Laparoscopic versus open simple prostatectomy: an evaluation of morbidity.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the morbidity between laparoscopic simple prostatectomy (LSP) and open simple prostatectomy (OSP) in the management of benign prostatic hyperplasia. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From January 2003 through January 2008, 280 consecutive patients underwent adenomectomy either by an extraperitoneal laparoscopic transcapsular "Millin" approach (96 patients, 34.3%) or open transvesical approach (184 patients, 65.7%). Medical therapy had failed in all patients. Perioperative and outcome data were recorded and compared. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in patient age, prostate size, uroflow rate, mean International Prostate Symptom Score, operative blood loss, or total time of continuous bladder irrigation between the two groups. Mean operative time was significantly longer in the laparoscopy group, 95.1 +/- 32.9 minutes, v the open group at 54.7 +/- 19.7 minutes (P < 0.0001). Total catheter time was significantly shorter in the laparoscopy group (5.2 +/- 2.6 v 6.4 +/- 2.9 days; P < 0.001) as was length of hospital stay (6.3 +/- 1.9 v 7.7 +/- 2.4 days; P < 0.0001). The most common complication between the two groups was hemorrhage, occurring in 27 (28.1%) patients in the laparoscopy group and 54 patients (29.3%) in the open group. Of the 19 urinary tract infections observed between the two groups, 18 occurred in the open group as well as all 9 cases of urinary sepsis. CONCLUSIONS: LSP offers advantages over OSP in terms of shorter catheter time, shorter hospital length of stay, and fewer urinary tract infections.

Role of robotics for prostate cancer.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To describe how robotics became involved in prostate cancer as well as to highlight the most important developments in robotic prostate cancer treatment during the last year. RECENT FINDINGS: Refinements in technique during robotic-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy have improved the early return of continence postoperatively. Mean positive surgical margin rates were lowest for robotic-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy as compared to pure laparoscopic or open radical prostatectomy series. Sexual potency rates were similar among all surgical treatments of prostate cancer. SUMMARY: As the implementation of robotic technologies to treat prostate cancer continues to grow, randomized controlled trials will eventually provide a better comparison of results. The role of robotics in prostate cancer treatment is established, and continued technical advancements will ultimately improve patient outcomes.

Localized renal cell carcinoma management: an update.

OBJECTIVE: To review the current modalities of treatment for localized renal cell carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A literature search for keywords: renal cell carcinoma, radical nephrectomy, nephron sparing surgery, minimally invasive surgery, and cryoablation was performed for the years 2000 through 2008. The most relevant publications were examined. RESULTS: New epidemiologic data and current treatment of renal cancer were covered. Concerning the treatment of clinically localized disease, the literature supports the standardization of partial nephrectomy and laparoscopic approaches as therapeutic options with better functional results and oncologic success comparable to standard radical resection. Promising initial results are now available for minimally invasive therapies, such as cryotherapy and radiofrequency ablation. Active surveillance has been reported with acceptable results, including for those who are poor surgical candidates. CONCLUSIONS: This review covers current advances in radical and conservative treatments of localized kidney cancer. The current status of nephron-sparing surgery, ablative therapies, and active surveillance based on natural history has resulted in great progress in the management of localized renal cell carcinoma.

Localized renal cell carcinoma management: an update: [review]

OBJECTIVE: To review the current modalities of treatment for localized renal cell carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A literature search for keywords: renal cell carcinoma, radical nephrectomy, nephron sparing surgery, minimally invasive surgery, and cryoablation was performed for the years 2000 through 2008. The most relevant publications were examined. RESULTS: New epidemiologic data and current treatment of renal cancer were covered. Concerning the treatment of clinically localized disease, the literature supports the standardization of partial nephrectomy and laparoscopic approaches as therapeutic options with better functional results and oncologic success comparable to standard radical resection. Promising initial results are now available for minimally invasive therapies, such as cryotherapy and radiofrequency ablation. Active surveillance has been reported with acceptable results, including for those who are poor surgical candidates. CONCLUSIONS: This review covers current advances in radical and conservative treatments of localized kidney cancer. The current status of nephron-sparing surgery, ablative therapies, and active surveillance based on natural history has resulted in great progress in the management of localized renal cell carcinoma.

Serum creatinine predicts success in retrograde ureteral stent placement in patients with pelvic malignancies.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate serum hemoglobin, baseline serum creatinine, serum creatinine at the diagnosis of obstructive hydronephrosis, and the increase in serum creatinine greater than baseline to predict for success in retrograde ureteral stent placement in patients with pelvic malignancies. METHODS: In a retrospective chart review, we identified 57 patients at our institution with obstructive hydronephrosis secondary to pelvic malignancies in which retrograde ureteral stent placement was attempted from January 2002 to May 2005. The patient charts were reviewed for the baseline serum creatinine, preoperative serum creatinine and hemoglobin, and serum creatinine at presentation of obstructive hydronephrosis. This population was divided into group 1 (n = 31, 54%), in which retrograde stent placement was successful, and group 2 (n = 26, 46%), in which stent placement failed and subsequent percutaneous nephrostomy tube placement was required. The Student t test was used to determine whether a significant difference existed between the two groups for each laboratory parameter. RESULTS: The serum hemoglobin and baseline creatinine were not significantly different between the two groups and could not be used to predict for the success or failure of stent placement (P = 0.10 and P = 0.59, respectively). However, the average serum creatinine at presentation of obstructive hydronephrosis was significantly different between group 1 (2.4 +/- 1.4 ng/dL) and group 2 (5.3 +/- 6.3; P = 0.014), as was an increase in serum creatinine greater than baseline (P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study have shown that the serum creatinine level at the presentation of obstructive hydronephrosis can be used to predict for success in retrograde ureteral stent placement in patients with pelvic malignancies.

Estimated blood loss underestimates calculated blood loss during radical retropubic prostatectomy.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the calculated blood loss for radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP) with the anesthesiologist's and operating surgeon's estimates of operative blood loss. METHODS: A retrospective review of 52 consecutive patients undergoing RRP between January 1999 and February 2000 was performed. Patient charts were reviewed for preoperative hemoglobin (Hgb(i)), preoperative hematocrit (Hct(i)), body weight (Wt), anesthesiologist's and surgeon's estimated blood loss (EBL(A) and EBL(S)), and postoperative day one morning hemoglobin (Hgb(f)) and hematocrit (Hct(f)). For each patient, the actual blood loss (ABL), i.e., the amount of blood that left the patient's body, was calculated as the average ABL(n) resulting from two computations of the following formula: ABL(n) = (EBV x (H(i) - H(f)) / ((H(i) + H(f))/2) + (500 x T(u)) where: (1) estimated blood volume (EBV) is assumed to be 70 cm(3)/kg; (2) H(i) and H(f) represent Hgb(i )and Hgb(f) for one computation and Hct(i) and Hct(f) for the second computation, and (3) T(u) is the sum of autologous whole blood (AWB), packed red blood cells (PRBC), and cell saver (CS) units transfused. For each patient, ABL was compared with EBL(A) and EBL(S). Descriptive statistics of the pooled data were calculated. RESULTS: The mean (+/- SD) age was 60 +/- 7.1 years. The mean ABL was 2,774 +/- 1,014 cm(3). Patients received an average of 1.96 U CS, 0.14 U PRBC, and 0.42 U AWB. Five patients (9.6%) were exposed to homologous blood. The average ABL(net) (i.e. ABL reduced by the amount of CS returned) was 1,794 +/- 806 cm(3). EBL(A) and EBL(S) were 1,337 +/- 676 and 1,300 +/- 658 cm(3), respectively. CONCLUSION: During radical retropubic prostatectomy, anesthesiologists and urologists both appear to underestimate blood loss as determined by standard calculation.