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1.
Am J Pharm Educ ; 80(7): 127, 2016 Sep 25.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27756935

RESUMO

Outcomes from The Center for Advancement of Pharmacy Education (CAPE) are intended to represent the terminal knowledge, skills, and attitudes pharmacy students should possess and have guided delivery of pharmacy education for more than two decades. Advanced pharmacy practice experiences (APPEs) are the endpoint of pharmacy curricula where demonstration and assessment of terminal learning occurs. This review examines published literature in relation to the most recent CAPE outcomes to determine the extent to which they have been addressed during APPEs since 1996. Details related to the APPE focus, intervention(s)/learning setting(s), and assessments are summarized according to the 15 CAPE outcomes. Further, the assessments are categorized according to the level of learning achieved using an available method. Common CAPE outcomes are highlighted, as well as those for which published reports are lacking for APPEs. The range and quality of assessments are discussed and emphasize the need for continuous improvement of scholarly design and assessment.


Assuntos
Educação em Farmácia/organização & administração , Aprendizagem Baseada em Problemas , Estudantes de Farmácia , Currículo , Avaliação Educacional , Determinação de Ponto Final , Humanos , Preceptoria
2.
Pharmacotherapy ; 35(3): 277-97, 2015 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25754657

RESUMO

The dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) inhibitors, also known as gliptins, are widely used in clinical practice either as monotherapy or in combination with other agents for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The gliptins are effective, safe, well tolerated, and conveniently administered once/day. Moreover, these agents have a low risk for drug interactions and do not require initial dosage titrations to lessen adverse effects. They are not only clinically desirable, having the most favorable side-effect profile of all available antihyperglycemic medications, but they can also be used in any stage of renal or hepatic impairment. The antihyperglycemic effects of gliptins are attributed to inhibition of the DPP-IV enzyme, thereby prolonging the half-life (t1/2 ) of incretin hormones (substrates) to promote glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Beyond their glucose-lowering effects, gliptins may also reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease by improving endothelial function, lowering blood pressure, reducing inflammation, and delaying the progression of atherosclerosis. Although the vascular protective effects of gliptins depend on incretins, the contributions of other biologically important endogenous vasoactive substrates of DPP-IV are worthy of consideration from a therapeutic standpoint. Future and ongoing studies should help determine whether these vascular protective effects contribute to improved cardiovascular outcomes in patients with T2DM. The experimental and clinical evidence supporting the vascular protective effects of gliptins is reviewed.


Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Inibidores da Dipeptidil Peptidase IV/uso terapêutico , Hipoglicemiantes/uso terapêutico , Doenças Vasculares/prevenção & controle , Animais , Cardiotônicos/uso terapêutico , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto/métodos , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/epidemiologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/prevenção & controle , Humanos , Doenças Vasculares/enzimologia , Doenças Vasculares/epidemiologia
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