Trauma in the developing world: the jamaican experience.

Trauma remains a challenging burden on the often under-funded healthcare systems of developing countries. Ten-year data from the Jamaica Trauma Registry show that trauma accounts for 20% of surgical admissions, with close to 50% being intentional and with a 5% mortality. There is a good opportunity for various preventive programmes to be instituted to reduce the burden of this disease.

The Impact of Trans-thoracic Ultrasound on Cardiac Injuries.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the impact of trans-thoracic ultrasound (TTUS) in patients with chest trauma and potential cardiac injuries and to determine the outcome of patients with cardiac injury detected on TTUS. METHOD: Data were obtained from the Trauma Registry for all patients presenting alive to the University Hospital of the West Indies during the 10-year period commencing January 1, 2001 and who were subjected to a TTUS or emergency thoracotomy for cardiac injuries, or had cardiac injuries at postmortem. In addition to demographics, variables analysed included mechanism and site of injury and outcome. RESULTS: Of 405 patients being subjected to a TTUS during the period, 12 (3%) had cardiac injuries. During the same period, 63 patients in the Trauma Registry had proven cardiac injuries. Trans-thoracic ultrasound was thus conducted on 19% of all patients with cardiac injuries. Three patients had positive TTUS but no cardiac injuries. Of the patients with injuries, the mean age was 30.4 years, 92.1% were male and 65% were as a result of stab wounds, while 22% were as a result of gunshot wounds. The right ventricle was the most common site of injury, accounting for 41% of cases, while the left ventricle, both ventricles and other sites accounted for 27%, 17% and 14%, respectively. Ninety per cent of the group was subjected to emergency thoracotomy; mortality of the entire group was 48%, including one patient who had TTUS. CONCLUSIONS: This review demonstrates that cardiac injuries remain lethal, diagnosis is largely clinical and TTUS may be over-utilized, having little impact on clinical outcome of patients presenting with this injury.

Health impact of research in emergency medicine--moving forward in the field.

This article provides a brief description of the conceptual framework of some specific areas of research carried out either collaboratively or independently in the Emergency Department in an effort to positively impact on health issues in an era of evidence-based medicine. The paper focusses on epidemiological studies of infectious diseases, chronic non-communicable diseases, and a recent update on trauma patterns. Conduction of clinical trials is also highlighted. The role of collaboration in Emergency medicine is also discussed. Research must be developed deliberately to facilitate the primary goal of improved patient care and outcomes. Further recommendations are suggested.

A pilot audit of a protocol for ambulatory investigation of predicted low-risk patients with possible pulmonary embolism.

BACKGROUND: Patients with possible pulmonary embolism (PE) commonly present to acute medical services. Research has led to the identification of low-risk patients suitable for ambulatory management. We report on a protocol designed to select low-risk patients for ambulatory investigation if confirmatory imaging is not available that day. METHODS: The protocol was piloted in the Emergency Department and Medical Assessment Area at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh. We retrospectively analysed electronic patient records in an open observational audit of all patients managed in the ambulatory arm over five months of use. RESULTS: We analysed 45 patients' records. Of these, 91.1% required imaging to confirm or refute PE, 62.2% received a computed tomography pulmonary angiogram (CTPA). In 25% of patients, PE was confirmed with musculoskeletal pain (22.7%), and respiratory tract infection (15.9%) the next most prevalent diagnoses. Alternative diagnoses was provided by CTPA in 32% of cases. We identified no adverse events or readmissions but individualised follow-up was not attempted. CONCLUSIONS: The data from this audit suggests this protocol can be applied to select and manage low-risk patients suitable for ambulatory investigation of possible PE. A larger prospective comparative study would be required to accurately define the safety and effectiveness of this protocol.

Adult Hirschsprung's disease in Jamaica: operative treatment and outcome.

AIM: This study reviewed the operative management and outcome of patients with adult Hirschsprung's disease treated at the University Hospital of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica. METHOD: The case notes for 11 patients with adult Hirschsprung's disease, treated operatively between January 1986 and December 2007, were reviewed and data on preoperative diagnosis, operative procedures and postoperative complications were retrieved. RESULTS: Diagnosis was by open rectal biopsy in nine patients and by rectal suction biopsy in two patients. The time taken for preoperative bowel preparation ranged from 10 to 35 days, and colostomy was required in three patients to facilitate bowel cleansing. The Soave and Swenson procedures were used in six and five patients, respectively, leading to anastomotic stricture in one patient treated using the Soave procedure and to leakage in two patients treated using the Swenson procedure. All procedures took longer than 300 min, and 300-800 ml of blood or plasma was transfused. CONCLUSION: Therapeutic procedures for adult Hirschsprung's disease may result in life-threatening anastamotic complications. A protective colostomy is recommended when Swenson's procedure is used.

The Jamaica Injury Surveillance System: a profile of the intentional and unintentional injuries in Jamaican hospitals.

BACKGROUND: Injuries in Jamaica are a major public health problem as demonstrated by a hospital based computerized injury surveillance system established in 1999 that provides a risk profile for injuries. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: Injury data from 2004 were selected to provide an annual profile, as comprehensive injury data were available from nine public hospitals. These nine public hospitals provide care for 70% of the Jamaicans admitted to hospitals annually. RESULTS: Data are presented on unintentional injuries where falls caused 44%, lacerations 27% and accidental blunt injuries were 17% of these. For motor vehicle related injuries, 55% were sustained while commuting by motorcars, 17% while riding motorbikes/bicycles and 16% of those injured were pedestrians. Most violence related injuries were due to fights (76%) with acquaintances (47%) who used sharp objects (40%) to inflict the injury. CONCLUSION: The Jamaica Injury Surveillance System (JISS) data, augmented by data collected on injuries from the health centres and the sentinel surveillance system, give a measure of the magnitude of the impact of injuries on the health services. The JISS provides data on the profile of injuries seen and treated at health facilities in Jamaica. In collaboration with police data and community-based surveys, it can be used to complete the risk profiles for different types of injuries. The data generated at the parish, regional and national levels form the basis for the design and monitoring of prevention programmes, as well as serve to support and evaluate policy, legislative control measures and measures that impact on interventions.

Trauma: the burden of a preventable problem.

Trauma is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries and we reviewed the demographics and cost of trauma in a Jamaican population. This is a retrospective, descriptive analytical study of all trauma patients aged 25 to 29-years who presented to the University Hospital of the West Indies (UHWI) during the study period, January 2001 to December 2005. Data were extracted from the Trauma Registry and analysed. Seven hundred and fifteen patients were included in the specified age group over the five-year period. The median age of the patients was 27 years and the median hospital stay was 3 days. There was a 4:1 ratio of males to females and 49.7% of injuries were caused by penetrating wounds. Motor vehicle accidents occurred in 22.4% of cases. Head injuries occurred in 13.6% of cases, long bone fractures in 16.5% and internal injury to chest or abdominal organs in 15.9% of cases. Craniotomy or thoracotomy was undertaken in 4% of cases, Open Reduction Internal Fixation (ORIF) or bone immobilization in 11% and laparotomy in 8% of cases. The mean injury severity scores (ISS) was 4 while 5% of patients had ISS greater than 15. More than 60% of patients underwent diagnostic X-rays, 8% had abdominal imaging (CT scan or ultrasound) and 9.5% underwent head CT scan. The in-hospital mortality was 4.2%. The median hospital bill charged was US$320.00 and the median amount paid by the patients was US$50.00. At the start of the new millennium, penetrating trauma accounted for almost 50% of cases at UHWI with the majority of costs associated with trauma-care being state funded.

Effects of tranexamic acid on death, vascular occlusive events, and blood transfusion in trauma patients with significant haemorrhage (CRASH-2) A randomised, placebo-controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Tranexamic acid can reduce bleeding in patients undergoing elective surgery. We assessed the effects of early administration of a short course of tranexamic acid on death, vascular occlusive events, and the receipt of blood transfusion in trauma patients. METHODS: This randomised controlled trial was undertaken in 274 hospitals in 40 countries. 20 211 adult trauma patients with, or at risk of significant bleeding were randomly assigned within 8 h of injury to either tranexamic acid (loading dose 1 g over 10 min then infusion of 1 g over 8 h) or matching placebo. Randomisation was balanced by centre, with an allocation sequence based on a block size of eight, generated with a computer random number generator Both participants and study staff (site investigators and trial coordinating centre staff) were masked to treatment allocation. The primary outcome was death in hospital within 4 weeks of injury, and was described with the following categories: bleeding, vascular occlusion (myocardial infarction, stroke and pulmonary embolism), multiorgan failure, head injury, and other AL analyses were by intention to treat. This study is registered as ISRCTN86750102, Clinicaltrials.gov NCT00375258, and South African Clinical Trial Register DOH-27-0607-1919. RESULTS: 10096 patients were allocated to tranexamic acid and 10 115 to placebo, of whom 10060 and 10067, respectively, were analysed. All-cause mortality was significantly reduced with tranexamic acid (1463 [14.5%] tranexamic acid group vs 1613 [160%] placebo group; relative risk 0.91, 95% CI 085-097; p = 00035). The risk of death due to bleeding was significantly reduced (489 [49%] vs 574 [5-7%]; relative risk 0-85, 95% CI 0.76-0.96; p = 0-0077). CONCLUSION: Tranexamic acid safely reduced the risk of death in bleeding trauma patients in this study On the basis of these results, tranexamic acid should be considered for use in bleeding trauma patients.

Motorcycle accident injury profiles in Jamaica: an audit from the University Hospital of the West Indies.

There is little data available on the prevalence of motorcycle accidents, their resultant injuries and the demand on the health care services in Jamaica. We performed a descriptive, analytical study to evaluate the extent of this problem and the need for preventative national policy measures. Between 1 January 2000 and 1 January 2007, demographic and clinical data on all motorcycle accident victims admitted to the University Hospital of the West Indies were collected in a prospective database. The data were analysed using the SPSS version 12.0. Of 270 motorcycle accident victims, there were 257 (95.2%) males and 13 (4.8%) females. Overall, 134 (49.6%) victims wore helmets at the time of their accident. The more common injuries were as follows: soft tissue trauma 270 (100%); head injuries 143 (53.0%); long bone fractures 126 (46.7%); abdominal injuries 38 (14.1%); thoracic injuries 71 (26.3%); vascular injuries 11 (4.1%). The mean injury severity score was 9.0 (SD 9.4; Median 8; Mode 4). There were 195 patients needing surgical intervention in the form of orthopaedic operations (94), neurosurgical operations (43), abdominal operations (49) and vascular operations (14). The mean duration of hospitalisation was 10 days (SD 11.2; Range 0-115; Median 6; Mode 3). There were 12 (4.4%) deaths, 9 (75%) due to traumatic brain injuries. Fatal injuries were more common in males (11) and un-helmeted patients (10). Motorcycle accidents take a heavy toll on this health care facility in Jamaica. Measures to prevent motorcycle accidents and reduce consequent injuries may be one way in which legislators can preserve precious resources that are spent during these incidents. This can be achieved through active measures such as educational campaigns, adherence to traffic regulations and enforcement of helmet laws.

The evolution of emergency medicine in Jamaica.

Emergency Medicine in Jamaica has evolved rapidly over the past 20 years and has gained recognition as a specialty. A residency training programme has been established, trademark life support courses are now available, moves to develop areas of sub-specialization have begun and an emergency medicine association has been formed. There has been an increase in the diagnostic modalities in the main teaching institution, the University Hospital of the West Indies (UHWI). There is an urgent need for improvements in pre-hospital care. This will require the development of an efficient Emergency Medical Service (EMS). More emphasis and attention is required on disaster medicine, toxicology and trauma. Increased training of emergency physicians and nurses, advances in academia and research, and greater advocacy by local emergency physicians will further advance the specialty.

Unnecessary admissions of head-injured patients at the University Hospital of the West Indies.

The prospectively collected data in the Jamaica National Trauma Registry operated by the Section of Surgery identified 88 patients who were admitted with head injury to the University Hospital of the West Indies over a one-year period. There were 67 males (76.1%), the mean (SD) age of the entire group being 35.02 (+/- 18.45) years. Intentional injuries occurred in 47.2%. The Injury Severity Score was greater than 15 in 19.3%, severe head injuries occurred in 19% and overall mortality was 16%. Care in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) was extended to only half of those with the severe injuries. The Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) method was used to assess the appropriateness of admission to hospital. Sixteen (18%) of the 88 patients were inappropriately admitted according to SIGN guidelines. Increased efficiency may result from standardization of admission criteria for head-injured patients and consistent implementation of the SIGN guidelines for admission without increased risk to patients. This may be expected to minimize unnecessary admissions and result in considerable cost savings.

Surgical and intensive care needs of head-injured patients transferred to the University Hospital of the West Indies.

A cross-sectional, descriptive study utilizing data collected in the 'Trauma Registry' of the Department of Surgery, Radiology, Anaesthesia and Intensive Care at the University Hospital of the West Indies (UHWI) was undertaken to document injury severity, surgical requirements and intensive care needs of head-injured patients transferred to the UHWI over a three-year period Of 144 patients studied, the majority (71%) were young males. Overall, injury tended to be mild Twenty-three patients (16.0%) had severe head injury and 27 patients (18.8%) were admitted to the intensive care unit. Concussion with (33%) or without (36%) skull fracture was the commonest neurological admission diagnosis. Associated non-neurological injuries in 33% were primarily fractures. Fifty-six patients (39%) required surgical intervention. Craniotomies and open reduction and internal fixation of fractures were the commonest procedures. The majority of patients (79.2%) were discharged home; 56 (39%) made a good Glasgow outcome score recovery. Seventeen patients (11.8%) died in hospital. As most of the transferred patients with head injuries in this study had only mild injury, most commonly concussions, and their prognosis was good, we recommend that appropriate educational and training programmes and transfer policies be implemented to minimize inappropriate transfers.

Association between exposure/non-exposure to the mandatory seat belt law with regards to compliance in vehicle accident victims--a hospital review.

OBJECTIVE: Injuries sustained in motor vehicle accidents (MVAs) are a major challenge to the Jamaican healthcare system. In November 1999, Jamaica enacted legislation to make seat belt usage in motor vehicles compulsory. The effect of this policy change on seat belt usage is unclear. This study therefore sought to determine the prevalence of seat belt usage and to determine the association between exposure/non-exposure to the mandatory seat belt law and seat belt use in subjects who presented to the Accident and Emergency Department (A&E) of the University Hospital of the West Indies (UHWI) as a result of motor vehicle accidents. METHODS: Subjects were recruited from June to November 2003, post-seat belt law (POBL) period, and May to October 1999, pre-seat belt law (PRBL) period. Data collected included demographic variables, seat belt use and position of the occupants in the vehicle. RESULTS: Of the 277 patients who were eligible for inclusion, data were complete in 258 subjects, 87 in the PRBL period and 171 in the POBL period. The prevalence of seat belt use was 47% (PRBL) and 63% (POBL) respectively. There was no significant gender difference at each period. The odds of wearing seat belt in the rear of a motor vehicle were significantly lower than that of a driver (Table 3, OR 0.19, 95% CI 0.07, 0.48). Adjusting for age, gender and position in vehicle exposure, there was about 100% increase in the odds of seat belt use during the post seat belt law era (OR = 2.09, 95% CI 1.21, 3.61). CONCLUSION: It is concluded from this hospital-based study that the mandatory seat belt law legislature was associated with increased seat belt use in motor vehicle accident victims. However, current data from the Road Traffic Agency indicate that there is still an alarming number of fatalities. This clearly suggests that additional public health measures are needed to address the epidemic of motor vehicle trauma in Jamaica.

Six years experience of angioedema at the University Hospital of the West Indies.

Angioedema (AE) is a problem that all doctors inclusive of emergency room physicians and the otolaryngologists are often asked to treat. We present a six-year experience with this disorder. In this series, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) were related to 60% of admissions for angioedema. Lip and tongue swelling was the most common manifestation. The discontinuation of ACEI therapy and supportive management are the recommended approaches to treatment and prevention of unfavourable outcomes. The authors strongly recommend medic alert bracelets for all patients with this disorder. The use and side effects of ACEI therapy in our population which is predominantly of African descent warrants further investigations.

Penetrating neck trauma and the aberrant subclavian artery.

Vascular injuries from penetrating trauma to the base of the neck are accompanied by significant morbidity and potential mortality. These injuries require several diagnostic adjuncts in order to facilitate early diagnosis and appropriate treatment. Herein reported is the case of a patient who sustained penetrating injury to the thoracic inlet but had a fortuitous anomaly that prevented vascular injury and its attendant complications.

Penetrating neck trauma and the aberrant subclavian artery

Vascular injuries from penetrating trauma to the base of the neck are accompanied by significant morbidity and potential mortality. These injuries require several diagnostic adjuncts in order to facilitate early diagnosis and appropriate treatment. Herein reported is the case of a patient who sustained penetrating injury to the thoracic inlet but had a fortuitous anomaly that prevented vascular injury and its attendant complications.

Six years experience of angioedema at the University Hospital of the West Indies / Seis años de experiencia de angioedema en el hospital universitario de west indies

Angioedema (AE) is a problem that all doctors inclusive of emergency room physicians and the otolaryngologists are often asked to treat. We present a six-year experience with this disorder. In this series, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) were related to 60% of admissions for angioedema. Lip and tongue swelling was the most common manifestation. The discontinuation of ACEI therapy and supportive management are the recommended approaches to treatment and prevention of unfavourable outcomes. The authors strongly recommend medic alert bracelets for all patients with this disorder. The use and side effects of ACEI therapy in our population which is predominantly of African descent warrants further investigations.

El angioedema (AE) es un problema que todos los doctores ­ incluyendo los médicos y otolaringólogos de las salas de emergencia ­ se ven a menudo en la necesidad de tratar. A continuación presentamos una experiencia de seis años de enfrentamiento a esta afección. En esta serie, inhibidores de enzimas convertidoras de angiotensina (IECAs) se relacionaron con el 60% de los ingresos por angioedema. La hinchazón de los labios y la lengua fue la manifestación más común. La suspensión de la terapia con IECA y el tratamiento de apoyo son los métodos que se recomiendan para el tratamiento así como para la prevención de resultados desfavorables. Los autores recomiendan enfáticamente brazaletes de alerta médica para todos los pacientes con esta afección. El uso y los efectos colaterales de la terapia con IECA en nuestra población ­ predominantemente de ascendencia africana ­ merece investigación ulterior.

Surgical and intensive care needs of head-injured patients transferred to the University Hospital of the West Indies / Necesidades quirúrgicas y de cuidados intensivos de los pacientes con lesiones cefálicas transferidos al hospital universitario de west indies

A cross-sectional, descriptive study utilizing data collected in the 'Trauma Registry' of the Department of Surgery, Radiology, Anaesthesia and Intensive Care at the University Hospital of the West Indies (UHWI) was undertaken to document injury severity, surgical requirements and intensive care needs of head-injured patients transferred to the UHWI over a three-year period Of 144 patients studied, the majority (71%) were young males. Overall, injury tended to be mild Twenty-three patients (16.0%) had severe head injury and 27 patients (18.8%) were admitted to the intensive care unit. Concussion with (33%) or without (36%) skull fracture was the commonest neurological admission diagnosis. Associated non-neurological injuries in 33% were primarily fractures. Fifty-six patients (39%) required surgical intervention. Craniotomies and open reduction and internal fixation of fractures were the commonest procedures. The majority of patients (79.2%) were discharged home; 56 (39%) made a good Glasgow outcome score recovery. Seventeen patients (11.8%) died in hospital. As most of the transferred patients with head injuries in this study had only mild injury, most commonly concussions, and their prognosis was good, we recommend that appropriate educational and training programmes and transfer policies be implemented to minimize inappropriate transfers

Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal descriptivo utilizando datos tomados del "Registro de traumas" del Departamento de Cirugía, Radiología, Anestesia y Cuidados Intensivos en el Hospital Universitario de West Indies (HUWI), a fin de documentar la severidad de la lesión, los requerimientos quirúrgicos y las necesidades de cuidado intensivo de pacientes con lesiones cefálicas transferidos al HUWI durante un período de más de tres años. De 144 pacientes estudiados, la mayor parte (71%) eran varones jóvenes. En general, las lesiones tendían a ser leves. Veintitrés pacientes (16.0%) tuvieron lesiones cefálicas severas, y 27 pacientes (18.8%) fueron ingresados a la unidad de cuidados intensivos. Concusión con fractura del cráneo (33%) o sin fractura del cráneo (36%) fue el diagnóstico neurológico más común para el ingreso. Las lesiones no neurológicas asociadas en 33% fueron principalmente fracturas. Cincuenta y seis pacientes (39%) necesitaron intervención quirúrgica. Las craniotomías así como la reducción abierta y la fijación interna de fracturas, fueron los procedimientos más comunes. La mayoría de los pacientes (79.2%) fueron dados de alta; 56 (39%) tuvo una buena recuperación según la puntuación de la escala de Glasgow para la evolución clínica. Diecisiete pacientes (11.8%) murieron en el hospital. Como que la mayor parte de los pacientes transferidos con lesiones de cabeza en este estudio tuvieron solo lesiones leves ­ por lo general concusiones ­ y puesto que su prognosis era buena, recomendamos que se implementen programas adecuados de educación y entrenamiento, así como políticas de transferencia apropiadas, a fin de minimizar las transferencias inadecuadas

Association between exposure/non-exposure to the mandatory seat belt law with regards to compliance in vehicle accident victims a hospital review / Asociación entre exposición/no exposición a la ley obligatoria de cinturón de seguridad en relación con su cumplimiento en el caso de víctimas de accidentes vehiculares ­ un estudio basado en datos de hospital

OBJECTIVE: Injuries sustained in motor vehicle accidents (MVAs) are a major challenge to the Jamaican healthcare system. In November 1999, Jamaica enacted legislation to make seat belt usage in motor vehicles compulsory. The effect of this policy change on seat belt usage is unclear. This study therefore sought to determine the prevalence of seat belt usage and to determine the association between exposure/non-exposure to the mandatory seat belt law and seat belt use in subjects who presented to the Accident and Emergency Department (A&E) of the University Hospital of the West Indies (UHWI) as a result of motor vehicle accidents. METHODS: Subjects were recruited from June to November 2003, post-seat belt law (POBL) period, and May to October 1999, pre-seat belt law (PRBL) period. Data collected included demographic variables, seat belt use and position of the occupants in the vehicle. RESULTS: Of the 277 patients who were eligible for inclusion, data were complete in 258 subjects, 87 in the PRBL period and 171 in the POBL period. The prevalence of seat belt use was 47% (PRBL) and 63% (POBL) respectively. There was no significant gender difference at each period. The odds of wearing seat belt in the rear of a motor vehicle were significantly lower than that of a driver (Table 3, OR 0.19, 95% CI 0.07, 0.48). Adjusting for age, gender and position in vehicle exposure, there was about 100% increase in the odds of seat belt use during the post seat belt law era (OR = 2.09, 95% CI 1.21, 3.61). CONCLUSION: It is concluded from this hospital-based study that the mandatory seat belt law legislature was associated with increased seat belt use in motor vehicle accident victims. However, current data from the Road Traffic Agency indicate that there is still an alarming number of fatalities. This clearly suggests that additional public health measures are needed to address the epidemic of motor vehicle trauma in Jamaica.

Objetivo: Las heridas producidas en accidentes en vehículos motorizados (AVM) constituyen uno de los principales desafíos para el sistema de atención a la salud en Jamaica. En noviembre de 1999, Jamaica aprobó una legislación que obligada al uso del cinturón de seguridad en vehículos motorizados. El efecto de este cambio de política sobre el uso del cinturón de seguridad no está claro. Por lo tanto, este estudio busca determinar la prevalencia del uso del cinturón de seguridad y determinar la asociación entre exposición/no exposición a la ley obligatoria de cinturón de seguridad y el uso del cinturón de seguridad en sujetos que acudieron al Departamento de Accidentes y Emergencia (A&E) del Hospital Universitario de West Indies (HUWI) como resultado de un accidente vehicular. Métodos: Los sujetos fueron reclutados de junio a noviembre de 2003, período posterior a la ley de cinturón de seguridad (PLCS), y de mayo a octubre de 1999, período anterior a la ley de cinturón de seguridad (ALCS) Los datos recopilados incluyeron las variables demográficas, el uso de cinturón de seguridad, y la posición de los ocupantes del vehículo. Resultados: De los 277 pacientes que eran elegibles para ser incluidos, se completaron los datos de 258 sujetos, 87 en el período ALCS y 717 en el período PLCS. La prevalencia del uso del cinturón de seguridad fue 47% (ALCS) y 63% (PLCS) respectivamente. No hubo diferencia significativa de género en ninguno de los períodos. Las probabilidades de uso del cinturón de seguridad fueron significativamente más bajas para los ocupantes del asiento trasero que para el conductor del auto (Tabla 3, OR 0.19, 95% CI 0.07, 0.48). Ajustando por edad, género y posición en exposición vehicular, hubo un aumento de alrededor del 100% en las probabilidades de uso del cinturón de seguridad durante la era posterior a la ley del uso del cinturón de seguridad (OR = 2.09, 95% CI 1.21, 3.61). Conclusión: A partir de este estudio basado en datos de hospital, se llegó a la conclusión de que la legislación de la ley del uso obligatorio del cinturón de seguridad, estuvo asociada con el aumento del uso del cinturón de seguridad en víctimas de accidentes con vehículos motorizados. Sin embargo, los datos actuales de la Agencia del Tráfico de Carreteras, indican que existe todavía un número alarmante de casos fatales. Esto sugiere a todas luces la necesidad de medidas de salud pública adicionales para abordar la epidemia de traumas por accidentes de vehículos en Jamaica