Evidence for the efficacy of anti-inflammatory plants used in Brazilian traditional medicine with ethnopharmacological relevance.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: When exacerbated, inflammatory processes can culminate in physical and emotional disorders and, if not stopped, can be lethal. The high prevalence of inflammation has become a public health problem, and the need for new drugs to treat this pathology is imminent. The use of medicinal plants has emerged as an alternative, and a survey of data that corroborates its application in inflammatory diseases is the starting point. Furthermore, Brazil harbors a megadiversity, and the traditional use of plants is relevant and needs to be preserved and carefully explored for the discovery of new medicines. AIM OF THE STUDY: This review sought to survey the medicinal plants traditionally used in Brazil for the treatment of inflammatory processes and to perform, in an integrative way, a data survey of these species and analysis of their phytochemical, pharmacological, and molecular approaches. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Brazilian plants that are traditionally used for inflammation (ophthalmia, throat inflammation, orchitis, urinary tract inflammation, ear inflammation, and inflammation in general) are listed in the DATAPLAMT database. This database contains information on approximately 3400 native plants used by Brazilians, which were registered in specific documents produced until 1950. These inflammatory disorders were searched in scientific databases (PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, Lilacs, Scielo, Virtual Health Library), with standardization of DECS/MESH descriptors for inflammation in English, Spanish, French, and Portuguese, without chronological limitations. For the inclusion criteria, all articles had to be of the evaluated plant species, without association of synthesized substances, and full articles free available in any of the four languages searched. Duplicated articles and those that were not freely available were excluded. RESULTS: A total of 126 species were identified, culminating in 6181 articles in the search. After evaluation of the inclusion criteria, 172 articles representing 40 different species and 38 families were included in the study. Comparison of reproducibility in intra-species results became difficult because of the large number of extraction solvents tested and the wide diversity of evaluation models used. Although the number of in vitro and in vivo evaluations was high, only one clinical study was found (Abrus precatorius). In the phytochemical analyses, more than 225 compounds, mostly phenolic compounds, were identified. CONCLUSION: This review allowed the grouping of preclinical and clinical studies of several Brazilian species traditionally used for the treatment of many types of inflammation, corroborating new searches for their pharmacological properties as a way to aid public health. Furthermore, the large number of plants that have not yet been studied has encouraged new research to revive traditional knowledge.

Metformin inhibits paclitaxel-induced mechanical allodynia by activating opioidergic pathways and reducing cytokines production in the dorsal root ganglia and thalamus.

It has been shown that AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is involved in the nociceptive processing. This observation has prompted us to investigate the effects of the AMPK activator metformin on the paclitaxel-induced mechanical allodynia, a well-established model of neuropathic pain. Mechanical allodynia was induced by four intraperitoneal (i.p) injections of paclitaxel (2 mg/kg.day) in mice. Metformin was administered per os (p.o.). Naltrexoneandglibenclamide were used to investigate mechanisms mediating metformin activity. Concentrations of cytokines in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and thalamus were determined. After a single p.o. administration, the two highest doses of metformin (500 and 1000 mg/kg) attenuated the mechanical allodynia. This response was attenuated by all doses of metformin (250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg) when two administrations, 2 h apart, were carried out. Naltrexone (5 and 10 mg/kg, i.p.), but not glibenclamide (20 and 40 mg/kg, p.o.), attenuated metformin activity. Concentrations of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1ß and CXCL-1 in the DRG were increased after administration of paclitaxel. Metformin (1000 mg/kg) reduced concentrations of TNF-α, IL-1ß and CXCL-1 in the DRG. Concentration of IL-6, but not TNF-α, in the thalamus was increased after administration of paclitaxel. Metformin (1000 mg/kg) reduced concentration of IL-6 in the thalamus. In summary, metformin exhibits activity in the model of neuropathic pain induced by paclitaxel. This activity may be mediated by activation of opioidergic pathways and reduced production of TNF-α, IL-1ß and CXCL-1 in the DRG and IL-6 in the thalamus.

Índice leucocitos/eosinófilos como marcador pronóstico del choque séptico / Leukocyte/eosinophil Ratio as a Prognostic Marker of Septic Choque

Introducción: Se ha reconocido mundialmente el choque séptico como causa de una alta incidencia en la mortalidad. La incorporación de nuevos biomarcadores posibilita la obtención de un diagnóstico rápido y preciso. Objetivo: Evaluar la utilidad del índice leucocitos/eosinófilos como marcador pronóstico del choque séptico. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación en dos etapas: la primera descriptiva en la cual se detallaron las características clínicas, epidemiológicas y las variaciones de los estudios de laboratorio y la segunda explicativa de cohorte para estimar el valor predictivo del biomarcador leucocitos/eosinopenia en el choque séptico. Se realizó el recuento de eosinófilos y se obtuvo la media aritmética. Se consideró eosinopenia relativa con valores por debajo de la media de eosinófilos. Resultados: En el estudio se demostró que la leucocitosis fue de (27,4 células*mm3), la disminución del hematocrito (32,2 por ciento) y el descenso del número plaquetario (125,6 célula*mm3) prevalecen en el choque séptico. Además se refleja el descenso de los eosinófilos (18,5 células/mcl), aumento del índice leucocitos/eosinófilos (148,1) y empeoramiento del SOFA (2,8). El aumento del índice leucocitos/eosinófilos se correlaciona con el aumento de la proteína C reactiva y la procalcitonina. Conclusiones: La correlación de la leucocitosis y la eosinopenia mostró la utilidad del índice leucocitos/eosinopenia como factor de predicción del choque séptico(AU)

Introduction: Septic shock has been recognized worldwide as a cause of high incidence of mortality. The incorporation of new biomarkers makes it possible to obtain a rapid and accurate diagnosis. Objective: To evaluate the usefulness of the leukocyte/eosinophil ratio as a prognostic marker of septic shock. Methods: An investigation was carried out in two stages: in the first (the descriptive phase) the clinical and epidemiological characteristics and variations of the laboratory studies were detailed and in the second (the explanatory cohort phase), the predictive value of the leukocytes/eosinopenia biomarker in septic shock was estimated. The eosinophil count was performed and the arithmetic mean was obtained. Relative eosinopenia was considered with eosinophil values below the average. Results: The study showed that leukocytosis was 27.4 cells*mm3, hematocrit decreased in 32.2percent and decreased platelet number (125.6 cells*mm3) prevail in septic shock. In addition, a decrease in eosinophils (18.5 cells/mcl), an increase in the leukocyte/eosinophil ratio (148.1) and worsening of SOFA (2.8) are reflected. The increase in the leukocyte/eosinophil ratio is correlated with the increase in C-reactive protein and procalcitonin. Conclusions: The correlation of leukocytosis and eosinopenia showed the usefulness of the leukocyte/eosinopenia index as a predictor of septic shock(AU)

Impacto orçamentário da incorporação do rituximabe para o tratamento de leucemia linfocítica crônica no SUS / Budget impact of the incorporation of rituximab for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia in Brazil

Objetivo: O presente estudo objetiva desenvolver um modelo de análise de impacto orçamentário (AIO) relacionada à incorporação do rituximabe no tratamento de primeira linha da leucemia linfocítica crônica (LLC) no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Métodos: A elaboração da AIO foi realizada de acordo com as recomendações metodológicas das diretrizes brasileiras, considerando a perspectiva do SUS, horizonte temporal de cinco anos, população a ser tratada, diferentes cenários de market share do rituximabe e custos diretos envolvidos no tratamento atual e no tratamento proposto, e também foi executada uma análise de sensibilidade para avaliar possíveis incertezas futuras. Resultados: A cada ano e ao final do horizonte temporal de cinco anos, a incorporação do rituximabe promoverá aumento dos custos, quando comparado com o valor de ressarcimento do SUS para o tratamento de primeira linha da LLC. No cenário de maior participação de mercado do rituximabe, os custos totais foram menores em relação ao cenário de menor market share. Dado que a estimativa da AIO é para gastos futuros, incertezas relacionadas como a possível elevação do custo do medicamento foi o fator que promoveu o cenário de maiores gastos. Conclusões: A projeção de custos estimados pela AIO demonstrou menores gastos financeiros no cenário de maior difusão do medicamento, o que pode ter correlação com o atraso da progressão da doença ao utilizar o rituximabe, e consequentemente menos pacientes irão requerer segunda linha de tratamento, que tem custo mais elevado.

Objective: This study aims to develop a budget impact analysis (BIA) model related to the incorporation of rituximab in the first-line treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) in the Unified Health System (SUS). Methods: The preparation of the BIA was carried out in accordance with the methodological recommendations of the Brazilian guidelines, considering the perspective of the SUS, a time horizon of five years, population to be treated, different market share scenarios for rituximab and direct costs involved in the current treatment and treatment proposed, a sensitivity analysis was also performed to assess possible future uncertainties. Results: Each year and at the end of the five-year time horizon, the incorporation of rituximab will increase costs, when compared to the SUS reimbursement value for the first-line treatment of CLL. In the scenario of higher market share for rituximab, total costs were lower compared to the scenario of lower market share. Given that the BIA estimate is for future expenses, uncertainties related to the possible increase in the cost of the drug were the factor that promoted the scenario of higher expenses. Conclusions: The projection of costs estimated by the BIA showed lower financial expenses in the scenario of greater diffusion of the drug, which may be correlated with the delay in the progression of the disease when using rituximab and, consequently, fewer patients will require second-line treatment, which has a higher cost.

Panorama das notificações de eventos adversos e queixas técnicas em máscaras / Panorama of notifications about adverse events and technical complaints related to facemasks

Introdução: No cotidiano dos profissionais de saúde, principalmente no enfrentamento à pandemia do SARS-CoV-2, as máscaras são artigos de suma importância, porém não existe programa de controle de pós-comercialização para tais produtos. Objetivo: Avaliar os eventos adversos (EA) e as queixas técnicas (QT) de máscaras dos tipos cirúrgicas e respiradores, a fim de elencar e categorizar os problemas de saúde pública envolvendo o produto. Método: Estudo transversal, descritivo, retrospectivo, documental com abordagem quantitativa, englobando dados de janeiro de 2010 a maio de 2020 disponibilizados no sistema Notivisa. Os dados analisados tiveram abrangência nacional que foram reclassificados, quando necessário, acerca da sua categoria (EA ou QT). Resultado: Incluiu-se 443 notificações no estudo, que continham no total 519 reclamações (EA e QT). A distribuição dos dados na década analisada apresentou acentuado decréscimo, sendo a Região Sudeste do país a com maior prevalência de notificações no Brasil. A maior parte das empresas notificantes foram estabelecimentos de saúde, valendo destacar que a maior prevalência de eventos de saúde encontrados para este produto foram EA relacionados a problemas que afetavam o usuário nas tiras de fixação e clipe nasal dos produtos (como desprendimento do clipe nasal e rompimento das tiras de fixação durante o uso) indicando graves indícios de problemas de biossegurança em sua utilização. Conclusões: A pesquisa caracterizou os EA e as QT de máscaras com enfoque na promoção da saúde, indicando a necessidade da implantação do monitoramento sanitário dos produtos.

Introduction: In the daily routine of Health Professionals, mainly in the midst of the Sars-CoV-2 pandemic, facemasks are important devices; however, there is no post market control for these products. Objective: Evaluate the Adverse Events (AE) and Technical Complaints (TC) related to facemasks and respirators, to list and categorize the public health problems involving these products. Method: Cross-sectional, descriptive, retrospective and documental study with a quantitative approach, including data from January 2010 to May 2020 available in the Notivisa system. The analyzed data had national coverage and were reclassified, when necessary, according to their category (EA or QT). Results: 443 notifications were included in the study containing 519 claims (AE and TC). The data distribution on the analized decade presented an accentuated decrease; the Southeast region had the highest prevalence of claims in Brazil. Most of the notifying companies were health establishments and the highest prevalence of health events found were Adverse Events that affected the user when fixing strips and nose clips (such as detachment of the nose clip and breaking of the fixation straps during use), indicating serious biosecurity problems. Conclusions: This study characterized the Adverse Events and the Technical Complaints in facemasks focusing on health promotion and indicating the necessity of sanitary monitoring improvement of the products.

Vulnerabilidade ao estresse e estratégias de enfrentamento: um estudo comparativo no ambiente hospitalar / Vulnerability to stress and coping strategies: a comparative study in the hospital environment / Vulnerabilidad al estrés y estrategias de afrontamiento: un estudio comparativo en el ambiente hospitalario

O trabalho no ambiente hospitalar torna os profissionais de saúde suscetíveis ao estresse ocupacional. Objetivou-se, neste estudo, comparar a vulnerabilidade ao estresse no trabalho e as estratégias de enfrentamento utilizadas por profissionais de saúde de um hospital universitário. Utilizou-se a Escala de Vulnerabilidade ao Estresse (EVENT), a Escala Coping Ocupacional (ECO) e um Questionário Sociodemográfico e Ocupacional. A coleta deu-se por conveniência, de forma anônima, individual e coletivamente, nas dependências do hospital. Participaram 80 profissionais de saúde, subdivididos igualmente em dois grupos, empregados públicos e residentes multiprofissionais. Ambos os grupos apresentaram alta vulnerabilidade ao estresse, e as estratégias de enfrentamento mais utilizadas dirigiam-se à reavaliação cognitiva das situações estressoras, não sendo encontradas diferenças significativas intergrupo. Contudo verificou-se que profissionais mais jovens usam mais recorrentemente a fuga ou evitação de situações estressoras como estratégia de enfrentamento. Apesar do diferencial deste trabalho ter sido investigar residentes, recomendam-se estudos adicionais com este público pouco conhecido.

Working in a hospital environment makes health professionals susceptible to occupational stress. This study aimed to compare vulnerability to stress at work and coping strategies used by health professionals at a university hospital. The Stress Vulnerability Scale (SVS), the Occupational Coping Scale (OCS), and a Demographic and Socio-Occupational Questionnaire were applied. The collection took place at the hospital premises, anonymously, individually, and collectively for convenience. Eighty health professionals joined in, equally divided into two groups, public employees and multi-professional residents. Both groups showed a high vulnerability to stress and the most used coping strategies aimed at the cognitive reassessment of stressful situations with no significant intergroup differences. However, it was found that younger professionals use escaping or avoidance of stressful situations more frequently as a coping strategy. Although the differential of this work was to investigate residents, additional studies are recommended with this little-known public.

El trabajo en el ambiente hospitalario deja a los profesionales de la salud susceptibles al estrés ocupacional. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar la vulnerabilidad al estrés en el trabajo y las estrategias de afrontamiento utilizadas por profesionales de la salud de un hospital universitario. Se utilizó la escala de Vulnerabilidad al estrés (EVENT), la Escala Coping Ocupacional (ECO) y un Cuestionario Sociodemográfico y Ocupacional. La colecta fue por conveniencia, de forma anónima, individual y colectivamente, en las dependencias del hospital. Participaron 80 profesionales de la salud, subdivididos igualmente en dos grupos, empleados públicos y residentes multiprofesionales. Ambos los grupos presentaron alta vulnerabilidad al estrés, y las estrategias de afrontamiento más utilizadas se dirigían a la reevaluación cognitiva de las situaciones estresantes, sin encontrar diferencias significativas entre los grupos. Sin embargo, se verificó que los profesionales más jóvenes usan de manera más recurrente la fuga o la evitación de situaciones estresantes como estrategia de afrontamiento. Aunque el diferencial de este trabajo tenga sido investigar los residentes, se recomiendan estudios adicionales con este grupo poco conocido.

External validation of the recurrent falls risk scale in community-dwelling stroke individuals.

OBJECTIVE: To externally validate the Recurrent Fall Risk Scale (ReFR) in community-dwelling stroke survivors. METHODS: Cohort of stroke survivors with independent gait ability recruited from a reference outpatient stroke clinic. Besides sociodemographic and clinical data, the following scales were used: Modified Barthel Index (mBI), ReFR scale and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS). Participants were followed up for 12 months to record the incidence of falls. Accuracy of the ReFR scale was measured by the area under the ROC curve. RESULTS: One hundred and thirteen individuals were recruited between April 2016 and November 2016: mean age 54 years (± 14), 55% women, median time since the last stroke 24 months (range 12 -48 months), posterior vascular territory affected in 35% of the sample. Median NIHSS was 3 (range 1 to 6), median mBI 49 (range 46-50), median ReFR 3 (range 2 to 5). During the follow-up period, 32 (33%) subjects had at least one fall and 18 (19%) were recurrent fallers (two or more falls). The accuracy of ReFR scale was 0.67 (95% CI = 0.54-0.79), p = 0.026. CONCLUSION: This study externally validated the ReFR as a tool to predict recurrent falls in individuals after stroke.

[Incidence of venomous snakebite accidents by snake species in Brazilian biomes]. / Incidência de acidentes ofídicos por gêneros de serpentes nos biomas brasileiros.

The supply of antidotes for the treatment of venomous snakebite accidents, as well as the training of the care team, should be structured according to the frequency and risks by geographical areas. The scope of this article is to analyze the trend of the incidence of snakebite accidents in Brazilian biomes between 2003 and 2012. It involved the ecological study by means of Prais-Winsten regression of the incidence of snakebites by the Bothrops, Crotalus, Lachesis and Micrurus species for the Brazilian biomes in the period from 2003 to 2012. The research revealed that the number of accidents increased from 26,082 in 2003 to 27,870 in 2012 with an increased demand for antidotes. The trend analysis of the incidence showed a stationary trend, except for the Crotalus species with an upward trend in the Brazilian aggregate. An upward trend was found in the Cerrado for the Crotalus, Lachesis and Micrurus species: in the Pampa for Crotalus; in the Caatinga for Lachesis and in the Atlantic Forest for Micrurus. The conclusion drawn is that the stationary trend observed for snakebite accidents in Brazil is due to the fact that the majority of these (87%) are caused by snakes of the Bothrops species. However, it should be stressed that there is an increased risk of accidents with snakes of the Crotalus, Lachesis and Micrurus species.

O aporte de insumos para o tratamento de acidentes ofídicos, bem como o treinamento da equipe assistencial devem ser orientados de acordo com a frequência e riscos por áreas geográficas. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a tendência da taxa de incidência de acidentes ofídicos segundo gênero de serpentes nos biomas brasileiros no período de 2003 a 2012. Estudo ecológico de tendência da taxa de incidência dos acidentes ofídicos por serpentes dos gêneros Bothrops, Crotalus, Lachesis e Micrurus para os biomas no período de 2003-2012, por meio de regressão de Prais-Winsten. O número de acidentes passou de 26.082 em 2003 para 27.870 em 2012, com aumento de demanda por insumos. A análise de tendência da taxa de incidência mostrou tendência estacionária, exceto para o gênero Crotalus com tendência ascendente no agregado do Brasil. Tendência ascendente foi verificada no Cerrado para o gênero Crotalus, Lachesis e Micrurus, no Pampa também para Crotalus, na Caatinga para o gênero Lachesis e na Mata Atlântica para o gênero Micrurus. A tendência estacionária verificada para os acidentes ofídicos no Brasil decorre da maioria destes (87%) serem causados por serpentes do gênero Bothrops. No entanto, destaca-se aumento do risco para acidentes com serpentes dos gêneros Crotalus, Lachesis e Micrurus.

Incidência de acidentes ofídicos por gêneros de serpentes nos biomas brasileiros / Incidence of venomous snakebite accidents by snake species in Brazilian biomes

Resumo O aporte de insumos para o tratamento de acidentes ofídicos, bem como o treinamento da equipe assistencial devem ser orientados de acordo com a frequência e riscos por áreas geográficas. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a tendência da taxa de incidência de acidentes ofídicos segundo gênero de serpentes nos biomas brasileiros no período de 2003 a 2012. Estudo ecológico de tendência da taxa de incidência dos acidentes ofídicos por serpentes dos gêneros Bothrops, Crotalus, Lachesis e Micrurus para os biomas no período de 2003-2012, por meio de regressão de Prais-Winsten. O número de acidentes passou de 26.082 em 2003 para 27.870 em 2012, com aumento de demanda por insumos. A análise de tendência da taxa de incidência mostrou tendência estacionária, exceto para o gênero Crotalus com tendência ascendente no agregado do Brasil. Tendência ascendente foi verificada no Cerrado para o gênero Crotalus, Lachesis e Micrurus, no Pampa também para Crotalus, na Caatinga para o gênero Lachesis e na Mata Atlântica para o gênero Micrurus. A tendência estacionária verificada para os acidentes ofídicos no Brasil decorre da maioria destes (87%) serem causados por serpentes do gênero Bothrops. No entanto, destaca-se aumento do risco para acidentes com serpentes dos gêneros Crotalus, Lachesis e Micrurus.

Abstract The supply of antidotes for the treatment of venomous snakebite accidents, as well as the training of the care team, should be structured according to the frequency and risks by geographical areas. The scope of this article is to analyze the trend of the incidence of snakebite accidents in Brazilian biomes between 2003 and 2012. It involved the ecological study by means of Prais-Winsten regression of the incidence of snakebites by the Bothrops, Crotalus, Lachesis and Micrurus species for the Brazilian biomes in the period from 2003 to 2012. The research revealed that the number of accidents increased from 26,082 in 2003 to 27,870 in 2012 with an increased demand for antidotes. The trend analysis of the incidence showed a stationary trend, except for the Crotalus species with an upward trend in the Brazilian aggregate. An upward trend was found in the Cerrado for the Crotalus, Lachesis and Micrurus species: in the Pampa for Crotalus; in the Caatinga for Lachesis and in the Atlantic Forest for Micrurus. The conclusion drawn is that the stationary trend observed for snakebite accidents in Brazil is due to the fact that the majority of these (87%) are caused by snakes of the Bothrops species. However, it should be stressed that there is an increased risk of accidents with snakes of the Crotalus, Lachesis and Micrurus species.

Auricular Acupressure in the Prevention of Postoperative Nausea and Emesis A Randomized Controlled Trial.

INTRODUCTION: Successful antiemesis contributes significantly to quality, safety, and patient satisfaction. Patients undergoing general anesthesia often experience postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV). Acupressure offers a side effect-free alternative to common first-line antiemetics. Because the patient may perceive needle acupuncture as uncomfortable, acupressure is a desirable alternative for the prevention of PONV. METHODS: This study was a randomized, prospective, double-blinded clinical trial investigating the effect of acupressure in patients with a history of PONV and motion sickness. The three auricular acupressure points chosen were shen men, point zero, and the subcortex point. Rescue treatment for PONV with 4 mg intravenous ondansetron was used if the patient reported persistent nausea. A blinded observer recorded antiemetic rescue data, and postoperative analgesic use was recorded over 24 hours. Nausea, vomiting, and retching were assessed in the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU). RESULTS: Using univariate analysis, we ruled out the null hypothesis of equal means as a function of intervention group (p = 0.001). Pair-wise comparisons revealed a difference between placebo and test groups (p = 0.000) and also sham and test groups (p = 0.033) where age (p = 0.048) and gender (p = 0.003) were significant covariates. DISCUSSION: Our data reveal that auricular acupressure significantly decreases nausea during the PACU stay and within the 24 hours postoperatively. It is not clear whether the intervention decreases nausea as a primary effect or as a secondary result by decreasing narcotic requirements. Also, perception of nausea may be in part subjective. This is evidenced by our results in which subjects who received sham points fared better than the placebo subjects.

Levantamento de lesões na região bucomaxilofacial em vítimas de violência periciadas no Instituto Médico Legal (IML) de Feira de Santana-BA, entre 2007 e 2009 / Survey of oral and maxillofacial injuries in victims of violence who were subjected forensic dental expertise at Feira de Santana's Forensic Medicine Institute, Bahia, between 2007 and 2009

Objetivo: Analisar o perfil das vítimas e agressores, segundo as variáveis sociodemográficas e manifestações clínicas orofaciais em Feira de Santana-Bahia, no período de 2007-2009. Materiais e Métodos: Estudo epidemiológico do tipo descritivo utilizando dados secundários coletados no Instituto Médico Legalde Feira de Santana, nos anos de 2007 a 2009. Foram consultadas as características sócio-demográficas davítima; vínculo da mesma com o agressor; caracterização do instrumento; descrição das lesões quanto ao tipo e localização; avaliação do dano causado. Após a tabulação dos dados, realizou-se a análise estatísticados mesmos através do programa SPSS, versão 15.0. Resultados: A maioria das vítimas pertenceu ao sexomasculino, eram solteiras, faiodermas e apresentaram idade entre 18 e 35 anos. Quanto ao tipo de lesão,houve destaque para o edema (14,8%), a fratura dentária (14,8%) e a luxação dentária (11,2%). As estruturas intra-orais mais afetadas foram os dentes e a mucosa labial, com 54,6% e 30,9%, respectivamente. No exame extra-oral as regiões bucal (39%) e malar (10,3%) apresentaram um comprometimento maior. O emprego do instrumento contundente foi mais comum, na maioria das agressões. Conclusão: Houve um maior número de vítimas do sexo masculino, solteiro, estudante, faioderma e com idade entre 18 e 35 anos. Na maioria dos laudos não havia informações sobre o agressor. O instrumento contudente foi o mais utilizado no momento da agressão. O edema e a fratura dentária foram os principais tipos de lesões resultantes da violência. Os resultados desta pesquisa denotam a necessidade de implementação de programas preventivos da violência nasáreas de saúde e de segurança pública.

Diagnóstico diferencial de olho vermelho em crianças / Differential diagnosis of red eye in children

Os autores fazem uma revisão bibliográfica sobre as diferentes apresentações de olho vermelho, enfatizando as conjuntivites na criança. São apresentadas suas principais etiologias de acordo com a faixa etária, bem como manifestações clínicas, métodos diagnósticos e tratamentos.

The authors review the literature on the various presentations of red eye, emphasizing the conjunctivitis in children. Its main causes are presented according to age.

Gender congruency effects in picture naming.

The analysis of speech error corpora in various gender-marked languages has shown that noun substitutions tend to preserve grammatical gender. This result has been taken as an indication that grammatical gender could play a constraining role during the process of lexical selection. To gain insights on the status of grammatical gender in the speech production system, we discuss this hypothesis and we report three picture naming experiments. We attempted to observe gender-marked context effects in the course of error-free speech production. Participants named pictures shortly after processing a prime that was or was not gender marked and that was or was not congruent with the name of the picture. A clear congruency effect was observed, involving both facilitation in the gender congruent conditions and inhibition in gender incongruent conditions. Different interpretations of this effect and of previously reported gender context effects are discussed in the context of current models of speech production.