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1.
Front Immunol ; 14: 1282856, 2023.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38124741

RESUMO

Inflammasomes are large protein complexes that, once activated, initiate inflammatory responses by activating the caspase-1 protease. They play pivotal roles in host defense against pathogens. The well-established role of NAIP/NLRC4 inflammasome in bacterial infections involves NAIP proteins functioning as sensors for their ligands. However, recent reports have indicated the involvement of NLRC4 in non-bacterial infections and sterile inflammation, even though the role of NAIP proteins and the exact molecular mechanisms underlying inflammasome activation in these contexts remain to be elucidated. In this study, we investigated the activation of the NAIP/NLRC4 inflammasome in response to Trypanosoma cruzi, the protozoan parasite responsible for causing Chagas disease. This parasite has been previously demonstrated to activate NLRP3 inflammasomes. Here we found that NAIP and NLRC4 proteins are also required for IL-1ß and Nitric Oxide (NO) release in response to T. cruzi infection, with their absence rendering macrophages permissive to parasite replication. Moreover, Nlrc4 -/- and Nlrp3 -/- macrophages presented similar impaired responses to T. cruzi, underscoring the non-redundant roles played by these inflammasomes during infection. Notably, it was the live trypomastigotes rather than soluble antigens or extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by them, that activated inflammasomes in a cathepsins-dependent manner. The inhibition of cathepsins effectively abrogated caspase-1 cleavage, IL-1ß and NO release, mirroring the phenotype observed in Nlrc4 -/-/Nlrp3 -/- double knockout macrophages. Collectively, our findings shed light on the pivotal role of the NAIP/NLRC4 inflammasome in macrophage responses to T. cruzi infection, providing new insights into its broader functions that extend beyond bacterial infections.


Assuntos
Infecções Bacterianas , Doença de Chagas , Trypanosoma cruzi , Humanos , Inflamassomos/metabolismo , Proteína 3 que Contém Domínio de Pirina da Família NLR/genética , Proteína 3 que Contém Domínio de Pirina da Família NLR/metabolismo , Trypanosoma cruzi/metabolismo , Caspase 1/metabolismo , Catepsinas/metabolismo , Macrófagos , Proteínas de Ligação ao Cálcio/metabolismo , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Sinalização CARD/metabolismo , Proteína Inibidora de Apoptose Neuronal/metabolismo
2.
Front Immunol ; 13: 1063221, 2022.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36660548

RESUMO

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress plays a major role in several inflammatory disorders. ER stress induces the unfolded protein response (UPR), a conserved response broadly associated with innate immunity and cell metabolic function in various scenarios. Brucella abortus, an intracellular pathogen, triggers the UPR via Stimulator of interferon genes (STING), an important regulator of macrophage metabolism during B. abortus infection. However, whether ER stress pathways underlie macrophage metabolic function during B. abortus infection remains to be elucidated. Here, we showed that the UPR sensor inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α) is as an important component regulating macrophage immunometabolic function. In B. abortus infection, IRE1α supports the macrophage inflammatory profile, favoring M1-like macrophages. IRE1α drives the macrophage metabolic reprogramming in infected macrophages, contributing to the reduced oxidative phosphorylation and increased glycolysis. This metabolic reprogramming is probably associated with the IRE1α-dependent expression and stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α), an important molecule involved in cell metabolism that sustains the inflammatory profile in B. abortus-infected macrophages. Accordingly, we demonstrated that IRE1α favors the generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS) which has been described as an HIF-1α stabilizing factor. Furthermore, in infected macrophages, IRE1α drives the production of nitric oxide and the release of IL-1ß. Collectively, these data unravel a key mechanism linking the UPR and the immunometabolic regulation of macrophages in Brucella infection and highlight IRE1α as a central pathway regulating macrophage metabolic function during infectious diseases.


Assuntos
Brucella abortus , Brucelose Bovina , Macrófagos , Animais , Bovinos , Brucella abortus/genética , Brucelose Bovina/metabolismo , Estresse do Retículo Endoplasmático/genética , Estresse do Retículo Endoplasmático/fisiologia , Endorribonucleases/genética , Endorribonucleases/metabolismo , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/metabolismo
4.
Cell Death Dis ; 12(7): 692, 2021 07 10.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34247195

RESUMO

Chagas disease is a life-threatening disorder caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. Parasite-specific antibodies, CD8+ T cells, as well as IFN-γ and nitric oxide (NO) are key elements of the adaptive and innate immunity against the extracellular and intracellular forms of the parasite. Bim is a potent pro-apoptotic member of the Bcl-2 family implicated in different aspects of the immune regulation, such as negative selection of self-reactive thymocytes and elimination of antigen-specific T cells at the end of an immune response. Interestingly, the role of Bim during infections remains largely unidentified. To explore the role of Bim in Chagas disease, we infected WT, Bim+/-, Bim-/- mice with trypomastigotes forms of the Y strain of T. cruzi. Strikingly, our data revealed that Bim-/- mice exhibit a delay in the development of parasitemia followed by a deficiency in the control of parasite load in the bloodstream and a decreased survival compared to WT and Bim+/- mice. At the peak of parasitemia, peritoneal macrophages of Bim-/- mice exhibit decreased NO production, which correlated with a decrease in the pro-inflammatory Small Peritoneal Macrophage (SPM) subset. A similar reduction in NO secretion, as well as in the pro-inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ and IL-6, was also observed in Bim-/- splenocytes. Moreover, an impaired anti-T. cruzi CD8+ T-cell response was found in Bim-/- mice at this time point. Taken together, our results suggest that these alterations may contribute to the establishment of a delayed yet enlarged parasitic load observed at day 9 after infection of Bim-/- mice and place Bim as an important protein in the control of T. cruzi infections.


Assuntos
Proteína 11 Semelhante a Bcl-2/deficiência , Doença de Chagas/parasitologia , Trypanosoma cruzi/patogenicidade , Animais , Proteína 11 Semelhante a Bcl-2/genética , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/metabolismo , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/parasitologia , Células Cultivadas , Doença de Chagas/genética , Doença de Chagas/imunologia , Doença de Chagas/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , Interações Hospedeiro-Parasita , Interferon gama/metabolismo , Interleucina-6/metabolismo , Macrófagos Peritoneais/imunologia , Macrófagos Peritoneais/metabolismo , Macrófagos Peritoneais/parasitologia , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Carga Parasitária , Baço/imunologia , Baço/metabolismo , Baço/parasitologia , Fatores de Tempo , Trypanosoma cruzi/imunologia
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