory enzyme of the gluconeogenic pathway, was 69.13% higher in group T8 than in the age-matched untrained animals (C8). HIIRT augmented liver gluconeogenesis from lactate and this might improve the lactate threshold. Novelty: The liver metabolizes lactate from muscle into glucose. Physical training may enhance the gluconeogenic capacity of the liver. As lactate clearance by the liver improves, lactate threshold is displaced to higher exercise intensities.

The Effect of a Short Period of Supplementation with Glutamine Dipeptide on the Cognitive Responses after a Resistance Training Session of Women with HIV/AIDS: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Crossover Study.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of a short period of supplementation with glutamine dipeptide (GDP) on the acute responses to resistance training on the executive functions of people with HIV/AIDS. The sample consisted of 10 HIV+ women (45.00 ± 12.77 years old; 65.71 ± 12.04 kg; 1.54 ± 0.05 m) who were submitted to a randomized double-blind crossover procedure according to two experimental conditions: orally supplemented with 20 g/day of GDP or with maltodextrin for seven days. On the seventh day of supplementation all participants did cognitive function tests before and immediately after a resistance training session. Seven days of washout were adopted between conditions. Stroop and N-back tests were used to evaluate the executive functions. The training reduced the response time of each card in isolation and the latency time among them. GDP supplementation increased the magnitude of this effect, thus, reducing the latency time from the first to the last card in the Stroop test by almost 50% (P < 0.01). Considering the N-back test, there were no significant differences. It is suggested that GDP supplementation may increase the magnitude of the effect of an acute resistance training session in cognitive functions, particularly in the inhibitory control of people with HIV/AIDS. This trial is registered with NCT03236532.

Cargas elevadas de treinamento alteram funções cognitivas em jogadores de futebol / High loads of training affect cognitive functions in soccer players / Cargas elevadas de entrenamiento alteran funciones cognitivas en jugadores de fútbol

INTRODUÇÃO: No esporte de rendimento, altas cargas de treinamento são necessárias para que ocorram adaptações biológicas que levem ao aprimoramento da forma física e do desempenho esportivo. OBJETIVO: Investigar o comportamento de variáveis psicológicas e fisiológicas, possíveis indicadores dos estados de estresse e recuperação, em jogadores de futebol ao longo da temporada esportiva, e a possibilidade da utilização desses como marcadores dos estados de treinabilidade dos atletas para prevenir quedas do desempenho e o overtraining. MÉTODOS: Participaram deste estudo 14 jogadores de futebol (18,4 ± 0,6 anos, 9,64 ± 1,61 % com gordura e VO2máx 49,46 ± 2,88 ml/kg/min) da categoria júnior de uma equipe de primeira divisão do Brasil. Foram monitorados a percepção de estresse e a recuperação por meio do questionário RESTQ-Sport, a variabilidade de frequência cardíaca (VFC) de repouso, analisada no domínio do tempo e da frequência, e o tempo de reação simples. Efetuaram-se três coletas de dados, um controle (C), outra após quatro semanas de treinamentos intensos (T1), e finalmente depois de quatro semanas de treinamentos leves (T2) realizados após T1. RESULTADOS: Não foi encontrada diferença significativa em nenhuma das escalas do RESTQ-Sport e na VFC nos três momentos de coletas. O tempo de reação simples apresentou um aumento significativo(p = 0,047) em T1 em relação a C. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados indicam que o tempo de reação foi a única variável sensível às alterações do treinamento estudado, podendo ser considerado um bom indicador da treinabilidade dos atletas. .

INTRODUCTION: In the performance sports, high training loads are necessary for biological adaptations to occur leading to the improvement of fitness and sports performance. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the behavior of the psychological and physiological variables, indicators of possible states of stress and recovery in soccer players throughout the sports season, and the possibility of using these as markers of the conditions of athletes trainability to prevent decreased performance and overtraining. METHODS: The study included 14 soccer players (18.4±0.6 years, 9.64±1.61% with fat and VO2máx 49.46 ± 2.88 ml/kg/min) of a junior class of a team of the first division of Brazil. The perception of stress and recovery, the heart rate variability (HRV) at rest, analyzed in the time and frequency domain, and simple reaction time were monitored through the questionnaire RESTQ-Sport. We carried out three collections of data, a control (C), another after four weeks of intense training (T1), and finally after four weeks of light training (T2) performed after T1. RESULTS: No significant difference was found in any of the scales of RESTQ-Sport and HRV at the three collections. The simple reaction time showed a significant increase (p=0.047) in T1 compared to C. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that the reaction time was the only variable sensitive to changes in the training study and could be considered a good indicator of trainability of athletes. .

INTRODUCCIÓN: En el deporte de rendimiento, las altas cargas de entrenamiento son necesarias para que ocurran adaptaciones biológicas que lleven a la mejora de la forma física y del desempeño deportivo. OBJETIVO: Investigar el comportamiento de variables psicológicas y fisiológicas, posibles indicadores de los estados de estrés y recuperación, en jugadores de fútbol a lo largo de la temporada deportiva, y la posibilidad del uso de los mismos como marcadores de los estados de entrenabilidad de los atletas para prevenir caídas del desempeño y overtraining. MÉTODOS: Participaron en este estudio 14 jugadores de fútbol (18,4 ± 0,6 años, 9,64 ± 1,61 % con gordura y VO2máx 49,46 ± 2,88 ml/kg/min) de la categoría junior de un equipo de primera división de Brasil. Fueron monitoreadas la percepción de estrés y la recuperación por medio del cuestionario RESTQ-Sport, la variabilidad de frecuencia cardíaca (VFC) de reposo, analizada en el dominio del tiempo y de la frecuencia, y el tiempo de reacción simple. Se efectuaron tres colectas de datos, un control (C), otra después de cuatro semanas de entrenamientos intensos (T1), y finalmente después de cuatro semanas de entrenamientos leves (T2) realizados después de T1. RESULTADOS: No fue encontrada diferencia significativa en ninguna de las escalas de RESTQ-Sport y en VFC en los tres momentos de colecta. El tiempo de reacción simple presentó un aumento significativo (p = 0,047) en T1 en relación a C. CONCLUSIÓN: Los resultados indican que el tiempo de reacción fue la única variable sensible a las alteraciones del entrenamiento estudiado, pudiendo ser considerado un buen indicador de la entrenabilidad de los atletas. .

Motivos de início e abandono da prática esportiva em atletas brasileiros / Sports dropout and beginning motives in brazilian athletes

O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar diferenças motivacionais quanto ao início e ao abandono da prática esportiva, relacionando-os com a idade, sexo, modalidade esportiva, tempo de prática e nível de competição de atletas brasileiros. Participaram 385 atletas, praticantes de diferentes modalidades esportivas competitivas nos estados do Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo e Minas Gerais com idade entre 16 e 30 anos e que estavam em processo de treinamento. Utilizou-se o questionário MIMCA-BR (2007), abordando dois momentos da vida esportiva: início e abandono. Foi feita a análise comparativa pelo Teste "t" de Student para amostras independentes (p<0,05). Diferenças significativas (p<0,05) relacionadas ao sexo (tanto no início quanto no abandono esportivo) aparecem em motivos como "superar a mim mesmo" e "manter-me em forma"; quanto à idade, "divertir-me" e "não conseguir os resultados que desejo" aparecem como motivos com diferença significativa; nas modalidades, o fato de "ter amigos que praticam o esporte" e "não concretizar sonhos como atleta" são mais presentes em modalidades coletivas e individuais respectivamente; "não ter condições físicas" e "não ter apoio federativo" são mais determinantes para o abandono em atletas de nível regional. Concluiu-se que existem diferenças significativas nos motivos que levam atletas a iniciar e abandonar uma prática esportiva relacionada ao gênero, idade, modalidade e nível de prática. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas (p<0,05) com relação ao tempo de prática.

The present study aimed to compare the main differences in Brazilian athlete's dropout and beginning motives related to age, gender, sports, time of practice and competition level. The sample was composed by 385 athletes from the three Brazilian states (Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo and Minas Gerais) different sports, age between 16 and 30 years.. The MIMCA-BR Questionnaire (CARMO et al., 2007b) was used comparing the motives for beginning and dropout. Student "t" test for independent samples was used to compare means (p<0,05). Significant differences (p<0,05) related to gender (in both scales) was found in the following questions; "overcome myself" and "to maintain my shape"; related to the age, "enjoy myself" and "not to obtain the results I wish" appeared as reasons. Comparing different sports, it was found differences in "having friends who practice the sport" and "not materialize dreams as athlete" are more common in team and individual sports; "hasn't physical conditions" and "hasn't federative support" are more significant for dropout in athleteof regional level. It can be concluded that there are differences in beginning and dropout reasons among athletes comparing gender, age, sports and level of practice. Significant differences regarding time of practices had not been found (p>0,05).

Análise das transições das carreiras de ex-atletas de alto nível / Analysis of former high level athletes careers transitions

A prática voluntária e plurianual de uma atividade esportiva, com o objetivo de alcançar altos níveis de desempenho, é um dos determinantes da formação da carreira esportiva. Essa é dividida em períodos que são caracterizados por transições até atingir a aposentadoria. O objetivo do estudo foi analisar as transições das carreiras esportivas de seis atletas de várias modalidades. O apoio da família e os motivos que levaram esses atletas a permanecerem na prática esportiva foram alguns fatores determinantes. No entanto, os conflitos para a realização da prática e a falta de planejamento dessas carreiras foram dificultadores para o ótimo desenvolvimento das mesmas. Conclui-se que o término das carreiras esportivas ocorreu de forma planejada.

The volunteer practice and multi-year of a sporting activity, with the objective of reaching high levels of performance, is one of the determinants of the formation of the sporting career. That is divided in periods that are characterized by transitions up to reaching the retirement. The objective of the study was to analyze the transitions of the sporting careers of six athletes of several kinds of sports. The support of the family and the motives that made these athletes keep in sporting practice, were some determinative factors. However, the conflicts for the realization of the practice and the lack of planning of these careers were barriers to their optimum development. It was possible to conclude that the end of the sporting careers happened in a planned way.