A Case of Duplicated Right Vertebral Artery.

We encountered a case of duplicated right vertebral artery during an anatomical dissection course for medical students in 2015. Two vertebral arteries were found in the right neck of a 91-year-old female cadaver. The proximal leg of the arteries arose from the area between the right subclavian artery and the right common carotid artery that diverged from the brachiocephalic artery. The distal leg arose from the right subclavian artery as expected. The proximal leg entered the transverse foramen of the fourth cervical vertebra and the distal leg entered the transverse foramen of the sixth cervical vertebra. The two right vertebral arteries joined to form one artery just after the origin of the right vertebral artery of the brachiocephalic artery entered the transverse foramen of the fourth cervical vertebra. This artery then traveled up in the transverse foramina and became the basilar artery, joining with the left vertebral artery. We discuss the embryological origin of this case and review previously reported cases.

Novel Cadaver Injection Method Using Latex and Magnetic Fluid.

Vascular injection into extracted tissue may be associated with leakage due to excessive local injection pressure. Historically, this complication has been impossible to resolve because the injection pressure has been the only available force with which to send the agent to the peripheral vasculature. We have developed a new vascular injection method that utilizes a material affected by magnetic force and is therefore not solely dependent upon the injection pressure. We mixed the same weights of latex and magnetic fluid and injected the solution into the arterial stump of an extracted tissue specimen. Next, we used a permanent magnet to attract the agent into the peripheral vasculature. We repeated the injection and magnetic application until no further fluid could be injected. We used this method in 20 formalin-fixed tissue specimens. The vessels were clearly observable through to the peripheral areas, and leakage from the injected artery was minimal. This new agent has several beneficial characteristics: it is X-ray impermeable, is durable in the face of chemical insult, and allows for easy visual observation. The injected tissue can be studied for X-ray film examination, tissue clarification, and gross anatomical dissection. Additionally, this method can be applied to both fresh and formalin-fixed tissue. We consider that this method has the potential to expand the applications of injection studies.