RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To measure the degree of burnout among emergency physicians (EPs) and to identify and rank predictive factors. METHODS: Using the Maslach Burnout Inventory as well as a 79-item questionnaire, a cross-sectional survey was conducted for physician registrants at the Annual Scientific Assemblies of the American College of Emergency Physicians from 1992 to 1995. Degrees of burnout were stratified into low, moderate, and high ranges. Univariate and stepwise multiple regression analyses were conducted to identify and rank correlates to burnout scores. RESULTS: Of 1,272 registrants taking the inventory, 60% registered in the moderate to high burnout ranges. Twenty-one correlates were identified. These were classified broadly in terms of negative perceptions of self, negative practice habits and attitudes, and unhealthy lifestyles. The most highly ranked correlates were: self-recognition of burnout, lack of job involvement, negative self-assessment of productivity, dissatisfaction with career, sleep disturbances, increased number of shifts per month, dissatisfaction with specialty services, intent to leave the practice within 10 years, higher levels of alcohol consumption, and lower levels of exercise. Age and years of practice were not significant predictors of burnout. Projected attrition rates were 7.5% over 5 years and 25% over 10 years. CONCLUSIONS: Elevated levels of burnout exist among a substantial percentage of surveyed EPs. However, there is evidence for a "survivor" category of practitioners for whom burnout either does not develop or is a reversible process. The projected attrition rate over 5 and 10 years appears to be no greater than that of the average medical specialty.
Assuntos
Esgotamento Profissional/psicologia , Medicina de Emergência , Corpo Clínico Hospitalar/psicologia , Adaptação Psicológica , Adulto , Esgotamento Profissional/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Humanos , Satisfação no Emprego , Estilo de Vida , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Análise de Regressão , Fatores de Risco , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Inquéritos e Questionários , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Recursos HumanosRESUMO
Under the guise of Management by Objectives, "goal setting" and "performance appraisal" have assumed many different shapes and purposes. To clarify the concept of MBO, this review examines the writings of leading MBO experts, extracts those elements common to their respective definitions of goal setting and performance appraisal, and joins them into a single definition of MBO.
