The Use of Smoothelin and Other Antibodies in the Diagnosis of Uterine and Soft Tissue Smooth Muscle Tumors.

Smoothelin is a cytoplasmic protein expressed in differentiated smooth muscle cells. Immunohistochemical evaluation of smoothelin has previously been reported in gastrointestinal (GI) smooth muscle tumors, but has yet to be studied in smooth muscle tumors of uterine and other soft tissue origin. DOG1 expression is reported to be specific for GI stromal tumors; however, variable expression has been reported in leiomyosarcomas (LMS) depending on site of origin. Overexpression of p16 is common in LMS of uterine and other sites of origin, but has not been correlated with tumor grade. This study explores the differential expression of these markers, as well as caldesmon, in LMS cases to assess diagnostic utility. Using tissue microarrays and cases from Tulane Medical Center and Medical College of Wisconsin, expression of smoothelin, DOG1, caldesmon, and p16 was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in 87 cases of LMS. The cases were subdivided by location of origin into uterine (N=31) and nonuterine (N=56) with 10 of the nonuterine of GI origin, as well as by grade into low grade (N=27) and intermediate and high grade (N=60). Differential expression among different grades and locations was evaluated. The same markers were evaluated in atypical leiomyoma cases (N=4) and 1 smooth muscle tumor of uncertain malignant potential case (N=1). Smoothelin expression was also assessed in 20 benign uterine leiomyomas. Weak DOG1 expression is rare but possible in extrauterine LMS. Expression of p16 is common in both uterine and extrauterine LMS, and more frequent in higher grades. Expression of smoothelin in this study differed depending on tumor type, grade, and site of origin. All leiomyomas and most atypical leiomyomas showed cytoplasmic positivity for smoothelin, whereas only 5% of LMS had cytoplasmic expression. The study suggests smoothelin may be downregulated in the cytoplasm of malignant smooth muscle tumor cells and may serve as a supportive aid in the distinction of LMS from benign smooth muscle tumors in cases where it is difficult by morphology alone.

ALK-rearrangements and testing methods in non-small cell lung cancer: a review.

The anaplastic lymphoma tyrosine kinase (ALK) gene was first described as a driver mutation in anaplastic non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Dysregulated ALK expression is now an identified driver mutation in nearly twenty different human malignancies, including 4-9% of non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC). The tyrosine kinase inhibitor crizotinib is more effective than standard chemotherapeutic agents in treating ALK positive NSCLC, making molecular diagnostic testing for dysregulated ALK expression a necessary step in identifying optimal treatment modalities. Here we review ALKmediated signal transduction pathways and compare the molecular protocols used to identify dysregulated ALK expression in NSCLC. We also discuss the use of crizotinib and second generation ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitors in the treatment of ALK positive NSCLC, and the known mechanisms of crizotinib resistance in NSCLC.

Thirty-five-year-old woman with signet ring cell gastric carcinoma secondary to the chernobyl nuclear accident: a case report.

The 1986 Chernobyl nuclear accident resulted in radiation exposures throughout much of Europe, with the highest exposures within the city of Pripyat, Ukraine, where the accident occurred. We report a woman who was exposed to the Chernobyl accident at age 13. Beginning in her early thirties, she experienced several years of upper abdominal pain that became progressively more severe. At age 35, she underwent upper endoscopy and gastric biopsy. Histological examination revealed a signet ring cell (SRC) gastric carcinoma. The tumor was discovered at an advanced stage and proved unresectable. She died 3 months following her diagnosis. The mean age for SRC gastric carcinoma diagnosis is about 62 years; the median survival following diagnosis is 13 months. The early appearance and aggressive clinical course of this malignancy in relation to the Chernobyl nuclear accident is discussed.

Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase in malignancy: a review.

Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (Nampt) catalyzes the rate-limiting step of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) synthesis. Both intracellular and extracellular Nampt (iNampt and eNampt) levels are increased in several human malignancies and some studies demonstrate increased iNampt in more aggressive/invasive tumors and in tumor metastases. Several different molecular targets have been identified that promote carcinogenesis following iNampt overexpression, including SirT1, CtBP, and PARP-1. Additionally, eNampt is elevated in several human cancers and is often associated with a higher tumor stage and worse prognoses. Here we review the roles of Nampt in malignancy, some of the known mechanisms by which it promotes carcinogenesis, and discuss the possibility of employing Nampt inhibitors in cancer treatment.