Functional connectivity changes in mild cognitive impairment: A meta-analysis of M/EEG studies.

OBJECTIVE: Early synchrony alterations have been observed through electrophysiological techniques in Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), which is considered the intermediate phase between healthy aging (HC) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the documented direction (hyper/hypo-synchronization), regions and frequency bands affected are inconsistent. This meta-analysis intended to elucidate existing evidence linked to potential neurophysiological biomarkers of AD. METHODS: We conducted a random-effects meta-analysis that entailed the unbiased inclusion of Non-statistically Significant Unreported Effect Sizes ("MetaNSUE") of electroencephalogram (EEG) and magnetoencephalogram (MEG) studies investigating functional connectivity changes at rest along the healthy-pathological aging continuum, searched through PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and PsycINFO databases until June 2023. RESULTS: Of the 3852 articles extracted, we analyzed 12 papers, and we found an alpha synchrony decrease in MCI compared to HC, specifically between temporal-parietal (d = -0.26) and frontal-parietal areas (d = -0.25). CONCLUSIONS: Alterations of alpha synchrony are present even at MCI stage. SIGNIFICANCE: Synchrony measures may be promising for the detection of the first hallmarks of connectivity alterations, even at the prodromal stages of the AD, before clinical symptoms occur.

Social support network for young mothers of children diagnosed with congenital syphilis. / Rede de apoio social de jovens mães de filhos diagnosticados com sífilis congênita.

This study of multiple cases aimed to analyze the social support network of young mothers of children diagnosed with congenital syphilis in a municipality in Ceará with six participants. Information was collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using the cross-case synthesis analytical technique. The young women's social network comprised family members, people outside the family, and social facilities. We identified heterogeneous bonds and social support as essential in the gestational and postpartum periods after the diagnosis of syphilis. The vertical transmission of syphilis is permeated by subjectivities identified from understanding the context involving social networks, interpersonal relationships, and support for mothers and their children.

Estudo de casos múltiplos com objetivo de analisar a rede de apoio social de jovens mães de filhos diagnosticados com sífilis congênita. Realizado em um município do estado do Ceará com seis participantes. As informações foram coletadas mediante entrevista semiestruturada e analisadas por meio da técnica analítica da síntese cruzada dos casos. A rede social das jovens foi constituída por familiares, pessoas externas à família, equipamentos sociais do território e serviços de saúde. Constataram-se vínculos heterogêneos e o apoio social foi essencial após o diagnóstico de sífilis, no período gestacional e puerperal. A transmissão vertical da sífilis é permeada por subjetividades que podem ser identificadas a partir da compreensão do contexto que envolve redes sociais, relações interpessoais e apoio social das mães e de seus filhos.

Neural dynamics of vicarious physical pain processing reflect impaired empathy toward sexually objectified versus non-sexually objectified women.

Sexually objectified women are perceived as dehumanized. This may affect the behavioral and neural responses underlying the observer's empathic reactions for their physical pain, although this hypothesis still lacks empirical support. In the present study, we measured the electrophysiological activity of 30 participants (14 females and 16 males), in an empathy for physical pain paradigm in which pictures of sexualized and non-sexualized women were presented in painful and non-painful situations. The behavioral results revealed that sexualized women were evaluated as experiencing less pain than non-sexualized women. Neural evidence corroborated this finding showing that the perception of vicarious physical pain is lacking for sexualized women in both event-related potentials (ERPs) and brain oscillation domains. Specifically, the P2 component and the event-related synchronization/desynchronization (ERS/ERD) on the mu frequency band differed between painful and non-painful stimulation exclusively when women were not sexualized. Our results provide the first evidence that the neurophysiological responses to the vicarious experience of physical pain are dampened or even absent for sexualized women. These findings expand our understanding of the neurophysiological signatures of empathic processes and highlight the detrimental effect of a sexual-objectification bias in everyday contexts.

Feasibility of Remote Unsupervised Cognitive Screening With SATURN in Older Adults.

Widespread cognitive test screening as part of tele-public health initiatives necessitates a test that is self-administered online and automatically scored, with no clinician effort. The feasibility of unsupervised cognitive screening is unclear. We adapted the Self-Administered Tasks Uncovering Risk of Neurodegeneration (SATURN) to make it suitable for self-administration and automatic scoring. A sample of 364 healthy older adults completed SATURN via a web browser, in a fully independent manner. SATURN's overall score was not modulated by gender, education, reading speed, the time of day at which the test was taken, or an individual's familiarity with technology. SATURN proved extremely portable across operating systems. Importantly, comments from participants reported satisfaction with the experience and the clarity of the instructions. SATURN represents a fast and easy screening tool that can be used for a first assessment, during a routine test or clinical evaluation, or during periodic health monitoring, in person or remotely.

Age-related effects on online and offline learning in visuo-spatial working memory.

Learning results from online (within-session) and offline (between-sessions) changes. Heterogeneity of age-related effects in learning may be ascribed to aging differentially affecting these two processes. We investigated the contribution of online and offline consolidation in visuo-spatial working memory (vWM). Younger and older participants performed a vWM task on day one and after nine days, allowing us to disentangle online and offline learning effects. To test whether offline consolidation needs continuous practice, two additional groups of younger and older adults performed the same vWM task in between the two assessments. Similarly to other cognitive domains, older adults improved vWM through online (during session one) but not through offline learning. Practice was necessary to improve vWM between sessions in older participants. Younger adults instead exhibited only offline improvement, regardless of practice. The findings suggest that while online learning remains efficient in aging, practice is instead required to support more fragile offline mechanisms.

Rede de apoio social de jovens mães de filhos diagnosticados com sífilis congênita / Social support network for young mothers of children diagnosed with congenital syphilis

Resumo Estudo de casos múltiplos com objetivo de analisar a rede de apoio social de jovens mães de filhos diagnosticados com sífilis congênita. Realizado em um município do estado do Ceará com seis participantes. As informações foram coletadas mediante entrevista semiestruturada e analisadas por meio da técnica analítica da síntese cruzada dos casos. A rede social das jovens foi constituída por familiares, pessoas externas à família, equipamentos sociais do território e serviços de saúde. Constataram-se vínculos heterogêneos e o apoio social foi essencial após o diagnóstico de sífilis, no período gestacional e puerperal. A transmissão vertical da sífilis é permeada por subjetividades que podem ser identificadas a partir da compreensão do contexto que envolve redes sociais, relações interpessoais e apoio social das mães e de seus filhos.

Abstract This study of multiple cases aimed to analyze the social support network of young mothers of children diagnosed with congenital syphilis in a municipality in Ceará with six participants. Information was collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using the cross-case synthesis analytical technique. The young women's social network comprised family members, people outside the family, and social facilities. We identified heterogeneous bonds and social support as essential in the gestational and postpartum periods after the diagnosis of syphilis. The vertical transmission of syphilis is permeated by subjectivities identified from understanding the context involving social networks, interpersonal relationships, and support for mothers and their children.

Políticas públicas de enfrentamento ao trabalho infantil: desafios para atenção integral em saúde e intersetorialidade / Public policies to fight child labor: challenges for comprehensive health care and intersectoriality

Resumo Este estudo objetiva analisar os atos normativos para combate ao trabalho infantil sancionados no Brasil entre 1990 e 2018. Pesquisa exploratório-descritiva em base documental e de natureza qualitativa. Foram incluídos 102 documentos: atos normativos publicados no Brasil dos anos de 1990 a 2018, que abordam o enfrentamento ao trabalho infantil. Os dados foram agrupados em uma matriz de análise, organizada por: tipo de ato normativo, ano de publicação, origem ministerial, observando-se os períodos políticos. Os resultados expressam diferenças significativas na formulação das políticas públicas, como ausência de atos normativos no setor de saúde na década de 1990, época em que o Sistema Único de Saúde se estruturava. Mudança no foco de investimento, da educação e transferência de renda para o Programa Bolsa Família, aumentando a responsabilização das famílias. As políticas de formação profissional, apesar de serem reconhecidas como instrumentos de combate ao trabalho infantil, apresentam contradições, pois preconizam uma atuação para atender aos interesses econômicos vigentes. Este modelo de construção e atuação se reflete na relação entre os diversos campos de políticas públicas para o enfrentamento do trabalho infantil, causando limitações nas práticas intersetoriais e na integralidade da atenção voltada para crianças e adolescentes.

Abstract This study aims to analyze the normative acts to combat child labor sanctioned in Brazil between 1990 and 2018. This is an exploratory-descriptive, document-based, qualitative research. A total of 102 documents were included, namely: normative acts published in Brazil from the years 1990 to 2018, which address the confrontation of child labor. The data were grouped in an analysis matrix organized by type of normative act, year of publication, and ministerial origin, observing the political periods. The results express significant differences in the formulation of public policies, such as the absence of normative acts in the health sector in the 1990s, when the Unified Health System was being structured. Changes were made in the focus of investment, from education and cash transfers to the Bolsa Familia Program, increasing the accountability of families. The vocational training policies, despite being recognized as instruments to fight child labor, present contradictions, since they advocate an action to meet the prevailing economic interests. This model of construction and action reflects on the relationship between the various fields of public policies for combating child labor, causing limitations in intersectoral practices and in the integrality of the attention aimed at children and adolescents.

Elaboração de uma cartilha informativa para familiares e cuidadores de crianças com autismo / Elaboración de un folleto informativo para familiares y cuidadores de niños con autismo / Development of an information booklet for family members and caregivers of children with autism

Objetivo: descrever a elaboração de uma cartilha informativa para familiares e cuidadores de crianças que vivem Transtorno do Espectro Autista. Método: pesquisa metodológica, realizada entre setembro de 2019 a julho de 2022 no sul do Brasil. Resultados: a elaboração envolveu a etapa teórica, validação de conteúdo e construção da cartilha denominada "Crianças autistas**: cartilha para familiares e cuidadores". Composta com seis capítulos: características do transtorno, comportamento da criança, direitos, futuro da criança com autismo e compartilhando experiências e visões. O conteúdo foi validado e para a construção da cartilha foram investigadas as preferências de dispositivos tecnológicos e layout de recursos informativos pelos familiares; após, o protótipo da cartilha passou por teste de usabilidade e navegação, hospedada no Articulate Storyline Software e está disponível para o público-alvo. Considerações finais: o processo de elaboração de recursos educativos para familiares pode auxiliar outros pesquisadores com interesse na área.

Objetivo: describir la elaboración de un folleto informativo para familiares y cuidadores de niños con Trastorno del Espectro Autista. Material y Método: investigación metodológica realizada entre septiembre de 2019 y julio de 2022 en el sur de Brasil. Resultados: la investigación incluyó una etapa teórica, la validación del contenido y la construcción de un folleto llamado "Niños autistas**: folleto para familiares y cuidadores". Consta de seis capítulos: características del trastorno, comportamiento del niño, derechos, futuro de los niños con autismo y compartir experiencias y visiones. Se validó el contenido y, para elaborar el folleto, se investigaron las preferencias de los familiares en cuanto a dispositivos tecnológicos y disposición de los recursos informativos; a continuación, el prototipo de folleto se sometió a pruebas de usabilidad y navegación, se alojó en Articulate Storyline Software y ya está a disposición del público destinatario. Consideraciones finales: el proceso de desarrollo de recursos educativos para familiares puede ayudar a otros investigadores interesados en el área.

Objective: to describe the development of an information booklet for family members and caregivers of children living with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Method: methodological research carried out between September 2019 and July 2022 in southern Brazil. Results: the study involved a theoretical stage, content validation and the construction of a booklet called Autistic children**: a booklet for family members and caregivers". It consists of six chapters: characteristics of the disorder, the child's behavior, rights, the future of children with autism and sharing experiences and visions. The content was validated and to build the booklet, family members' preferences for technological devices and the layout of information resources were investigated; afterwards, the prototype of the booklet underwent usability and navigation tests, was hosted on Articulate Storyline Software and is available to the target audience. Final considerations: the process of developing educational resources for family members can help other researchers with an interest in the area.

Rede de apoio às famílias de crianças com transtorno do espectro autista / Red de apoyo a las familias de niños con trastorno del espectro autista / Support network for families of children with autism spectrum disorder

RESUMO Objetivo: identificar a rede social de apoio das famílias de crianças com Transtorno do Espectro Autista (TEA). Métodos: trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva, abordagem qualitativa, com a participação de 22 familiares de crianças com TEA. A coleta de dados ocorreu por meio de entrevista semiestruturada, entre os meses de agosto de 2018 e março de 2020. Os depoimentos foram transcritos e submetidos à análise de conteúdo, com apoio do software WebQDA ® . Resultados: emergiram as seguintes categorias e subcategorias: apoio familiar (elementos da rede familiar, rede restrita e funções da rede) e apoio comunitário (serviços utilizados, ajuda material e de serviços, recursos comunitários, guia cognitivo e de conselhos). Considerações Finais: a rede de apoio familiarevidencia-se restrita e fragilizada devido ao suporte limitado da família extensa ou de outros membros da comunidade. Além disso, foram identificadas lacunas no acesso aos serviços de saúde e recursos de assistência social assegurados por Lei às pessoas com TEA, revelando a importância do papel da equipe multiprofissional em articular a rede de atenção, com vistas ao fortalecimento das famílias, transformando-se em agentes de proteção aos direitos e ampliação da rede da criança com TEA e sua família.

RESUMEN Objetivo: identificar la red social de apoyo de las familias de niños con Trastorno del Espectro Autista (TEA). Métodos: se trata de una investigación descriptiva, con abordaje cualitativo, con la participación de 22 familiares de niños con TEA. La recolección de datos se realizó por medio de entrevista semiestructurada, entre los meses de agosto de 2018 y marzo de 2020. Los relatos fueron transcritos y sometidos al análisis de contenido, con el apoyo del software WebQDA®. Resultados: han surgido las siguientes categorías y subcategorías: apoyo familiar (elementos de la red familiar, red restricta y funciones de la red) y apoyo comunitario (servicios utilizados, ayuda material y de servicios, recursos comunitarios, apoyo cognitivo y de consejos). Consideraciones finales: la red de apoyo familiar se evidencia restricta y fragilizada debido al soporte limitado de la familia extensa o de otros miembros de la comunidad. Además, se identificaron lagunas en el acceso a los servicios de salud y recursos de asistencia social asegurados por Ley a las personas con TEA, revelando la importancia del papel del equipo multiprofesional en articular la red de atención, a fin de fortalecer a las familias, transformándose en agentes de protección a los derechos y ampliación de la red del niño con TEA y su familia.

ABSTRACT Objective: to identify the social support network for families of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Methods: descriptive study with a qualitative approach, with the participation of 22 family members of children with ASD. Data collection was conducted through semi-structured interviews between August 2018 and March 2020. Statements were transcribed and submitted to content analysis, with the support of the WebQDA® software. Results: the following categories and subcategories emerged: family support (elements of family network, restricted network, and network functions) and community support (services used, material support and services, community resources, cognitive guide and advice). Final Considerations: the family support network is restricted and weakened due to limited support from the extended family or other community members.In addition, barriers were identified in the access to health services and social assistance resources ensured by law for people with ASD, revealing the importance of the role of multidisciplinary teams in connecting the care network, with a view to strengthening the families, becoming agents forthe protection of rights and expansion of the network for the child with ASD and their family.

Práticas e comportamentos alimentares de famílias de crianças com perturbação do espectro autista / Eating practices and behaviors of families of children with autistic spectrum disorder / Prácticas y conductas alimentarias de familias de niños con trastorno del espectro autista

Resumo Enquadramento: Os comportamentos alimentares atípicos são significativamente mais comuns em crianças com perturbação do espectro autista (PEA), podendo influenciar a organização da família em relação às suas práticas. Objetivo: compreender as práticas e comportamentos alimentares de famílias de crianças com PEA. Metodologia: Estudo qualitativo e descritivo, do tipo estudo de casos múltiplos, participaram 13 familiares de crianças com PEA. Foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas e foi utilizada a técnica analítica de síntese cruzada dos casos, para sistematização das evidências. Resultados: Evidenciaram-se as conceções e práticas alimentares; a organização das práticas alimentares da família; e o comportamento alimentar. A conceção das famílias sobre as práticas alimentares reflete na forma desta se organizar e atender às demandas de cuidado de seus filhos. Conclusão: Cada família constrói a sua prática alimentar, de acordo como seu contexto, com a sua identidade alimentar e cultural, e das diferentes demandas relacionadas aos comportamentos e dificuldades alimentares de seus filhos, necessitando estabelecer uma rede de apoio para enfrentar a organização do seu dia a dia.

Abstract Background: Atypical eating behaviors are significantly common in children with autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) and can influence families' organization of eating practices. Objective: To understand the eating practices and behaviors of families of children with ASD. Methodology: This is a qualitative and descriptive study, using the multiple case method, with the participation of 13 family members of children with ASD. Semi-structured interviews were conducted, and the analytical technique of cross-case synthesis was used to systematize the evidence. Results: This study gathered evidence on eating conceptions and practices, the organization of families' eating practices, and eating behaviors. Families' conceptions of eating practices influence how they organize and meet their children's care needs. Conclusion: Each family develops their eating practices based on their context, food and cultural identity, and the different demands of their children's eating behaviors and difficulties. Families need a support network to manage the organization of their daily routines.

Resumen Marco contextual: Las conductas alimentarias atípicas son significativamente más frecuentes en los niños con trastorno del espectro autista (TEA) y pueden influir en la organización familiar en relación con sus prácticas. Objetivo: Conocer las prácticas y conductas alimentarias de las familias de niños con TEA. Metodología: Estudio cualitativo y descriptivo, del tipo de estudio de casos múltiples, participaron 13 familiares de niños con TEA. Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas y se utilizó la técnica analítica de síntesis cruzada de casos para sistematizar las pruebas. Resultados: Se observaron las concepciones y prácticas alimentarias, la organización de las prácticas alimentarias de la familia y la conducta alimentaria. La concepción de las familias sobre las prácticas alimentarias se refleja en la forma en que se organizan y satisfacen las demandas de cuidado de sus hijos. Conclusión: Cada familia construye su práctica alimentaria según su contexto, su identidad alimentaria y cultural, y las diferentes demandas relacionadas con la conducta y las dificultades alimentarias de sus hijos, por lo que necesitan establecer una red de apoyo para hacer frente a la organización de su vida cotidiana.

Aging and feature binding in visual working memory.

Older adults have reduced performance in visual working memory tasks in comparison to young adults, but the precipitators of the age-related impairment are not fully understood. The most common interpretation of this difference is that older adults are incapable of maintaining the same amount of object representations as young adults over short intervals (in line with the fixed-slot model of working memory). However, it has remained largely unexplored whether the age-related decline is only due to the number of representations that older individuals can retain in visual working memory, or whether the content of the representation(s) may have an effect as well (in line with the flexible-resource model of working memory). Feature binding studies represent an interesting research line to examine the content of older adults' representations. In this mini-review, we present the main results across feature binding studies in aging, as well as highlight the importance of manipulating both the representation content and number to have a stress test of the various models of working memory and their contribution to aging. Overall, feature binding studies, together with the simultaneous manipulation of set size, will allow us to better understand the nature of the age-related decline of visual working memory.

Training attentive individuation leads to visuo-spatial working memory improvement in low-performing older adults: An online study.

Cognitive decrements are typical of physiological aging. Among these age-related cognitive changes, visuo-spatial working memory (vWM) decline has a prominent role due to its effects on other cognitive functions and daily routines. To reinforce vWM in the aging population, several cognitive training interventions have been developed in the past years. Given that vWM functioning depends (at least partially) on the efficiency of attention selection of the relevant objects, in the present study we implemented a short (five sessions), online intervention that primarily trained attentive individuation of target items and tested training effects on a vWM task. Attention training effects were compared with practice (i.e., a group that repeatedly performed the same vWM task) and test-retest effects (i.e., a passive group). After the training, the results showed attention training effects of the same magnitude as practice effects, confirming that the enhancement of attentive individuation has a positive cascade influence on maintaining items in vWM. Moreover, training and practice effects were only evident in low-performing older adults. Thus, interindividual differences at baseline crucially contribute to training outcomes and are a fundamental factor to be accounted for in the implementation of cognitive training protocols.

Connectivity alterations underlying the breakdown of pseudoneglect: New insights from healthy and pathological aging.

A right-hemisphere dominance for visuospatial attention has been invoked as the most prominent neural feature of pseudoneglect (i.e., the leftward visuospatial bias exhibited in neurologically healthy individuals) but the neurophysiological underpinnings of such advantage are still controversial. Previous studies investigating visuospatial bias in multiple-objects visual enumeration reported that pseudoneglect is maintained in healthy elderly and amnesic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), but not in Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study, we aimed at investigating the neurophysiological correlates sustaining the rearrangements of the visuospatial bias along the progression from normal to pathological aging. To this aim, we recorded EEG activity during an enumeration task and analyzed intra-hemispheric fronto-parietal and inter-hemispheric effective connectivity adopting indexes from graph theory in patients with mild AD, patients with aMCI, and healthy elderly controls (HC). Results revealed that HC showed the leftward bias and stronger fronto-parietal effective connectivity in the right as compared to the left hemisphere. A breakdown of pseudoneglect in patients with AD was associated with both the loss of the fronto-parietal asymmetry and the reduction of inter-hemispheric parietal interactions. In aMCI, initial alterations of the attentional bias were associated with a reduction of parietal inter-hemispheric communication, but not with modulations of the right fronto-parietal connectivity advantage, which remained intact. These data provide support to the involvement of fronto-parietal and inter-parietal pathways in the leftward spatial bias, extending these notions to the complex neurophysiological alterations characterizing pathological aging.

"Classifying-together" phenomenon in fish (Xenotoca eiseni): Simultaneous exposure to visual stimuli impairs subsequent discrimination learning.

When animals are previously exposed to two different visual stimuli simultaneously, their learning performance at discriminating those stimuli delays: such a phenomenon is known as "classifying-together" or "Bateson effect". However, the consistency of this phenomenon has not been wholly endorsed, especially considering the evidence collected in several vertebrates. The current study addressed whether a teleost fish, Xenotoca eiseni, was liable to the Bateson effect. Three experiments were designed, by handling the visual stimuli (i.e., a full red disk, an amputated red disk, a red cross) and the presence of an exposure phase, before performing a discriminative learning task (Exp. 1: full red disk vs. amputated red disk; Exp. 2: full red disk vs. red cross). In the exposure phase, three conditions per pairs of training stimuli were arranged: "congruence", where fish were exposed and trained to choose the same stimulus; "wide-incongruence", where fish were exposed to one stimulus and trained to choose the other one; "narrow-incongruence", where fish were exposed to both the stimuli and trained to choose one of them. In the absence of exposure (Exp. 3), the discrimination learning task was carried out to establish a baseline performance as regards the full red disk vs. amputated red disk, and the full red disk vs. red cross. Results showed that fish ran into retardation effects at learning when trained to choose a novel stimulus with respect to the one experienced during the exposure-phase (wide-incongruence condition), as well as after being simultaneously exposed to both stimuli (narrow-incongruence condition). Furthermore, there were no facilitation effects due to the congruence compared with the baseline: in such a case, familiar stimuli did not ease the performance at learning. The study provides the first evidence about the consistency of the classifying-together effect in a fish species, further highlighting the impact of visual similarities on discrimination processes.

Percepção do profissional da Estratégia Saúde da Família no cuidado à criança com deficiência / Percepción del profesional de la Estrategia Salud de la Familia frente al cuidado de niños con discapacidad / Perception by professionals of the Family Health Strategy regarding the care of children with disabilities

Objetivo: compreender a percepção dos profissionais da Estratégia Saúde da Família sobre o cuidado às crianças com deficiências. Materiais e métodos: estudo exploratório descritivo com abordagem qualitativa. A coleta de dados ocorreu no primeiro semestre de 2019. Realizaram-se entrevistas não estruturadas, com questões orientadoras referentes à percepção dos profissionais quanto ao cuidado realizado às crianças com deficiências com 33 profissionais de seis equipes de saúde, de um município da região Sul do Brasil. Utilizou-se a análise categorial temática com o auxílio do software WebQDA®. Resultados: as categorias temáticas finais identificadas neste estudo são sobre o cuidado às crianças com deficiências na Estratégia Saúde da Família, as quais foram divididas em potencialidades e fragilidades. Com relação às potencialidades, identificaram-se a rede de atenção, dando suporte aos encaminhamentos necessários, os atendimentos realizados com priorização e equidade e a consideração da importância das famílias nos cuidados; nas fragilidades, ressaltaram-se as limitações dos serviços, que dificultam ou até impossibilitam os atendimentos, como falta de profissionais, insumos e ambiência adequada, falta de protocolos direcionando os atendimentos, falta de capacitação e desconhecimento dos direitos desse público, o que prejudica o cuidado prestado a essas crianças. Conclusões: compreender a percepção dos profissionais que estão na assistência dessas crianças possibilita identificar as lacunas dos serviços e proporciona a valorização do pessoal de saúde; em consequência disso, favorece o direcionamento adequado de recursos, beneficiando o cuidado para as famílias de crianças com deficiência.

Objetivo: comprender la percepción de los profesionales de la Estrategia Salud de la Familia sobre la atención a niños con discapacidad. Materiales y métodos: estudio exploratorio y descriptivo con enfoque cualitativo. La recolección de datos tuvo lugar en el primer semestre de 2019. Se realizaron entrevistas no estructuradas con preguntas orientadoras, que indagaron sobre la percepción frente a la atención brindada a niños con discapacidad por parte de 33 profesionales de seis equipos de salud en un municipio de la región sur de Brasil. Se utilizó el análisis categórico temático con la ayuda del software WebQDA®. Resultados: las categorías temáticas finales identificadas en este estudio abordan la atención a niños con discapacidad en el marco de la Estrategia Salud de la Familia. Dichas categorías se dividieron en potencialidades y debilidades. Dentro de las potencialidades, se destacan la red de atención (que contribuye a las remisiones necesarias), la oferta de atención prioritaria y con equidad, y el hecho de considerar la importancia de las familias dentro del esquema de cuidado. Con respecto a las debilidades, vale la pena mencionar algunas limitaciones en la prestación de los servicios de salud que dificultan o incluso imposibilitan la atención, como la falta de profesionales, insumos, protocolos de atención, capacitación y desconocimiento de los derechos de esta población, así como la falta de un ambiente adecuado, lo cual perjudica la atención que se brinda a los niños con discapacidad. Conclusiones: comprender la percepción de los profesionales a cargo del cuidado de niños con discapacidad permite identificar brechas en los servicios de salud y aproximarse a las apreciaciones del personal de salud, lo cual favorece una adecuada asignación de recursos y la generación de beneficios para la atención a esta población y sus familias.

Objective: To understand the perception of professionals from the Family Health Strategy regarding the care provided to children with disabilities. Materials and method: Descriptive and exploratory study under a qualitative approach. Data collection took place in the first half of 2019. Unstructured interviews with guiding questions asked for the perception of professionals regarding the care provided to children with disabilities. A total of 33 professionals from six health teams from a municipality in southern Brazil participated in this study. Thematic categorical analysis was carried out with the help of the WebQDA® software. Results: The final thematic categories identified in this study addressed the health care provided to children with disabilities within the framework of the Family Health Strategy, which were divided into potentials and weaknesses. In relation to potentials, the care network (supporting the necessary referrals), the care provided with prioritization and equity, and considering the importance of families in health care were considered as relevant elements. As for weaknesses, some limitations in the provision of services that make it difficult or even impossible to provide care were identified, among these: the lack of professionals, supplies and an adequate environment, the lack of protocols towards care and training, and unawareness of the rights of this population, which affect the care provided to these children. Conclusions: Understanding the perception of the professionals in charge of taking care of the studied population makes it possible to identify the existing gaps in health services and acknowledge the appreciations of health personnel, thus favoring the adequate allocation of resources for benefiting the families of children with disabilities.

Power shift and connectivity changes in healthy aging during resting-state EEG.

The neural activity of human brain changes in healthy individuals during aging. The most frequent variation in patterns of neural activity are a shift from posterior to anterior areas and a reduced asymmetry between hemispheres. These patterns are typically observed during task execution and by using functional magnetic resonance imaging data. In the present study we investigated whether analogous effects can also be detected during rest and by means of source-space time series reconstructed from electroencephalographic recordings. By analyzing oscillatory power distribution across the brain we indeed found a shift from posterior to anterior areas in older adults. We additionally examined this shift by evaluating connectivity and its changes with age. The findings indicated that inter-area connections among frontal, parietal and temporal areas were strengthened in older individuals. A more complex pattern was shown in intra-area connections, where age-related activity was enhanced in parietal and temporal areas, and reduced in frontal areas. Finally, the resulting network exhibits a loss of modularity with age. Overall, the results extend to resting-state condition the evidence of an age-related shift of brain activity from posterior to anterior areas, thus suggesting that this shift is a general feature of the aging brain rather than being task-specific. In addition, the connectivity results provide new information on the reorganization of resting-state brain activity in aging.

The family system seeking to transform its eating behavior in the face of childhood obesity.

OBJECTIVES: to understand families' behaviors and eating practices in the face of childhood obesity. METHODS: a qualitative study, which used the Grounded Theory as a methodological framework and the Complexity Theory as a theoretical framework. Twenty-six informants participated in the study, who were part of two sample groups. Data were collected through intensive interviews, using a semi-structured script. RESULTS: "The family system seeking to change eating behavior patterns in the face of childhood obesity" emerged as a central concept, relating three conceptual categories: "Recognizing its behavior patterns and eating practices"; "Reorganizing in the face of childhood obesity"; "Responding to change". FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: the family influences children's eating behavior and contributes to changes that occur in it, which highlights the relevance of the family approach in childhood obesity care, raising reflection on the current nursing practice together with families who experience the same problem.

Validação de informações para construção de cartilha interativa para famílias de crianças com autismo / Validation of diverse information to prepare an interactive booklet for families of autistic children / Validación de información para elaborar una cartilla interactiva para familias de niños con autismo

RESUMO Objetivo validar conteúdo e aparência de informações para construção de cartilha interativa para famílias de crianças com Transtorno do Espectro Autista. Método pesquisa metodológica, realizada em Curitiba-PR, Brasil, com 86 experts entre junho a novembro de 2020 com uso da técnica Delphi. Para coleta dos dados, utilizou-se um instrumento contendo variáveis sobre a relevância do conteúdo; clareza e objetividade; e atualização científica. Na análise dos dados, determinou-se o índice de validade de conteúdo ≥75%. Resultados o conteúdo sobre as características da criança com autismo, diagnóstico, comportamento e direitos foi considerado válido pelos experts na primeira rodada. As informações sobre os sinais da criança com autismo e futuro foram validadas no segundo round, após reformulações sugeridas pelos experts. Conclusão este recurso educacional tem potencial para contribuir na educação em saúde para famílias de criança com autismo.

ABSTRACT Objective to validate content and face of diverse information to prepare an interactive booklet for families of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Method a methodological research study conducted in Curitiba-PR, Brazil, with 86 experts between June and November 2020 and using the Delphi technique. An instrument with variables about relevance of the content, clarity and objectivity and scientific topicality was used for data collection. In data analysis, the Content Validity Index was set at ≥75%. Results the content about the characteristics of autistic children, their diagnosis, behavior and rights was considered valid by the experts in the first round. The diverse information about the signs in autistic children and their future were validated in the second round, after the reformulations suggested by the experts. Conclusion this educational resource has the potential to contribute in health education for the families of autistic children.

RESUMEN Objetivo validar el contenido y el aspecto de diversa información para preparar una cartilla interactiva para familias de niños con Trastorno del Espectro Autista. Método investigación metodológica realizada en Curitiba-PR, Brasil, con 86 especialistas entre junio y noviembre de 2020 empleando la técnica Delphi. Para recolectar los datos se utilizó un instrumento con variables sobre la relevancia del contenido, claridad y objetividad y actualización científica. En el análisis de los datos se determinó un Índice de Validez de Contenido ≥75%. Resultados los especialistas consideraron válido el contenido sobre las características de los niños con autismo, su diagnóstico comportamiento y derechos en la primera ronda. La diversa información sobre las señales presentes en niños con autismo y sobre su futuro se validó en la segunda ronda, luego de las reformulaciones sugeridas por los especialistas. Conclusión este recurso educativo tiene potencial para contribuir a la educación en salud para las familias de niños con autismo.

The family system seeking to transform its eating behavior in the face of childhood obesity / El sistema familiar que busca transformar su conducta alimentaria frente a la obesidad infantil / O sistema familiar buscando a transformação do seu comportamento alimentar diante da obesidade infantil

ABSTRACT Objectives: to understand families' behaviors and eating practices in the face of childhood obesity. Methods: a qualitative study, which used the Grounded Theory as a methodological framework and the Complexity Theory as a theoretical framework. Twenty-six informants participated in the study, who were part of two sample groups. Data were collected through intensive interviews, using a semi-structured script. Results: "The family system seeking to change eating behavior patterns in the face of childhood obesity" emerged as a central concept, relating three conceptual categories: "Recognizing its behavior patterns and eating practices"; "Reorganizing in the face of childhood obesity"; "Responding to change". Final Considerations: the family influences children's eating behavior and contributes to changes that occur in it, which highlights the relevance of the family approach in childhood obesity care, raising reflection on the current nursing practice together with families who experience the same problem.

RESUMEN Objetivos: comprender los comportamientos y prácticas alimentarias de las familias frente a la obesidad infantil. Métodos: estudio cualitativo, que utilizó como marco metodológico la Teoría Fundamentada en Datos y, como marco teórico, la Teoría de la Complejidad. Veintiséis informantes participaron en el estudio, que formaron parte de dos grupos de muestra. Los datos fueron recolectados a través de entrevistas intensivas, utilizando un cuestionario semiestructurado. Resultados: surgió como concepto central "El sistema familiar que busca la transformación de los patrones de conducta alimentaria frente a la obesidad infantil", relacionando tres categorías conceptuales reconociendo sus patrones de comportamiento y prácticas alimentarias"; "Reorganizarse frente a la obesidad infantil; "Respondiendo al cambio". Consideraciones Finales: la familia influye en la conducta alimentaria del niño y contribuye a los cambios que se producen en ella, lo que destaca la relevancia del abordaje familiar en el cuidado de la obesidad infantil, suscitando la reflexión sobre la práctica actual de enfermería junto a las familias que viven el mismo problema.

RESUMO Objetivos: compreender os comportamentos e as práticas alimentares de famílias diante da obesidade infantil. Métodos: estudo qualitativo, que utilizou como referencial metodológico a Teoria Fundamentada nos Dados, e, referencial teórico, a Teoria da Complexidade. Participaram do estudo 26 informantes, que integraram dois grupos amostrais. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevista intensiva, com uso de roteiro semiestruturado. Resultados: emergiu como conceito central "O sistema familiar buscando a transformação dos padrões de comportamento alimentar diante da obesidade infantil", relacionando três categorias conceituais: "Reconhecendo os seus padrões de comportamentos e práticas alimentares"; "Reorganizando-se diante da obesidade infantil; "Respondendo às mudanças". Considerações Finais: a família influencia o comportamento alimentar da criança e contribui para mudanças que ocorrem nele, o que evidencia a relevância da abordagem familiar na atenção à obesidade infantil, suscitando reflexão sobre a prática de enfermagem atual juntos às famílias que vivenciam a mesma problemática.

What Can Neural Activity Tell Us About Cognitive Resources in Aging?

A reduction in cognitive resources has been originally proposed to account for age-related decrements in several cognitive domains. According to this view, aging limits the pool of available cognitive supplies: Compared to younger adults, elderly exhaust the resources more rapidly as task difficulty increases, hence a dramatic performance drop. Neurophysiological indexes (e.g., BOLD response and EEG activity) may be instrumental to quantify the amount of such cognitive resources in the brain and to pinpoint the stage of stimulus processing where the decrement in age-related resources is evident. However, as we discuss in this mini-review, the most recent studies on the neurophysiological markers of age-related changes lack a consistent coupling between neural and behavioral effects, which casts doubt on the advantage of measuring neural indexes to study resource deployment in aging. For instance, in the working memory (WM) domain, recent cross-sectional studies found varying patterns of concurrent age-related brain activity, ranging from equivalent to reduced and increased activations of old with respect to younger adults. In an attempt to reconcile these seemingly inconsistent findings of brain-behavior coupling, we focus on the contribution of confounding sources of variability and propose ways to control for them. Finally, we suggest an alternative perspective to explain age-related effects that implies a qualitative (instead of or along with a quantitative) difference in the deployment of cognitive resources in aging.