Atividade diária, uso do ambiente e benefícios do enriquecimento ambiental para Micrurus frontalis

Micrurus frontalis is a specie from the coral-snakes group. Most of the snakes in this group have fossoral and cryptozoic habits, which makes it difficult to understand the biology of Micrurus species in nature. In this way, the maintenance of snakes in captivity, carried out in well-assembled and enriched enclosures, which can help the biology’s knowledge and the behavioral observation that are difficult to be detected in natural environment, including daily activity. In this work, through the monitoring of an individual of M.frontalis over 60 days, it was possible to characterize the daily activity and the environment use by the snake, and to conclude that M.frontalis presents diurnal activity, with greater activity in the hours of higher temperature during the colder periods, and in the hotter seasons, avoid exposure during the higher temperatures. The snake also mostly uses the lower stratum of the enclosure, but sporadically explores the upper stratum. This work also presents a study on the food and sensorial enrichment use, unprecedented in snakes. The different environmental enrichment techniques are used in order to favor the adaptation of the captive animal to the environment, reduce stress, promote well-being and stimulate natural behaviors typical of the species worked on. The snake's prey were packed in different materials placed at different points and strata of the enclosure, aiming to progressively difficult the access to the prey. The unprecedented results show that food enrichment can be successfully used in snakes, and brings benefits to the animal, including breaking routine, reducing stereotyped behaviors and reducing sedentary lifestyle, common in captive snakes.

Micrurus frontalis é uma das espécies que constituem o grupo das cobras-corais. As serpentes desse grupo apresentam, em sua maioria, hábitos fossoriais e criptozoicos, o que dificulta o conhecimento da biologia das espécies de Micrurus na natureza. Dessa forma, a manutenção de serpentes em cativeiro, realizada em recintos bem montados e enriquecidos pode auxiliar no conhecimento da biologia e na observação de comportamentos difíceis de serem observados em ambiente natural, entre eles a atividade diária. Neste trabalho, através do monitoramento de um indivíduo de M.frontalis ao longo de 60 dias, foi possível caracterizar a atividade diária e o uso do ambiente pela serpente, e concluir que M.frontalis apresenta atividade diurna, com maior atividade nos horários de temperaturas mais elevadas durante os períodos mais frios, e nas épocas mais quentes evita-se expor durante as temperaturas mais elevadas. A serpente também utiliza majoritariamente o estrato inferior do recinto, mas esporadicamente explora o estrato superior. Este trabalho também apresenta um estudo sobre o uso do enriquecimento ambiental alimentar e sensorial, inédito em serpentes. As diferentes técnicas de enriquecimento ambiental são utilizadas a fim de favorecer a adaptação do animal cativo ao meio, reduzir o estresse, promover o bem-estar e estimular comportamentos naturais típicos da espécie trabalhada. As presas da serpente foram acondicionadas em diferentes materiais colocados em pontos e estratos variados do recinto, visando dificultar progressivamente o acesso à presa. Os resultados inéditos mostram que o enriquecimento ambiental alimentar pode ser utilizado com sucesso em serpentes, e que traz benefícios ao animal, entre eles a quebra da rotina, a redução de comportamentos estereotipados e a redução do sedentarismo, comum em serpentes cativas.

Relato de caso: acidente vascular medular pós empiema torácico / Case report: spinal stroke after thoracic empyema

O presente relato descreve o caso do paciente de 60 anos, sexo masculino, branco, que apresentou uma patologia pulmonar (empiema pleural) que culminou na causa de sua doença neurológica, com diagnóstico clínico de acidente vascular isquêmico devido a vasculite causada por contiguidade de empiema torácico, sendo esta, uma associação incomum na literatura(AU)

Seasonality of viral respiratory infections in Southeast of Brazil: the influence of temperature and air humidity

Viruses are the major cause of lower respiratory tract infections in childhood and the main viruses involved are Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus (HRSV), Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV), Influenzavirus A and B (FLUA and FLUB), Human Parainfluenza Virus 1, 2 and 3 (HPIV1, 2 and 3) and Human Rhinovirus (HRV). The purposes of this study were to detect respiratory viruses in hospitalized children younger than six years and identify the influence of temperature and relative air humidity on the detected viruses. Samples of nasopharyngeal washes were collected from hospitalized children between May/2004 and September/2005. Methods of viral detection were RT-PCR, PCR and HRV amplicons were confirmed by hybridization. Results showed 54% (148/272) of viral positivity. HRSV was detected in 29% (79/272) of the samples; HRV in 23.1% (63/272); HPIV3 in 5.1% (14/272); HMPV in 3.3% (9/272); HPIV1 in 2.9% (8/272); FLUB in 1.4% (4/272), FLUA in 1.1% (3/272), and HPIV2 in 0.3% (1/272). The highest detection rates occurred mainly in the spring 2004 and in the autumn 2005. It was observed that viral respiratory infections tend to increase as the relative air humidity decreases, showing significant association with monthly averages of minimal temperature and minimal relative air humidity. In conclusion, viral respiratory infections vary according to temperature and relative air humidity and viral respiratory infections present major incidences it coldest and driest periods.

Seasonality of viral respiratory infections in southeast of Brazil: the influence of temperature and air humidity.

Viruses are the major cause of lower respiratory tract infections in childhood and the main viruses involved are Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus (HRSV), Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV), Influenzavirus A and B (FLUA and FLUB), Human Parainfluenza Virus 1, 2 and 3 (HPIV1, 2 and 3) and Human Rhinovirus (HRV). The purposes of this study were to detect respiratory viruses in hospitalized children younger than six years and identify the influence of temperature and relative air humidity on the detected viruses. Samples of nasopharyngeal washes were collected from hospitalized children between May/2004 and September/2005. Methods of viral detection were RT-PCR, PCR and HRV amplicons were confirmed by hybridization. Results showed 54% (148/272) of viral positivity. HRSV was detected in 29% (79/272) of the samples; HRV in 23.1% (63/272); HPIV3 in 5.1% (14/272); HMPV in 3.3% (9/272); HPIV1 in 2.9% (8/272); FLUB in 1.4% (4/272), FLUA in 1.1% (3/272), and HPIV2 in 0.3% (1/272). The highest detection rates occurred mainly in the spring 2004 and in the autumn 2005. It was observed that viral respiratory infections tend to increase as the relative air humidity decreases, showing significant association with monthly averages of minimal temperature and minimal relative air humidity. In conclusion, viral respiratory infections vary according to temperature and relative air humidity and viral respiratory infections present major incidences it coldest and driest periods.

[Oral cleft and its notification in the information system: live Births Declaration analysis in Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro State, 1999-2004]. / Fissuras orais e sua notificação no sistema de informação: análise da Declaração de Nascido Vivo (DNV) em Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, 1999-2004.

The objective of this study was to verify the notification of information system for oral clefts in the live births declaration (DNV), studying the 3 items of DNV related to malformation. All the patients' medical records registered in oral cleft reference centers were checked. The inclusion criteria were: a) to have any oral cleft and b) to be born from 01/01/1999 to 12/31/2004. Next step was to raise the information in the vital data sector of Municipal Health Secretary, where all the DNVs identified were subjects with oral clefts (63 children). The first item presented a large subnotification (only 53.3 of the DNVs showed the register of malformation) and all types of clefts were not notified in any scale. Highest sub notification was observed for cleft palate (70%). Second item (description of malformation) showed similarly a high number of errors referred to palate cleft, identified only in 25% of the cases. All the documents showed no information about the third item (code of malformation). There was no statistical difference between professionals responsible for filling out the document. In conclusion, the DNV was inefficient to register the oral cleft cases due to imperfections related to 3 items studied, especially in the absence of information about CID-10 codes.

Fissuras orais e sua notificação no sistema de informação: análise da Declaração de Nascido Vivo (DNV) em Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, 1999-2004 / Oral cleft and its notification in the information system: live Births Declaration analysis in Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro State, 1999-2004

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a notificação de ocorrência de fissuras orais na Declaração de Nascido Vivo (DNV), através dos três itens do campo 34 (notificação de malformação congênita). Para tal, foram verificados os prontuários de pacientes inscritos em serviços de referência em tratamento de anomalias craniofaciais, incluindo os portadores de fissuras labiopalatinas e nascidos no município de Campos dos Goytacazes (RJ) entre 01/01/1999 e 31/12/2004. A seguir, foi feito levantamento junto ao Setor de Dados Vitais da SMS, onde todos os sujeitos da amostra (63) tiveram suas DNV localizadas. Constatou-se que apenas 53,3 por cento das DNV apresentavam o registro de malformação no primeiro item e a subnotificação ocorreu em todos os tipos de fissura, sendo maior na fissura palatina (70 por cento). Quanto à descrição (2º item), a fissura palatina apresentou o maior número de erros, sendo descrita corretamente em 25 por cento dos casos. Todos os documentos estudados apresentaram o código da malformação (3º item) em branco. Não houve diferença estatística entre os diferentes profissionais quanto ao preenchimento dos formulários. Deste modo, concluiu-se que a DNV se mostrou ineficiente no registro das fissuras labiopalatais, em decorrência de falhas no preenchimento, principalmente pela ausência do preenchimento do código da CID-10.

The objective of this study was to verify the notification of information system for oral clefts in the live births declaration (DNV), studying the 3 items of DNV related to malformation. All the patients' medical records registered in oral cleft reference centers were checked. The inclusion criteria were: a) to have any oral cleft and b) to be born from 01/01/1999 to 12/31/2004. Next step was to raise the information in the vital data sector of Municipal Health Secretary, where all the DNVs identified were subjects with oral clefts (63 children). The first item presented a large subnotification (only 53.3 of the DNVs showed the register of malformation) and all types of clefts were not notified in any scale. Highest sub notification was observed for cleft palate (70 percent). Second item (description of malformation) showed similarly a high number of errors referred to palate cleft, identified only in 25 percent of the cases. All the documents showed no information about the third item (code of malformation). There was no statistical difference between professionals responsible for filling out the document. In conclusion, the DNV was inefficient to register the oral cleft cases due to imperfections related to 3 items studied, especially in the absence of information about CID-10 codes.

Prevalência de fissuras labiopalatais no município de Campos dos Goytacazes-RJ, 1999-2004 / Prevalence of oral cleft in Campos dos Goytacazes-RJ, 1999-2004

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a prevalência de fissuras labiopalatais no município de Campos dos Goytacazes-RJ, Brasil, em crianças nascidas entre 01/01/1999 e 31/12/2004. Foram considerados a faixa etária, tipo de fissura, sexo e raça da criança, além do estado civil, grau de escolaridade e procedência da mãe do portador na época do parto. Deste modo, foram verificados os prontuários de pacientes inscritos em serviços de referência em tratamento de anomalias craniofaciais, com o objetivo de selecionar os nascidos e/ou domiciliados no município de Campos dos Goytacazes. Após seleção inicial, foi realizada busca no Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos (SINASC), definindo o universo do estudo, a saber: nascidos vivos entre 1999 e 2004, cujas mães eram residentes em Campos dos Goytacazes. Neste período, o número de nascidos no município, por residência da mãe, foi de 46.707, dos quais 63 possuíam algum tipo de fissura labiopalatal, representando uma prevalência de 1,35 casos por 1000 nascidos vivos. A análise dos dados revelou que 55,6 por cento dos pacientes eram do sexo masculino. Os tipos de fissuras mais encontrados foram o de lábio e palato e o de palato isolado (34,9 por cento cada). Embora a raça branca tenha representado 61,3 por cento dos indivíduos estudados, o percentual de casos por raça não diferiu estatisticamente em relação à distribuição de nascidos na população. Com relação à mãe do portador, a maior parte das mães era solteira ou casada, possuindo como característica o baixo grau de escolaridade.

The purpose of the present study was to determine the prevalence of oral clefts in the city of Campos dos Goytacazes-RJ/Brazil, in children born from January 01, 1999 to December 31, 2004. Age group, cleft type, sex and race of the child were considered, as well as the marital status, education and origin of the child's mother at the time of birth. In this manner, the records of patients enrolled in reference services for treatment of craniofacial anomalies in the cities of Campos dos Goytacazes (RJ), Rio de Janeiro (RJ) and in Bauru (SP) were reviewed with the purpose of selecting those whose birth and/or residence was in the city of Campos dos Goytacazes, within the target period. After the initial selection, a search in the ISLB was conducted to define the universe of the study, which was: finding the children who were born alive between 1999 and 2004 whose mothers were living in Campos dos Goytacazes. In this period, using as a reference the mother's residence, the number of children born in the city was of 46,707, of which 63 had cleft lip with or without cleft palate, representing a prevalence of 1.35 cases in every 1,000 live births. The analysis of the data revealed that 55.6 percent of the patients were male; the most common type of cleft was isolated cleft palate and cleft lip and palate (34.9 percent); 61.3 percent of the cases were white children but the percentage of cases within each race did not differ statistically in relation to the distribution of births in the population; most of the mothers were single or married with little education.