Return to Sports and Clinical Results After All-Arthroscopic Biceps Tenodesis Using a 2.7-mm Knotless PEEK Suture Anchor.

Background: The long head of the biceps tendon (LHBT) is a well-known source of pain in the shoulder, especially in active patients. Purpose: To evaluate the outcomes and return-to-sports rate after all-arthroscopic suprapectoral tenodesis of the LHBT using a small knotless anchor. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: In this retrospective study, 27 patients-who underwent all-arthroscopic tenodesis of the LHBT using a 2.7-mm knotless polyether ether ketone anchor-were evaluated. Sports activities, the return-to-sports rate, and other sports-related parameters (eg, pain during sports, level of sports) were examined. Sports-related data, the Constant score with isometric force (at 90° of abduction in the scapular plane), the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score, the Simple Shoulder Test (SST) score, the visual analog scale (VAS) score for satisfaction, range of motion, and the presence of a Popeye deformity were assessed at a mean follow-up of 15.3 ± 8.7 months. The data were initially analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: The postoperative ASES, Constant, and SST scores were 81.61, 85.74 and 8.85, respectively. Of the 27 patients, 4 patients (14.8%) showed a Popeye deformity. Preoperatively, 25 patients (92.6%) participated regularly in some type of sports activity. All 25 patients (100.0%) were able to return to sports activities after surgery. 24 (96.0%) returned to the same level preoperatively, with 88.0% (22/25) within 6 months. Patient satisfaction with the outcome was high (VAS score: 2.15 ± 2.78). Neither bicipital groove pain nor cramping was reported. There were no signs of osteolytic bone around the anchor or a fracture of the humeral bone. Conclusion: Our clinical results after using a 2.7-mm knotless anchor for LHBT tenodesis as well as the return-to-sports rate were satisfying. Using an anchor this size can lower the risk of cortical bone damage and therefore the risk of fractures of the humeral head while still enabling patients to perform at a high level.

The Value of Computed Tomography-Based Planning in Shoulder Arthroplasty Compared to Intra-/Interobserver Reliability of X-ray Planning.

Background: Reversed total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA) is an established surgery for many pathologies of the shoulder and the demand continues to rise with an aging population. Preoperative planning is mandatory to support the surgeon's understanding of the patient's individual anatomy and, therefore, is crucial for the patient's outcome. Methods: In this observational study, we identified 30 patients who underwent RTSA with two- and three-dimensional preoperative planning. Each patient underwent new two-dimensional planning from a medical student and an orthopedic resident as well as through a mid-volume and high-volume shoulder surgeon, which was repeated after a minimum of 4 weeks. The intra- and interobserver reliability was then analyzed and compared to the 3D planning and the implanted prosthesis. The evaluated parameters were the size of the pegged glenoid baseplate, glenosphere, and humeral short stem. Results: The inter-rater reliability showed higher deviations in all four raters compared to the 3D planning of the base plate, glenosphere, and shaft. The intra-rater reliability showed a better correlation in more experienced raters, especially in the planning of the shaft. Conclusions: Our study shows that 3D planning is more accurate than traditional planning on plain X-rays, despite experienced shoulder surgeons showing better results in 2D planning than inexperienced ones.

Recreational athletes during downhill-mountain biking (DMB) show high incidence of upper extremity fractures in combination with soft-tissue injuries.

Downhill-mountain biking (DMB) is a high-risk sport and often leads to several injuries, especially in non-professional athletes. We retrospectively analyzed the most common injuries and profiled the injury mechanism. Until now, there is no such analysis of injuries by non-professional mountain bike athletes. We collected patient data from patients who suffered from an injury during DMB. The inclusion criteria were (1) injury during the summer season of 2020 and 2021, (2) injury during off-road and downhill mountain bike sports activity, and (3) treatment at the Department of Traumatology of the Klinik Diakonissen Schladming. Patient data was analyzed regarding the type of injury, location of the injury, patient age and gender of the patients. Most patients with injury are at the age of 26-35. Second most are between 36 and 71 years old. The type of injury differs between age and gender. Mostly upper-extremity injuries occur with a high probability of shoulder injuries. In the elderly patients, we found additional injuries of the thorax and chest. To conclude, most common types of injuries are soft-tissue injuries, often in combination with fractures. The risk for injuries is higher for recreational athletes with different injury characteristics than professional athletes.

Sciatic Nerve Compression after a Chronic Proximal Hamstring Tear: A Report of Two Cases and a Narrative Review of the Literature.

Proximal hamstring tears are among the most common injuries afflicting athletes and middle-aged individuals. Sciatic nerve compression after a proximal hamstring injury, which can occur due to scar formation and subsequent irritation or compression of the nerve, is an infrequent but severe complication with few cases documented in the literature. No evidence is available about the optimal treatment for sciatic nerve symptoms after proximal hamstring injuries. In this case report, we present two cases involving patients primarily treated conservatively at another institution after suffering from a proximal hamstring injury and developing sciatic nerve symptoms over the course of a few months. Both were treated with open neurolysis at our institution without reattachment of the ruptured muscles to the ischial tuberosity due to the chronicity of the injuries. Both patients exhibited neurological symptoms over two years, which recovered after surgery. These two cases show that neurolysis of the sciatic nerve without reattachment of the proximal hamstring muscles is an applicable option for the treatment of chronic proximal hamstring tears with sciatic nerve compression. Further studies will be needed to validate this hypothesis.

Learning Curve for Short-Stem Total HIP Arthroplasty through an Anterolateral Approach.

Background and Objectives: Short-stem total hip arthroplasty has become increasingly popular in recent years. While many studies have shown excellent clinical and radiological results, very little is known about the learning curve for short-stem total hip arthroplasty through an anterolateral approach. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the learning curve for short-stem total hip arthroplasty among five residents in training. Materials and Methods: We performed retrospective data analysis of the first 30 cases of five randomly selected residents (n = 150 cases) with no experience before the index surgery. All patients were comparable, and several surgical parameters and radiological outcomes were analyzed. Results: The only surgical parameter with a significant improvement was the surgical time (p = 0.025). The changes in other surgical parameters and radiological outcomes showed no significant changes; only trends can be derived. As a result, the correlation between surgical time, blood loss, length of stay, and incision/suture time can also be seen. Only two of the five residents showed significant improvements in all examined surgical parameters. Conclusions: There are individual differences among the first 30 cases of the five residents. Some improved their surgical skills faster than others. It could be assumed that they assimilated their surgical skills after more surgeries. A further study with more than 30 cases of the five surgeons could provide more information on that assumption.

Frequency of anterolateral ligament tears and ramp lesions in patients with anterior cruciate ligament tears and associated injuries indicative for these lesions-a retrospective MRI analysis.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the frequency of anterolateral ligament (ALL) tears and ramp lesions (RL) detected with MRI in patients with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears and to describe associated injuries indicative for these lesions. METHODS: In this retrospective study, 164 patients with surgically verified ACL tears were included. Preoperative MRI scans were reviewed for ALL tears and different types of RL. All coexisting meniscal tears, tears of the medial (MCL) and lateral collateral band (LCL), and posterior-medial tibial bone marrow edema (BME) were recorded. The frequency of ALL tears and RL was assessed and coexisting injuries were correlated using Pearson's chi-square test. A p < 0.05 was defined as statistically significant. In cases of multiple testing, Bonferroni's correction was applied. RESULTS: ALL tears and RL combined were detected in 28 patients (17.1%), ALL tears in 48 patients (29.3%), and RL in 54 patients (32.9%) which were significantly associated to each other. ALL tears were significantly associated with tears of the posterior horn of the lateral meniscus (PHLM), BME, and with tears of the LCL and MCL. RL were significantly associated with tears of the posterior horn of the medial (PHMM) and PHLM, with BME, and with tears of the LCL. CONCLUSIONS: ACL tears are associated with RL or ALL tears in about one-third of cases and with both lesions combined in about one-fifth of cases. ALL tears and RL are significantly associated with additional posttraumatic injuries, which can thus be indicative of these lesions. KEY POINTS: • ACL tears were associated with ramp lesions or ALL tears in about one-third of the cases. • Ramp lesions and ALL tears were significantly associated with each other, tear in the PHLM, tear in the LCL, and BME. • ALL tears were more frequently associated with instable classified ramp lesion type 4b and type 5.

A Predictive Model to Identify Treatment-related Risk Factors for Odontoid Fracture Nonunion Using Machine Learning.

STUDY DESIGN: Multicenter retrospective analysis of routinely collected data. OBJECTIVE: The underlying aim of this study was to identify potential treatment-related risk factors for odontoid fracture nonunion while accounting for known patient- and injury-related risk factors. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Type II and III odontoid fractures represent the most common cervical spine fracture in elderly patients and are associated with a relatively high nonunion rate. The management of odontoid fractures is controversial and treatment strategies range from conservative treatment to extensive surgical stabilization and fusion. METHODS: A total of 415 individuals who sustained odontoid fracture and were treated in either of four tertiary referral centers in Austria and Germany were included in the study. We included the following potential contributing factors for fracture nonunion in cross-validated extreme gradient boosted (XGBoost) and binary logistic regression models: age, gender, fracture displacement, mechanism of injury (high vs. low energy), fracture classification (Anderson II vs. III), presence of comorbidities (Charlson comorbidity index), and treatment (conservative, anterior screw fixation with one or two screws, posterior C1/C2 spondylodesis, cervico-occipital C0-C4 fusion). RESULTS: In our cohort, 187 (45%) had radiologically confirmed odontoid nonunion six months postinjury. The odds for nonunion increase significantly with age, and are lower in type III compared to type II fractures. Also, odds for nonunion are significantly lower in posterior C1/C2 spondylodesis, and C0-C4 fusion compared to conservative treatment. Importantly, odds are not statistically significantly lower in the group treated with anterior screw fixation compared to conservative treatment. The factors gender, fracture displacement, mechanism of injury, and the presence of comorbidities did not produce significant odds. CONCLUSION: Higher age, type II fractures, and conservative treatment are the main risk factors for odontoid nonunion. Anterior screw fixation did not differ significantly from conservative treatment in terms of fracture union. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3.

The effect of extracorporeal shock wave therapy in acute traumatic spinal cord injury on motor and sensory function within 6 months post-injury: a study protocol for a two-arm three-stage adaptive, prospective, multi-center, randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: The pathological mechanism in acute spinal cord injury (SCI) is dual sequential: the primary mechanical lesion and the secondary injury due to a cascade of biochemical and pathological changes initiated by the primary lesion. Therapeutic approaches have focused on modulating the mechanisms of secondary injury. Despite extensive efforts in the treatment of SCI, there is yet no causal, curative treatment approach available. Extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) has been successfully implemented in clinical use. Biological responses to therapeutic shock waves include altered metabolic activity of various cell types due to direct and indirect mechanotransduction leading to improved migration, proliferation, chemotaxis, modulation of the inflammatory response, angiogenesis, and neovascularization, thus inducing rather a regeneration than repair. The aim of this clinical study is to investigate the effect of ESWT in humans within the first 48 h after an acute traumatic SCI, with the objective to intervene in the secondary injury phase in order to reduce the extent of neuronal loss. METHODS: This two-arm three-stage adaptive, prospective, multi-center, randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled study has been initiated in July 2020, and a total of 82 patients with acute traumatic SCI will be recruited for the first stage in 15 participating hospitals as part of a two-armed three-stage adaptive trial design. The focused ESWT (energy flux density: 0.1-0.19 mJ/mm2, frequency: 2-5 Hz) is applied once at the level of the lesion, five segments above/below, and on the plantar surface of both feet within the first 48 h after trauma. The degree of improvement in motor and sensory function after 6 months post-injury is the primary endpoint of the study. Secondary endpoints include routine blood chemistry parameters, the degree of spasticity, the ability to walk, urological function, quality of life, and the independence in everyday life. DISCUSSION: The application of ESWT activates the nervous tissue regeneration involving a multitude of various biochemical and cellular events and leads to a decreased neuronal loss. ESWT might contribute to an improvement in the treatment of acute traumatic SCI in future clinical use. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04474106.

Free vascularised osteochondral flap for the treatment of osteochondritis dissecans of the talus.

We present a case report of a man in his 20s with osteochondritis dissecans of the talus, treated with autologous transplantation of a vascularised osteochondral flap. The patient with high level of activity presented to our orthopaedic outpatient department for progressive limping and pain, mainly related to sports. An osteochondritis dissecans grade IV of the medial talus was identified by MRI. A microvascular transfer of osteochondral tissue was performed successfully. At follow-up 1 year after surgery, the MRI examination revealed vital cartilage; the patient was free of pain and had returned to his previous level of activity.

Return-to-sports after minimally invasive stabilization of intra-articular calcaneal fractures.

BACKGROUND: Evaluation of different factors in patient quality of life after minimally invasive stabilization of intra-articular calcaneal fractures, including the return-to-sports rate. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with minimally invasive stabilization of intra-articular calcaneal fractures were collected from the database of a Level I trauma center and evaluated in a retrospective and explorative way. The clinical and radiological examination have been done immediately after the operation, after 2 and 6 weeks postoperative and after a minimum follow-up of 2 years. Clinical and radiological examination was performed by applying the American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society hindfoot scale score (AOFAS), 36-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36), the Tegner Activity Scale, the Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS) and with a questionnaire about pre- and postoperative engagement in sport and recreational activities. RESULTS: Fourty-nine patients with an isolated uni-lateral fracture of the calcaneus who fulfilled all inclusion criteria were assessed. Fourty-two of them were male and 24 were under the age of 50 years. No statistically significant differences were noted between Sanders I/II and Sanders III/IV in terms of SF-36, AOFAS, FAOS or Tegner-scale. A less satisfying result was noticed in Sanders III/IV patients. General health, pain in FAOS, physical functioning and pain in SF-36 were strongly dependent on Tegner score values. Twenty-nine percent of our study population changed sport activities after injury, whereas 22 percent stopped all kinds of sports. Consequently, our overall return-to-sport rate was 78 percent. CONCLUSION: Clinical results including different scores and quality of life parameters in our study population were satisfying. About 80 percent of patients could return to sports, but there are still many patients that were not able to perform sports and physical activities on the same level as before.

Arthroscopic findings and treatment of maisonneuve fracture complex.

BACKGROUND: The Maisonneuve fracture complex (MFC) is a well-known lower leg injury. However, the optimal treatment is still not clear and there is limited data on concomitant injuries of cartilage. Therefore, the aim of our study was to report the incidence of incidental cartilage injuries and their management in arthroscopic treatment of MFC. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between February 2018 and February 2021 all patients presenting with MFC in our department were treated with diagnostic ankle arthroscopy and percutaneous syndesmotic screw or suture-endobutton fixation. In case of instable cartilage, it was debrided and according to the International Consensus Meeting on Cartilage Repair of the Ankle, in grade IV lesions < 10 mm or < 100 mm2 area the subchondral bone was microfractured. RESULTS: Eighteen patients, 16 male and two female, with a mean age of 48.1 years, were included. In all cases, instability of the distal tibiofibular articulation was confirmed arthroscopically. Injuries of the cartilage were found in 56% of the cases and in 31% of the patients surgical intervention was required. In three talar and one tibial lesion additional arthroscopic bone marrow stimulation with microfracture of the subchondral bone was performed. CONCLUSIONS: Ankle arthroscopy is a helpful method to guide fibular reduction and to detect and address associated cartilage injuries. Due to the high rate of chondral lesions, addressing these arthroscopically may contribute to better postoperative results. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV.

Routine Blood Chemistry Predicts Functional Recovery After Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: A Post Hoc Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to various degrees of lifelong functional deficits. Most individuals with incomplete SCI experience a certain degree of functional recovery, especially within the first-year postinjury. However, this is difficult to predict, and surrogate biomarkers are urgently needed. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to (1) determine if routine blood chemistry parameters are related to neurological recovery after SCI, (2) evaluate if such parameters could predict functional recovery, and (3) establish cutoff values that could inform clinical decision-making. METHODS: We performed a post hoc analysis of routine blood chemistry parameters in patients with traumatic SCI (n = 676). Blood samples were collected between 24 and 72 hours as well as at 1, 2, 4, 8, and 52 weeks postinjury. Linear mixed models, regression analysis, and unbiased recursive partitioning (URP) of blood chemistry data were used to relate to and predict walking recovery 1 year postinjury. RESULTS: The temporal profile of platelet counts and serum levels of albumin, alkaline phosphatase, and creatinine differentiated patients who recovered walking from those who remained wheelchair bound. The 4 blood chemistry parameters from the sample collection 8 weeks postinjury predicted functional recovery observed 1 year after incomplete SCI. Finally, URP defined a cutoff for serum albumin at 3.7 g/dL, which in combination with baseline injury severity differentiates individuals who regain ambulation from those not able to walk. Specifically, about 80% of those with albumin >3.7 g/dL recovered walking. CONCLUSIONS: Routine blood chemistry data from the postacute phase, together with baseline injury severity, predict functional outcome after incomplete SCI.

Return to Sports after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury: a Matched-Pair Analysis of Repair with Internal Brace and Reconstruction Using Hamstring or Quadriceps Tendons.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate sports activity before anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury and after surgical treatment of ACL rupture comparing ACL repair with an Internal Brace to ACL reconstruction using either a hamstring (HT) or quadriceps tendon (QT) autograft. METHODS: Between 12/2015 and 10/2016, we recruited 69 patients with a mean age of 33.4 years for a matched-pair analysis. Twenty-four patients who underwent Internal Brace reconstruction were matched according to age (±â€Š5 years), gender, Tegner activity scale (±â€Š1), BMI (±â€Š1) and concomitant injuries with 25 patients who had undergone HT reconstruction and 20 patients who had undergone QT reconstruction. The minimum follow-up was 12 months. RESULTS: Overall, the return-to-sports rate was 91.3 %. There were no significant differences (p ≥ 0.05) in the number of sports disciplines and the time before return to sports within or among the groups. Overall and within the groups, the level of sports participation did not change significantly (p ≥ 0.05) postoperatively. The patients' sense of well-being was excellent after either ACL repair with an Internal Brace or ACL reconstruction with autologous HT or QT. CONCLUSION: At short-term follow-up, ACL repair using an Internal Brace enables sports activity and provides a sense of well-being similar to that of classic ACL reconstruction using hamstring or quadriceps tendon autografts in a selected patient population. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III Retrospective comparative study.

Clinical and radiological results after Internal Brace suture versus the all-inside reconstruction technique in anterior cruciate ligament tears 12 to 18 months after index surgery.

BACKGROUND: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury can lead to reduced function, meniscal lesions, and early joint degeneration. Preservation of a torn ACL using the Internal Brace technique might re-establish normal knee kinematics, avoid donor-site morbidity due to tendon harvesting, and potentially maintain proprioception of the knee. METHODS: Fifty subjects were recruited for this study between December 2015 and October 2016. Two groups of individuals who sustained a unilateral ACL rupture were included: those who underwent surgery with preservation of the injured ACL (Internal Brace technique; IB) and those who underwent ACL reconstruction using a hamstring tendon graft (all-inside technique; AI). Subjective self-administered scores were used: the German version of the IKDC Subjective Knee Form (International Knee Documentation Committee), the German version of the WOMAC (Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index), SF-36 (short form), the German version of the KOOS (Knee Osteoarthritis Outcome Score), and the German version of themodified Lysholm Score by Lysholm and Gillquist. Anterior tibial translation was assessed using the KT-1000 Arthrometer (KT-1000 Knee Ligament Arthrometer, MEDmetric Corp., San Diego, CA, USA). Magnetic resonance evaluation was performed in all cases. RESULTS: Twenty-three subjects (46 %) were men, and the mean age was 34.7 years. The objective IKDC scores were "normal" in 15 and 14 patients, "nearly normal" in 11 and 7 patients, and "abnormal" in 1 and 2 patients, in the IB and AI groups, respectively. KT-1000 assessment showed a sideto-side difference of more than 3 mm on maximum manual testing in 11 (44 %) and 6 subjects (28.6 %) in the IB and AI groups, respectively. In the postoperative MRI, 20 (74 %) and 22 subjects (96 %) in the IB and AI groups had an intact ACL. Anterior tibial translation was significantly higher in the IB group compared with the AI group in the manual maximum test. CONCLUSIONS: Preservation of the native ACL with the Internal Brace primary repair technique can achieve comparable results to ACL reconstruction using Hamstring autografts over a short term. Clinically relevant limitations such as a higher incidence of pathologic laxity, with patients more prone to pivot-shift phenomenon were observed during the study period.

Minimally invasive surgery for intra-articular calcaneus fractures: a 9-year, single-center, retrospective study of a standardized technique using a 2-point distractor.

BACKGROUND: A fracture of the calcaneus can be a painful and disabling injury. Treatment modalities may be conservative or operative. Surgical treatment strategies include open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) techniques, as well as a variety of minimally invasive methods. The aim of this study was to evaluate the treatment options and post-treatment complication rates for intra-articular calcaneal fractures at the Traumacenter Linz over a 9-year period. METHODS: All patients with calcaneal fractures treated at the Traumacenter Linz between 2007 and 2015 were included in this study. The patients records were retrospectively reviewed, and the data, including demographic parameters, cause of injury, and the time between injury and operative treatment were analyzed. The number of secondary operative interventions due to soft-tissue complications, hardware removal, and the long-term arthrodesis rate were evaluated. RESULTS: A minimally invasive 2-point-distractor method was used in 85.8% (n = 182) of all operatively managed calcaneal fractures (n = 212) in our department. The majority of the operations (88.7%) were performed within 2 days after the accident. The secondary operation rate resulting from wound complications was 2.7% in the 2-point distractor group and 16.7% in the ORIF group. A secondary arthrodesis was performed in 4.7% (n = 9) of the subtalar joints in the entire study population. CONCLUSIONS: Our data supported the assumption that severe wound complications would be less likely to occur after minimally invasive treatment compared to ORIF treatment. The rate of secondary arthrodesis in the study cohort was comparable to that in the literature. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV.

Peri-acetabular bone remodelling after uncemented total hip arthroplasty with monoblock press-fit cups: an observational study.

BACKGROUND: Bone stock preservation in total hip replacement is essential to allow for later revisions in an increasingly younger and fitter index patient population. While contemporary modular press-fit acetabular cups lead to rigid fixation with equatorial stress and central osteolysis, more elastic fixation may cause different peri-acetabular bone remodelling. The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in peri-acetabular bone mineral density (BMD) in uncemented elastic fixation with monoblock press-fit cups. METHODS: This prospective observational study included 45 patients with monoblock cups. We evaluated peri-acetabular BMD using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and reported functional outcomes and complications. RESULTS: At a mean follow-up of 24.2 ± 2.2 months, we found that BMD stabilised in DeLee and Charnley zones I and III and recovered to baseline value in zone II. The mean Harris Hip Scores improved significantly from 56.9 ± 20.0 to 97.2 ± 4.0 (p <  0001). Other than one peri-operative dislocation, we saw no post-operative complications. CONCLUSIONS: We found favourable adaptive bone changes with BMD stabilisation in the equatorial zones and recovery to pre-operative values in the central zone. Additionally, excellent clinical outcomes and few prosthesis-related complications strengthened the favourable results of monoblock acetabular cups. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Registration number DRKS00017076.

Femoral bone remodeling after short-stem total hip arthroplasty: a prospective densitometric study.

PURPOSE: Due to improved prosthesis designs and surgical techniques, indications for total hip arthroplasty (THA) now include younger and more active patients. Preserving bone stock and soft tissue in these patients is paramount to allow for future revision. Designed for anatomical reconstruction, short femoral stems have the potential to reduce adaptive bone loss and stress shielding. To confirm this, we evaluated bone remodeling around a short femoral stem and the accuracy of hip joint reconstruction. METHODS: This prospective observational study involved 46 patients with short-stem THA for clinical and radiographic analysis. We evaluated bone remodeling by Gruen zone using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in 45 patients and assessed the accuracy of hip joint reconstruction using caput-collum-diaphyseal angles. Additionally, we reported functional scores and pain. RESULTS: Patients were followed for a mean of 24.1 (SD 2.2) months. Bone mineral density increased mainly in the lateral region (Gruen zones 2 and 3) and in the distal-medial region (Gruen zone 5), suggestive of lateral loading. Most caput-collum-diaphyseal angles remained stable after surgery, especially in patients with varus hips. Harris Hip Scores improved significantly, from 57.2 (SD 20.0) pre-operatively to 97.2 (SD 4.0) at 24 months post-operatively (P < 0.0001). Finally, we encountered one peri-operative dislocation but no post-operative complications. CONCLUSION: Short femoral stems successfully limited stress shielding and minimized periprosthetic bone loss without compromising primary stability. We were able to accurately reconstruct anatomical relationships in most patients. Finally, excellent clinical outcomes and low complication rates confirmed the favourable results of short-stem THA. TRIAL REGISTRATION: DRKS00017076.

Biomarkers in Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury-Technical and Clinical Considerations: A Systematic Review.

Objective. To examine (1) if serological or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers can be used as diagnostic and/or prognostic tools in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) and (2) if literature provides recommendations regarding timing and source of biomarker evaluation. Data Sources. A systematic literature search to identify studies reporting on diagnostic and prognostic blood and/or CSF biomarkers in SCI was conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE, CINAHL, Science Direct, The Cochrane Library, ISI Web of Science, and PEDro. Study Selection. Clinical trials, cohort, and pilot studies on patients with traumatic SCI investigating at least one blood or CSF biomarker were included. Following systematic screening, 19 articles were included in the final analysis. PRISMA guidelines were followed to conduct this review. Data Extraction. Independent extraction of articles was completed by 2 authors using predefined inclusion criteria and study quality indicators. Data Synthesis. Nineteen studies published between 2002 and April 2019 with 1596 patients were included in the systematic review. In 14 studies, blood biomarkers were measured, 4 studies investigated CSF biomarkers, and 1 study used both blood and CSF samples. Conclusions. Serum/CSF concentrations of several biomarkers (S100b, IL-6, GFAP, NSE, tau, TNF-α, IL-8, MCP-1, pNF-H, and IP-10) following SCI are highly time dependent and related to injury severity. Future studies need to validate these markers as true biomarkers and should control for secondary complications associated with SCI. A deeper understanding of secondary pathophysiological events after SCI and their effect on biomarker dynamics may improve their clinical significance as surrogate parameters in future clinical studies.

Correction to: Sleep improvement after hip arthroplasty: a study on short-stem prosthesis.

Authors first and last names have been interchanged. The correct presentation is given above.

Return to sports after glenoid reconstruction using an implant-free iliac crest bone graft.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate sports ability and the rate of return to sports after implant-free iliac bone graft for recurrent, anterior shoulder instability and anterior glenoid bone loss. Subgroups of younger and older patients and patients who had previous arthroscopic Bankart surgery and those who did not have such surgery before implant-free iliac bone graft were formed and compared. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 34 patients; 14 patients had previous arthroscopic Bankart surgery, and 20 patients did not have the surgery; The median age at the time of iliac bone graft was 35.3 years (range, 23 to 75), 17 patients were over the age of 35, and 17 patients were under the age of 35. The mean follow-up was 40 months (range: 25 to 56). RESULTS: All the 34 patients were engaged in pre- and post-operative sport, which represents a return to sport rate of 100%. Although the number of sport disciplines decreased significantly from 6 before the operation to 4.8 after the operation (p=0.002), the number of sports sessions per week did not change significantly, and the duration per session did not change significantly. More than two-thirds of all patients returned to sports within 6 months. Overall, 41% of patients changed sport disciplines, 15% of whom cited shoulder-related causes; however, all patients returned to the same sport level. CONCLUSIONS: Overall and within the subgroups, the return to sport rate after implant-free iliac bone grafting was high, with a high sense of well-being. The number of sport disciplines decreased significantly and more than one-third of the patients changed disciplines, of which 15% percent changed due to shoulder-related causes. The sport level remained equal, and no other parameters changed significantly compared with the time before the onset of restrictive shoulder symptoms.