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1.
Ann Intern Med ; 174(12): 1727-1732, 2021 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34724402

RESUMO

Biorepositories provide a critical resource for gaining knowledge of emerging infectious diseases and offer a mechanism to rapidly respond to outbreaks; the emergence of the novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, has proved their importance. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the absence of centralized, national biorepository efforts meant that the onus fell on individual institutions to establish sample repositories. As a safety-net hospital, Boston Medical Center (BMC) recognized the importance of creating a COVID-19 biorepository to both support critical science at BMC and ensure representation in research for its urban patient population, most of whom are from underserved communities. This article offers a realistic overview of the authors' experience in establishing this biorepository at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic during the height of the first surge of cases in Boston, Massachusetts, with the hope that the challenges and solutions described are useful to other institutions. Going forward, funders, policymakers, and infectious disease and public health communities must support biorepository implementation as an essential element of future pandemic preparedness.


Assuntos
Centros Médicos Acadêmicos/organização & administração , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , Controle de Infecções/métodos , Pandemias , Manejo de Espécimes , Boston , Humanos , SARS-CoV-2 , Provedores de Redes de Segurança , População Urbana
2.
J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr ; 82(1): 1-8, 2019 09 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31408450

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: Previous studies have demonstrated that HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU) infants and children experience morbidity and mortality at rates exceeding those of their HIV-unexposed uninfected (HUU) counterparts. We sought to summarize the association between HEU vs. HUU infants and children for the outcomes of diarrhea and pneumonia. DESIGN: Meta-analysis. METHODS: We reviewed studies comparing infants and children in the 2 groups for these infectious disease outcomes, in any setting, from 1993 to 2018 from 6 databases. RESULTS: We included 12 studies, and 17,955 subjects total [n = 5074 (28.3%) HEU and n = 12,881 (71.7%) HUU]. Random-effects models showed HEU infants and children had a 20% increase in the relative risk of acute diarrhea and a 30% increase in the relative risk of pneumonia when compared with their HUU counterparts. When stratifying by time since birth, we showed that HEU vs. HUU children had a 50% and 70% increased risk of diarrhea and pneumonia, respectively, in the first 6 months of life. CONCLUSIONS: We show an increased risk of diarrhea and pneumonia for HEU vs. HUU infants and children. Although we acknowledge, and commend, the immense public health success of prevention of mother-to-child transmission, we now have an enlarging population of children that seem to be vulnerable to not only death, but increased morbidity. We need to turn our attention to understanding the underlying mechanism and designing effective public health solutions. Further longitudinal research is needed to elucidate possible underlying immunological and/or sociological mechanisms that explain these differences in morbidity.


Assuntos
Diarreia , Infecções por HIV/complicações , Pneumonia , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez , Criança , Bases de Dados Factuais , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Transmissão Vertical de Doenças Infecciosas , Gravidez , Saúde Pública , Medição de Risco
3.
Am J Trop Med Hyg ; 100(4): 1005-1012, 2019 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30793687

RESUMO

In 2012, approximately 5.6 million Zambians did not have access to improved sanitation and around 2.1 million practiced open defecation. The Zambia Sanitation and Hygiene Program (ZSHP), featuring community-led total sanitation, began in November 2011 to increase the use of improved sanitation facilities and adopt positive hygiene practices. Using a pre- and post-design approach with a population-level survey, after 3 years of implementation, we evaluated the impact of ZSHP in randomly selected households in 50 standard enumeration areas (representing 26 of 65 program districts). We interviewed caregivers of children younger than 5 years old (1,204 and 1,170 female caregivers at baseline and end line, respectively) and inspected household toilet facilities and sites for washing hands. At end line, 80% of households had access to improved sanitation facilities versus 64.1% at baseline (prevalence ratio [PR] = 1.25; 95% CI: 1.18-1.31) and 14.1% did not have a toilet facility compared with 19.4% at baseline. At end line, 10.6% of households reported living in an open defecation-free certified village compared with 0.3% at baseline (PR = 32.0; 95% CI: 11.9-86.4). In addition, at end line, 33.4% of households had a specific place for washing hands and 61.4% of caregivers reported handwashing with a washing agent after defecation or before preparing food compared with 21.1% (PR = 1.59; 95% CI: 1.39-1.82) and 55.2% (PR = 1.11; 95% CI: 1.04-1.19) at baseline, respectively. Community-led total sanitation implementation in Zambia led to improvements in access to improved sanitation facilities, reduced open defecation, and better handwashing practices. There is however a need for enhanced investment in sanitation and hygiene promotion.


Assuntos
Participação da Comunidade , Higiene/normas , Saneamento/métodos , Adulto , Cuidadores/educação , Pré-Escolar , Defecação , Diarreia/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Prevalência , População Rural/estatística & dados numéricos , Saneamento/normas , Banheiros/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto Jovem , Zâmbia/epidemiologia
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