Intra-generic and interspecific karyotype patterns of Leptodactylus and Adenomera (Anura, Leptodactylidae) with inclusion of five species from Central Amazonia.

The genera Leptodactylus and Adenomera comprise 92 species distributed throughout the Neotropical region. These species have a modal diploid chromosome number 2n = 22. However, chromosome rearrangements are evident in the differentiation of five intra-generic groups in the genus Leptodactylus (L. fuscus, L. latrans, L. marmoratus (formally composed by the species of the genus Adenomera), L. melanonotus, L. pentadactylus), yet it is not clear if there is a karyotype pattern for each group. Aiming to understand the intra-generic and interspecific karyotype patterns of Leptodactylus and Adenomera, cytogenetic analyses were performed in A. andreae, L. macrosternum, L. pentadactylus, L. petersii, and L. riveroi using conventional staining, C-banding, nucleolus organizer region (NOR) and hybridization in situ fluorescent (FISH). The karyotype of Leptodactylus riveroi was described for the first time. Adenomera andreae had 2n = 26, while the remaining species 2n = 22. The NOR was found on pair No. 8 of A. andreae, L. macrosternum, L. pentadactylus, and L. riveroi, whereas L. petersii had it on pairs Nos. 6 and 10. These locations were confirmed by the FISH with 18S rDNA probe, except for pair No. 10 of L. petersii. The C-banding pattern was evident at the centromeres of chromosomes of all species and some interspecific variations were also observed. 2n = 22 was observed in the species of the L. latrans group, as well as in the intra-generic groups L. fuscus and L. pentadactylus; in the L. melanonotus group there were three diploid chromosome numbers 2n = 20, 22 and 24; and a larger variation in 2n was also evident in the L. marmoratus group.

Karyotypic diversity in seven Amazonian anurans in the genus Hypsiboas (family Hylidae).

BACKGROUND: Hypsiboas species have been divided into seven groups using morphological and genetic characters, but for most of the species, there is no cytogenetic information available. A cytogenetic analysis using conventional staining, C-banding, silver staining, and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with telomeric sequence probes were used to investigate the karyotype of seven Amazon species of the genus Hypsiboas belonging to the following intrageneric groups: H. punctatus (H. cinerascens), H. semilineatus (H. boans, H. geographicus, and H. wavrini), and H. albopunctatus (H. lanciformis, H. multifasciatus, and H. raniceps). The aim was to differentiate between the karyotypes and use the chromosomal markers to distinguish between the Hypsiboas groups. The data were compared with a previous phylogenetic proposal for these anurans. In addition, H. lanciformis, H. boans, and H. wavrini are described here for the first time, and we characterize the diploid numbers for H. cinerascens, H. geographicus, H. multifasciatus, and H. raniceps. RESULTS: The diploid number for all of the species analyzed was 24, with the exception of Hypsiboas lanciformis, which had 2n = 22 chromosomes. The constitutive heterochromatin distribution, nucleolar organizer region locations, and interstitial telomeric sites differed between the species. A hypothesis that the heterochromatic patterns are evolving is proposed, with the divergence of the groups probably involving events such as an increase in the heterochromatin in the species of the H. semilineatus group. The FISH conducted with the telomeric probes detected sites in the terminal regions of all of the chromosomes of all species. Interstitial telomeric sites were detected in three species belonging to the H. semilineatus group: H. boans, H. geographicus, and H. wavrini. CONCLUSION: The results of this study reinforce the complexity previously observed within the genus Hypsiboas and in the different groups that compose this taxon. More studies are needed focusing on this group and covering larger sampling areas, especially in the Brazilian Amazon, to improve our understanding of this fascinating and complex group.

Correlação e concordância entre indicadores de obesidade central e índice de massa corporal em adolescentes / Correlation and agreement between central obesity indicators and body mass index in adolescents

OBJETIVO: Analisar o desempenho de indicadores de obesidade central por correlação e concordância com índice de massa corporal para avaliação nutricional em adolescentes segundo sexo e idade. MÉTODOS: Estudo seccional do tipo censo incluindo 635 adolescentes, de 10 a 19 anos (342 do sexo masculino e 293 do feminino), realizado em escola pública da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Variáveis do estudo: índice de massa corporal (IMC), circunferências de cintura e abdômen, razões cintura-quadril e cintura/altura, estado nutricional, sexo e idade. Desenvolveram-se análise univariada e bivariada controlada por estratificação. RESULTADOS: As circunferências de cintura e abdômen correlacionaram-se positiva e significativamente (p < 0,05) com o IMC em ambos os sexos, faixa etária e estado nutricional, enquanto a correlação de razão cintura/altura foi influenciada por sexo e estado nutricional. Para razão cintura/quadril, a variação do sentido da correlação foi influenciada ainda por idade. As circunferências de cintura e abdômen foram dependentes da variação dos valores de IMC em todos os grupos com elevados R² (0,66 a 0,80) e ² positivo, o que não ocorreu para razões cintura/quadril e cintura/altura. Somente a circunferência de cintura apresentou agregamento moderado com o IMC (Índice Kappa de 0,41 a 0,57) em todos os estratos, enquanto nos demais indicadores o agregamento variou de relativo a moderado. CONCLUSÕES: Dentre os indicadores de obesidade central analisados, as circunferências de cintura e abdômen apresentaram os melhores desempenhos, destacando-se a circunferência de cintura como mais apropriada para uso complementar ao IMC na avaliação nutricional de adolescentes.

Diagnosing the nutritional status of schoolchildren: a comparison between Brazilian and international criteria.

OBJECTIVE: To compare Brazilian and international criteria for assessing the nutritional status of schoolchildren. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study that enrolled 160 schoolchildren from a public school in the city of Rio de Janeiro, 91 boys and 69 girls, aged 7 to 9 full years. Body mass index (BMI) for sex and age was used to diagnose underweight, healthy weight and overweight, according to Cole et al., Conde & Monteiro and the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria. Student's t test, the chi-square test, the Kendall concordance test and the chi-square test for tendencies were used to analyze the data; graphs were plotted demonstrating BMI by age, according to the nutritional diagnosis at each set of criteria. RESULTS: Mean BMI did not differ by sex (t = 0.2845, p = 0.7789). According to the first two sets of criteria, none of the children were underweight, whereas, according to the WHO criteria, one of the boys was underweight. The Kendall test did not demonstrate any significant difference between the three sets of criteria (coefficient of concordance for boys was W < 0.0004 and for girls it was W < 0.0008, with p = 1.00). There was a greater proportion of assessments that did not agree among the boys, at 15.13%, while for the girls this figure was 13.04%. A significant tendency was observed for the difference between the criteria to increase with age among the boys (chi-square for tendencies = 6.552, p = 0.0105), which was evident on the graph and was independent of nutritional status. CONCLUSIONS: The criteria used here converged on the same result, without discrepancies between them or advantages for either. Nevertheless, among the boys there was a significant tendency for the diagnoses to differentiate and BMI to increase with age, which is a warning to take care when choosing among criteria.

Diagnóstico do estado nutricional de escolares: comparação entre critério nacional e internacional / Diagnosing the nutritional status of schoolchildren: a comparison between Brazilian and international criteria

OBJETIVO: Comparar critério nacional e internacional para avaliação do estado nutricional de escolares. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal incluindo 160 crianças, 91 meninos e 69 meninas, de 7 a 9 anos completos, alunos de escola pública da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Utilizou-se o índice de massa corporal (IMC) por gênero e idade para diagnosticar baixo peso, peso adequado e excesso de peso, empregando-se critérios propostos por Cole et al., Conde & Monteiro e pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS). Foram aplicados teste t de Student, qui-quadrado, concordância de Kendall, qui-quadrado de tendência e gráficos demonstrando a evolução do IMC, segundo diagnóstico nutricional obtido com cada critério. RESULTADOS: As médias de IMC não diferiram entre sexos (t = 0,2845 e p = 0,7789). Segundo critérios propostos por autores, não houve baixo peso, enquanto que para os critérios da OMS, ocorreu um caso de baixo peso entre meninos. O teste de Kendall não demonstrou diferença significativa entre os três critérios (coeficiente de concordância: meninos = W < 0,0004, meninas = W < 0,0008 e p = 1,00). As discordâncias na avaliação predominaram entre meninos, atingindo 15,13 por cento, sendo 13,04 por cento para meninas. Observou-se significativa tendência crescente de diferenciação dos critérios com a idade dos meninos (qui-quadrado de tendência = 6,552 e p = 0,0105), evidenciada no gráfico e independente do estado nutricional. CONCLUSÕES: Os critérios utilizados convergem para o mesmo resultado, não havendo discrepâncias ou vantagens entre eles. Entretanto, para meninos, houve significativa tendência de diferenciação nos diagnósticos e evolução do IMC por idade, alertando para cuidado na opção dos diferentes critérios.

OBJECTIVE: To compare Brazilian and international criteria for assessing the nutritional status of schoolchildren. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study that enrolled 160 schoolchildren from a public school in the city of Rio de Janeiro, 91 boys and 69 girls, aged 7 to 9 full years. Body mass index (BMI) for sex and age was used to diagnose underweight, healthy weight and overweight, according to Cole et al., Conde & Monteiro, and the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria. Student's t test, the chi-square test, the Kendall concordance test and the chi-square test for tendencies were used to analyze the data; graphs were plotted demonstrating BMI by age, according to the nutritional diagnosis at each set of criteria. RESULTS: Mean BMI did not differ by sex (t = 0.2845, p = 0.7789). According to the first two sets of criteria, none of the children were underweight, whereas, according to the WHO criteria, one of the boys was underweight. The Kendall test did not demonstrate any significant difference between the three sets of criteria (coefficient of concordance for boys was W < 0.0004 and for girls it was W < 0.0008, with p = 1.00). There was a greater proportion of assessments that did not agree among the boys, at 15.13 percent, while for the girls this figure was 13.04 percent. A significant tendency was observed for the difference between the criteria to increase with age among the boys (chi-square for tendencies = 6.552, p = 0.0105), which was evident on the graph and was independent of nutritional status. CONCLUSIONS: The criteria used here converged on the same result, without discrepancies between them or advantages for either. Nevertheless, among the boys there was a significant tendency for the diagnoses to differentiate and BMI to increase with age, which is a warning to take care when choosing among criteria.

Estudo comparativo da vida de prateleira do pão de forma em embalagem convencional, e de pão de forma em embalagem ativa / Comparative study of the shelf life of bread in conventional packaging, and of bread in active packaging

O setor de alimentos é um dos mais importantes para o segmento de embalagens, pois 70 por cento de toda a produção brasileira de embalagens é absorvida pela indústria de alimentos. O mercado de embalagens é um dos mercados de maior crescimento no Brasil; a indústria de embalagem produziu o equivalente a R$31,3 bilhões em 2005. Com esse aumento, as embalagens deixaram de exercer um papel secundário na indústria e passaram a ser consideradas tão importantes quanto os produtos que elas carregam. Fala-se até em embalagens inteligentes, que, além de práticas, bonitas, invioláveis e informativas para o consumidor são a grande inovação das indústrias para enfrentar o mercado e a concorrência. As embalagens ativas podem aumentar vida útil de alimentos altamente perecíveis, beneficiando a indústria e os consumidores.(...) O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a influência da embalagem ativa na vida de prateleira do pão de forma. As contagens de bolores foram realizadas por 20 dias. Com a análise dos resultados obtidos, verificou-se uma redução na umidade dos pães de forma, interferindo no crescimento dos bolores que determinam o tempo de vida de prateleira desse produto.