Ankle Fractures Treated with Locked Fibular Intramedullary Nailing: Description and Outcomes of a Minimally Invasive Open Technique.

OBJECTIVES: To describe and report outcomes of a minimally invasive open intramedullary (IM) fibular nailing technique for fixation of ankle fractures. METHODS: Design: Case Series. SETTING: Urban Level 1 trauma center. PATIENT SELECTION CRITERIA: Adult patients with ankle fractures (OTA 44A-C) treated with locked fibular IM nailing via a minimally invasive open technique for fracture and syndesmotic reduction between 2021 and 2024.Outcome Measures and Comparisons: Quality of reduction, complications, and patient-reported outcomes (PRO). RESULTS: A total of 150 consecutive patients operated by a single surgeon were included. Mean age was 53.3 (17-97) years, and mean BMI was 30.6 ± 7.4 kg/m2. 93(62%) patients were female, and 78 (52%) patients were Caucasian. 72 (48%) patients were obese, 40 (27.7%) patients were current/former smokers, 39 (26%) patients were diabetic, and 23 (15.3%) patients had open fractures. 37 (24.7%) patients had isolated lateral malleolus fractures, 48 (32%) had bimalleolar fractures, and 65(43.3%) had trimalleolar fractures. 123 (82%) patients had 2 syndesmotic screws placed, 26 (17.3%) had 1 screw, and 1 (0.7%) had none.Quality of reduction was good for 98%, fair for 2%, and poor for none per McLennan's criteria. 113 patients (75.3%) were followed until clinical and radiographic union for a mean of 7.6 months (range 3-22) months). 110 patients (97.3%) went on to successful clinical and radiographic union following the index procedure. No patient had a superficial surgical-site infection, and 3 (2.6%) had deep surgical-site infections. 3 patients had a loss of reduction, and 6 patients had implant failure (5 broken syndesmotic screws, and 1 medial malleolus screw). 9 (8%) patients had unplanned reoperations (3 for debridement, 2 for loss of reduction, and 4 for removal of symptomatic implants).Mean ankle range of motion at final follow-up visit was 12.9° (0-40) of dorsiflexion, 39.6° (10-70) of plantarflexion, 23.5° (5-40) of inversion, and 18.2° (5-50) of eversion. Mean PROs at final follow-up visit were: Global Physical Health: 42.4 (23.5-67.6), Global Mental Health: 47.5 (21-67.6), Physical Function: 37.5 (14.7-57.8), Pain: 54.9 (22-72) and Mobility: 36.9 (16-65.3). CONCLUSIONS: Minimally invasive open fibular IM nailing allowed for excellent reduction and results in union with low rates of complications and good patient reported outcomes. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Do Long-Segment Blocking Screws Increase the Stability of Intramedullary Nail Fixation in Proximal Tibia Fractures, Eliminating the "Bell-Clapper Effect?"

OBJECTIVES: To determine change in stiffness and horizontal translation of a geriatric extra-articular proximal tibia fracture model after intramedullary nailing with distal (long)-segment blocking screws versus proximal (short)-segment blocking screws. METHODS: Unstable extra-articular proximal tibia fractures (OTA/AO 41-A3) were created in 12 geriatric cadaveric tibias. Intramedullary nails were locked with a standard construct (4 proximal screws and 2 distal screws). Specimens were then divided into 2 groups (6 matched pairs per group). Group 1 had a blocking screw placed lateral to the nail in the proximal segment (short segment). Group 2 had a blocking screw placed 1 cm distal to the fracture and medial to the nail (long segment). Specimens were then axially loaded and cycled to failure or cycle completion (50,000 cycles). RESULTS: Long-segment blocking screws significantly decreased the amount of horizontal translation at the fracture site compared with short-segment screws (0.77 vs. 2.0 mm, P = 0.039). They also resulted in a greater trend towards greater baseline stiffness, (807.32 ± 216.95 N/mm vs. 583.12 ± 130.1 N/mm, P = 0.072). There was no difference in stiffness after cyclic loading or survival through 50,000 cycles between the long-segment and short-segment groups. CONCLUSION: Long-segment blocking screws added to an intramedullary nail construct resulted in decreased horizontal translation at the fracture site compared with short-segment screws in this model of a geriatric proximal tibia fracture. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Blocking screws are commonly used to aid in fracture alignment during intramedullary nailing of proximal tibia fractures. Even when not required to attain or maintain alignment, the addition of a blocking screw in either the proximal or the distal (long) segment may help mitigate the "Bell-Clapper Effect" in geriatric patients.

Union and displacement characteristics following percutaneous screw fixation of superior pubic rami fractures.

PURPOSE: To determine union and displacement metrics following percutaneous screw fixation (antegrade or retrograde) of superior pubic rami fractures. METHODS: This is a retrospective cohort study from a single level 1 trauma center. Skeletally mature patients with at least one superior pubic ramus fracture present as part of a lateral compression-type pelvic ring injury were included. RESULTS: Eighty-five (85) patients with 95 superior pubic rami fractures met the study's inclusion criteria. LC1, LC2, and LC3 injuries occurred in 76.5%, 15.3%, and 8.2% of patients, respectively. The majority of patients underwent concurrent posterior pelvic ring fixation (94.1%). Superior ramus screw placement occurred predominantly via retrograde technique (81.1%) with cannulated screws of size 6.5 mm or larger (93.7%). Of the 95 eligible fractures, 90 (94.7%) achieved union at a mean of 14.0 weeks (7-40 weeks). Of these united fractures, 69 (76.7%) healed with no measurable displacement, while the remaining 23.3% healed with residual mean displacement of 3.9 mm (range: 0.5-9.0 mm). Multivariable analysis demonstrated a positive association between age (p = 0.04) and initial displacement (p = 0.04) on the final degree of residual displacement at union. A Kaplan-Meier survival analysis identified increased age to be significantly related to increased time to union (X2 (2) = 21.034, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Union rates following percutaneous screw fixation of superior pubic rami fractures associated with lateral compression-type pelvic ring injuries approach 95%. Though minimal in an absolute sense, increasing age and a greater degree of initial displacement may influence the final degree of residual displacement at union. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV.

Surgeon Learning Curve for the Sinus Tarsi Approach to Intra-articular Calcaneus Fractures - Improvement with Experience.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the relationship between surgeon experience with the sinus tarsi approach (STA) and outcomes in the treatment of displaced intra-articular calcaneus fractures (DIACF). SETTING: Single level 1 trauma center. DESIGN: Retrospective.Patients/Participants: 103 consecutive DIACF (OTA/AO 82C; Sanders II-IV) treated operatively using STA from 2015 to 2021. INTERVENTION: Open management using the STA performed by two fellowship-trained orthopaedic traumatologists. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENT: Quality of anatomic reduction based on postoperative CT scans and standard radiographs. RESULTS: Sixty-six patients met inclusion criteria. Patients were primarily men (75.8%) with mean age 41 years (range 20-71 years), including 14 smokers (21.2%), 9 diabetics (13.6%), and 10 open fractures (15.2%). Sanders III fractures were most common (68.2% vs 28.5% and 6.1% Sanders II/IV respectively). Reduction quality was predominantly Good (59.1%, n=39) or Excellent (25.8%, n=17). Complications included wound necrosis (1), superficial infection (1), deep infection (1), and symptomatic posttraumatic arthritis requiring arthrodesis (3). There was a 29.3% reduction in likelihood of surgical complication with each year in surgeon experience with the STA and an 8.9% reduction per case (p<0.001). The likelihood of achieving a Good or Excellent reduction was 1.8 and 2.3 times greater than achieving a Fair reduction, respectively, for each year increase in surgeon experience with the STA (p=0.012 and 0.007, respectively). For each successive case, there was a 1.2 times greater likelihood of achieving a Good reduction (p=0.03). CONCLUSION: Surgeon experience plays a critical role in outcomes. We found that outcomes (reduction, complications) improve with each cumulative case and year of experience with the STA to treat DIACF. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

High Nonunion and Amputations Rates With Either Early Intramedullary Nail Removal or Retention for Tibial Shaft Fracture-Related Infections.

OBJECTIVES: To compare debridement, antibiotics, and implant retention (DAIR) and intramedullary nail (IMN) removal with subsequent strategy for fracture stabilization in the treatment of tibia fracture-related infections (FRIs) occurring within 90 days of initial IMN placement. DESIGN: Retrospective case-control. SETTING: Four academic, Level 1 trauma centers. PATIENTS: Sixty-six patients who subsequently received unplanned operative treatment for FRI diagnosed within 90 days of initial tibia IMN. INTERVENTION: DAIR versus IMN removal pathways. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Fracture union. RESULTS: Twenty-eight patients (42.4%) were treated with DAIR and 38 (57.6%) via IMN removal with subsequent strategy for fracture stabilization. Mean follow-up was 16.3 months. At final follow-up, ultimate bone healing was achieved in 75.8% (47/62), whereas 24.2% (15/62) had persistent nonunion or amputation. No significant difference was observed in ultimate bone healing ( P = 0.216) comparing DAIR and IMN removal. Factors associated with persistent nonunion or amputation were time from injury to initial IMN ( P < 0.001), McPherson systemic host grade B ( P = 0.046), and increasing open-fracture grade, with Gustilo-Anderson IIIB/IIIC fractures being the worst ( P = 0.009). Fewer surgeries after initial FRI treatment were positively associated with ultimate bone healing ( P = 0.029). CONCLUSIONS: Treatment of FRI within 90 days of tibial IMN with DAIR or IMN removal with subsequent strategy for fracture stabilization results in a high rate, nearly 1 in 4, of persistent nonunion or amputation, with neither appearing superior for improving bone healing outcomes. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Management of Postoperative Infection After Fixation of a Delbet Type III Pediatric Femoral Neck Fracture: A Case Report.

CASE: A pediatric male patient sustained a postoperative infection of the femoral neck after open anatomic reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of a Delbet type III femoral neck fracture. Treatment included surgical intervention with antibiotic Steinmann pins incorporated into an external fixator to provide stability to the femoral neck. At the 27-month follow-up, films showed complete healing with a 1.67-cm leg length discrepancy, treated with a 1-cm shoe lift. CONCLUSION: There is insufficient literature for the treatment of postoperative infection after ORIF in a pediatric patient. We present a successful treatment method for treating an infection while sustaining the stability of the femoral neck.

Sulodexide Monotherapy in Chronic Idiopathic Subjective Tinnitus: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Objective To report the therapeutic value of sulodexide monotherapy in the management of patients with chronic subjective idiopathic tinnitus. Study Design Randomized double-blinded controlled trial. Setting Single tertiary care institution. Subjects and Methods Observations from 124 patients who received either sulodexide or placebo were collected from the patients' medical records. Computer-generated tables were used to allocate treatments. Patients took 1 tablet of the drug or placebo each morning and evening for 40 consecutive days. The response was assessed by the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory and the Mini-Tinnitus Questionnaire. Results Between 2014 and 2017, 124 patients were divided into 2 treatment arms. The sulodexide group encompassed 63 patients, whereas the placebo arm contained 61 patients. Tinnitus Handicap Inventory and Mini-Tinnitus Questionnaire scores were more decreased in the sulodexide arm compared to the placebo group ( P = .03 and P < .01, respectively). Conclusions Sulodexide monotherapy decreases chronic subjective idiopathic tinnitus.