An Evidence-Based Approach to Augmentative and Alternative Communication Design for Individuals With Cortical Visual Impairment.

PURPOSE: This article highlights the contributions of three pillars of an evidence-based practice approach (service providers, researchers, and families/clients) in the development of a framework to offer a way forward for professionals, families, and technology companies to support optimal visual and communication outcomes of individuals with cortical visual impairment (CVI) who use augmentative and alternative communication (AAC). By providing available research findings as well as practical information and lived experiences, the article offers clinical considerations and design features that can lead to addressing the unique needs of these individuals. METHOD: This article reviews literature concerning what is known about CVI and describes in detail and from multiple viewpoints important features required in AAC systems to support individuals with CVI and enable them to communicate effectively. RESULTS: Components necessary for teams, communication partners, and AAC designers to optimize AAC system design in CVI are presented using external research evidence as internal evidence from lived experience to support their importance. CONCLUSIONS: An AAC system design that is tailored to the unique visual processing characteristics in CVI is likely to promote positive communication outcomes. The presentation of the lived experience of an individual who has CVI themselves illustrates the need for individualized assessments and interventions that incorporate and reflect the research presented here. SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL: https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.23902239.

"It's like a guessing game all the time": parent insights on barriers, supports, and priorities for children with cortical visual impairment and complex communication needs.

Parents of children with both cortical visual impairment (CVI) and complex communication needs offer unique perspectives on their children's journeys to receiving proper diagnoses, supports, and interventions, such as augmentative and alternative communication (AAC). This study explored the lived experiences, supports, and barriers identified by parents through a qualitative phenomenological approach. Nine parents of children with both CVI and complex communication needs were interviewed virtually. Results indicated five themes descriptive of the parents' experiences: Challenges Piecing Together a CVI Diagnosis; Dealing with Low Expectations of Others; Parents Empowered to Take Action; Guessing Game to Determine Appropriate AAC to Accommodate CVI; and Aligning Professional Practice with Parent Priorities. Whereas some of these themes echoed the experiences of parents of children with complex communication needs (such as those with cerebral palsy) who were not specifically diagnosed with CVI, other themes were unique to this set of parents including the uncertainty of AAC design and intervention given the challenges of CVI and the necessity of more than one way for children to communicate given their visual challenges. This study highlighted the dire need for continued investigation to determine effective AAC interventions for individuals with CVI.

Reason-Based Recommendations From a Developmental Systems Approach for Students With Needs Across Functional Domains.

PURPOSE: This tutorial aims to introduce school-based speech-language pathologists (SLPs) to developmental systems theory as a framework for considering interactions across functional domains, such as language, vision, and motor, for students with complex needs. METHOD: This tutorial summarizes the current literature on developmental systems theory in its application to working with students who have needs in multiple domains of functioning in addition to communication. A hypothetical case of a student, James, with cerebral palsy, cortical visual impairment, and complex communication needs, is presented to illustrate the primary tenets of the theory. RESULTS: Specific reason-based recommendations are presented that SLPs can put to practice with their own caseload in direct response to the three tenets of developmental systems theory. CONCLUSIONS: A developmental systems approach will be useful in expanding SLP knowledge of where to begin and how to best serve children with language, motor, vision, and other concomitant needs. The tenets, including sampling, context dependency, and interdependency, and the application of developmental systems theory can be instrumental in providing a way forward for SLPs struggling with the assessment and intervention of students with complex needs.

Supporting Peer Interactions for Students with Complex Communication Needs in Inclusive Settings: Paraeducator Roles.

Purpose: This clinical focus article presents a review of literature supporting the importance of fostering positive peer interactions for students with complex communication needs. A resulting template is included to help guide educational teams, including speech-language pathologists (SLPs), in planning for paraeducator training specific to supporting peer interactions for children with CCN. This article summarizes the current literature available on inclusion and peer relationships for students with CCN in general education classrooms, and paraeducator roles and training. The World Health Organization (WHO) International Classification for Functioning, Disability and Health Children and Youth (ICF-CY) framework was consulted to help establish considerations relevant to paraeducator training. With many demands on the time of SLPs throughout the school day, paraeducators may offer an often untapped resource to help support positive peer relationships for students with CCN. Conclusions: This article provides an overview of challenges that may impede positive peer relationships from developing in inclusive classroom settings, including ones related to: (1) the student with CCN, (2) the peers, (3) the AAC systems, or (4) the environment. The readers will be provided with a template to guide educational teams and SLPs in collaborating with paraeducators to foster positive peer interactions, including the following steps: (1) define goals for the student with CCN and determine supports required from paraeducators; (2) determine content of training for paraeducators; (3) choose an effective instructional approach; (4) establish a feasible training format; (5) implement the paraeducator training and evaluate outcomes to ensure benefits for students with CCN and their peers.