Developing public health management training capacity in Nicaragua.

The Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere (CARE) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Health Initiative in Nicaragua is distinctive in its focus on developing a cadre of in-country trainers whose aim is to equip frontline public health managers with widely applicable tools and techniques to assist them in identifying and solving implementation problems. Since 1999, 137 trainees--37% more than originally planned--have demonstrated competence by completing and presenting applied management projects. Nineteen professors from the preventive medicine faculty at the Autonomous University of Nicaragua also have been trained. The country office now has a cadre of seasoned trainers who can meet the ongoing management training needs of CARE staff and their counterparts in the Ministry of Health and in other nongovernmental organizations.

Oxygen uptake and cardiac performance in the sheep.

1. In four ewes no relationship was found between heart rate and oxygen consumption in response to cold stimulus; such a correlation was found in one wether sheep.2. Direct Fick studies of cardiac output showed a significant correlation between heart output and oxygen uptake in two ewes and one wether. The relationship between stroke volume and heart rate was poor in the case of the ewes.3. It is suggested that the 6-month training period which the ewes had received, before the estimates were made of heart rate and oxygen consumption, was insufficient to allay emotional disturbance affecting the relationship between these parameters.