RESUMO
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPARalpha) is a member of the steroid hormone receptor superfamily. In rodents, PPARalpha alters genes involved in cell cycle regulation in hepatocytes. Some of these genes are implicated in neuronal cell death. Therefore, in this study, we examined the toxicological consequence of PPARalpha activation in rat primary cultures of cerebellar granule neurons. Our studies demonstrated the presence of PPARalpha mRNA in cultures by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. After 10 days in vitro, cerebellar granule neuron cultures were incubated with the selective PPARalpha activator 4-chloro-6-(2,3-xylidino)2-pyrimidinylthioacetic acid (Wy-14,643). The inherent toxicity of Wy-14,643 and the effect of PPARalpha activation following toxic stimuli were assessed. In these studies, neurotoxicity was induced through reduction of extracellular [KCl] from 25 mM to 5.36 mM. We observed no inherent toxicity of Wy-14,643 (24 hr) in cultured cerebellar granule cells. However, after reduction of [KCl], cerebellar granule cell cultures incubated with Wy-14,643 showed significantly greater toxicity than controls. These results suggest a possible role for PPARalpha in augmentation of cerebellar granule neuronal death after toxic stimuli.
Assuntos
Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Córtex Cerebelar/citologia , Neurônios/efeitos dos fármacos , Receptores Citoplasmáticos e Nucleares/efeitos dos fármacos , Fatores de Transcrição/efeitos dos fármacos , Alitretinoína , Animais , Células Cultivadas/efeitos dos fármacos , L-Lactato Desidrogenase/análise , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/análise , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/biossíntese , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/genética , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/fisiologia , Cloreto de Potássio/farmacologia , Pirimidinas/farmacologia , Pirimidinas/toxicidade , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Receptores Citoplasmáticos e Nucleares/biossíntese , Receptores Citoplasmáticos e Nucleares/genética , Receptores Citoplasmáticos e Nucleares/fisiologia , Receptores do Ácido Retinoico/agonistas , Receptores X de Retinoides , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa , Fatores de Transcrição/agonistas , Fatores de Transcrição/biossíntese , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Fatores de Transcrição/fisiologia , Tretinoína/farmacologia , Regulação para Cima/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
The plasma membrane Ca(2+) pump is a key regulator of cytosolic free Ca(2+). Recent studies have demonstrated the dynamic expression of the plasma membrane Ca(2+) pump in a variety of cell types. Furthermore, alterations in plasma membrane calcium pump activity have now been implicated in human disease. In this study, the development of a technique to quantitatively assess mRNA expression of the human plasma membrane Ca(2+) ATPase (PMCA1) isoform of the plasma membrane Ca(2+) pump, using a real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (real-time RT-PCR) assay in a human breast epithelial cell line (MCF-7) is described. The sequences of the PMCA1 primers and probe for real-time RT-PCR are presented. The results also indicate that PMCA1 mRNA can be normalized to both 18S ribosomal RNA (18S rRNA) and human glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (hGAPDH) in MCF-7 cells. Real-time RT-PCR will be most useful in assessing PMCA1 mRNA expression in cases where only low amounts of RNA are available and/or when numerous samples must be assessed simultaneously.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama/enzimologia , ATPases Transportadoras de Cálcio/genética , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa , Neoplasias da Mama/genética , ATPases Transportadoras de Cálcio/metabolismo , Proteínas de Transporte de Cátions , Primers do DNA/química , Sondas de DNA/química , DNA de Neoplasias/análise , Feminino , Humanos , ATPases Transportadoras de Cálcio da Membrana Plasmática , Células Tumorais CultivadasRESUMO
The assignment of beds to satellite pharmacies is based primarily on proximity. Assignment will usually be by nursing unit to encourage more effective communication among the patient, doctor, nurse, and pharmacist. Usually, an equal number of beds is assigned to each satellite. Recognizing that some nursing units (e.g., Intensive Care Units) place greater demands on pharmacy resources than others makes it obvious that there is a need for a system to measure the consumption of pharmacy resources by patient acuity. This article tells how such a measure was conceived, developed, and applied.
Assuntos
Avaliação em Enfermagem/métodos , Processo de Enfermagem/métodos , Gestão de Recursos Humanos/métodos , Admissão e Escalonamento de Pessoal/métodos , Serviço de Farmácia Hospitalar , Hospitais com 300 a 499 Leitos , Humanos , Pennsylvania , Análise e Desempenho de Tarefas , Recursos HumanosRESUMO
A hospital used management engineering to achieve more effective utilization of its pharmacy staff so that pharmacists' clinical role could be expanded without increases in staff or costs.