Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, and Antiracism Research in Physical Therapy over the Last 25 Years: A Scoping Review.

OBJECTIVE: Discussions of the root causes of health disparities and educational inequities often neglect to identify racism as a primary factor. Researchers must take a systems perspective in order to identify the effects of racism and other forms of systemic oppression on health. It is unclear to what extent this perspective exists in the physical therapy research literature. We conducted a scoping review to quantify and describe the volume of research in physical therapy pertaining to diversity, equity, and inclusion that specifically examines race and/or ethnicity and references racism or antiracism. METHODS: A systematic search of PubMed and Scopus databases for articles published between 1997 and 2021 was conducted. Articles were screened to ensure they were focused exclusively or primarily on physical therapy and used diversity, equity, and inclusion terms in the context of personal identity factors. This resulted in 158 relevant articles. Each was tagged with an article type and personal identity factor focus. RESULTS: A majority of the included articles were descriptive/observational in nature. The included articles explored various personal identity factors, with race and ethnicity being the most common focus followed by culture, disability, and socioeconomic status. A small proportion of articles explicitly discussed racism or antiracism. CONCLUSION: These findings highlight the need in physical therapy research for greater attention to racism as a fundamental cause of health disparities and educational inequities. Addressing this gap is crucial for promoting diversity, equity, and inclusion within the field and ultimately achieving optimal health outcomes for marginalized populations. IMPACT: Including consideration of racism and other forms of systemic oppression in the motivation, design, and interpretation of research in physical therapy will help to make more visible the root causes of inequity and improve our ability to develop effective, multi-level interventions.

Implementation of a Comprehensive Anti-Racism Plan in an Academic Physical Therapy Department: An Administrative Case Report.

OBJECTIVE: Transforming the University of Southern California health care system requires that institutions and organizations position equity, diversity, inclusion (EDI), and anti-racism as central to their missions. The purpose of this administrative case report was to describe a systematic approach taken by an academic physical therapy department to develop a comprehensive antiracism plan that engages all interested and affected parties and includes processes for sustainable, long-term engagement. METHODS: Four strategies contributed to organizational change toward anti-racism: Holding Ourselves Accountable; Developing a Plan; Building Consensus; and Providing Education, Support, and Resources. The attitudes of faculty and staff about racism and anti-racist actions were assessed through surveys at the start of the process and after 1 year. Engagement in activities, meetings, and trainings related to EDI and anti-racism was logged for faculty and staff. RESULTS: From November 2020 through November 2021, several outcomes were achieved, including: making structural organizational changes; updating faculty merit review to include EDI; developing a bias reporting mechanism; establishing faculty development activities, resources, and groups; and implementing structured efforts to recruit a diverse cohort. Within that year, faculty and staff engaged in 99.32 hours of EDI and anti-racism trainings, workshops, and resource groups. Survey data showed persistent high support and commitment to EDI and anti-racism. Faculty and staff reported that they felt more equipped to identify and address individual and institutional racism and they reported risking their reputations to talk about race more often. Confidence in their ability to identify and resolve conflicts related to microaggressions, cultural insensitivity, and bias improved. However, their self-reported ability to identify and address structural racism remained unchanged. CONCLUSION: By approaching anti-racism as transformative rather than performative, an academic physical therapy department was able to develop and implement a comprehensive anti-racism plan with high support and engagement. IMPACT: The physical therapy profession has not been immune to racism and health injustice. Organizational change to become anti-racist is imperative for excellence and a necessary challenge to undertake if the physical therapy profession is to transform society and improve the human experience.

The immediate and long-term effects of exercise and patient education on physical, functional, and quality-of-life outcome measures after single-level lumbar microdiscectomy: a randomized controlled trial protocol.

BACKGROUND: Low back pain remains a costly quality-of-life-related health problem. Microdiscectomy is often the surgical procedure of choice for a symptomatic, single-level, lumbar disc herniation in younger and middle-aged adults. The question of whether a post-microdiscectomy exercise program enhances function, quality of life, and disability status has not been systematically explored. Thus, the overall purpose of this study is to assess immediate and long-term outcomes of an exercise program, developed at University of Southern California (USC), targeting the trunk and lower extremities (USC Spine Exercise Program) for persons who have undergone a single-level microdiscectomy for the first time. METHODS/DESIGN: One hundred individuals between the ages of 18 and 60 who consent to undergo lumbar microdiscectomy will be recruited to participate in this study. Subjects will be randomly assigned to one of two groups: 1) one session of back care education, or 2) a back care education session followed by the 12-week USC Spine Exercise Program. The outcome examiners (evaluators), as well as the data managers, will be blinded to group allocation. Education will consist of a one-hour "one-on-one" session with the intervention therapist, guided by an educational booklet specifically designed for post-microdiscectomy care. This session will occur four to six weeks after surgery. The USC Spine Exercise Program consists of two parts: back extensor strength and endurance, and mat and upright therapeutic exercises. This exercise program is goal-oriented, performance-based, and periodized. It will begin two to three days after the education session, and will occur three times a week for 12 weeks. Primary outcome measures include the Oswestry Disability Questionnaire, Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire, SF-36 quality of life assessment, Subjective Quality of Life Scale, 50-foot Walk, Repeated Sit-to-Stand, and a modified Sorensen test. The outcome measures in the study will be assessed before and after the 12-week post-surgical intervention program. Long-term follow up assessments will occur every six months beginning one year after surgery and ending five years after surgery. Immediate and long-term effects will be assessed using repeated measures multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). If significant interactions are found, one-way ANOVAs will be performed followed by post-hoc testing to determine statistically significant pairwise comparisons. DISCUSSION: We have presented the rationale and design for a randomized controlled trial evaluating the effectiveness of a treatment regimen for people who have undergone a single-level lumbar microdiscectomy.