Release of epithelium-derived PGE2 from canine trachea after antigen inhalation.

To investigate the role of prostaglandin (PG) E2 in allergen-induced hyperresponsiveness, dogs inhaled either the allergen Ascaris suum or vehicle (Sham). Twenty-four hours after inhalation, some animals exposed to allergen demonstrated an increased responsiveness to acetylcholine challenge in vivo (Hyp-Resp), whereas others did not (Non-Resp). Strips of tracheal smooth muscle, either epithelium intact or epithelium denuded, were suspended on stimulating electrodes, and a concentration-response curve to carbachol (10(-9) to 10(-5) M) was generated. Tissues received electrical field stimulation, and organ bath fluid was collected to determine PGE2 content. With the epithelium present, all three groups contracted similarly to 10(-5) M carbachol, whereas epithelium-denuded tissues from animals that inhaled allergen contracted more than tissues from Sham dogs. In response to electrical field stimulation, Hyp-Resp tissues contracted less than Sham tissues in the presence of epithelium and more than Sham tissues in the absence of epithelium. PGE2 release in the muscle bath was greater in Non-Resp tissues than in Sham or Hyp-Resp tissues when the epithelium was present. Removal of the epithelium greatly inhibited PGE2 release. We conclude that tracheal smooth muscle is hyperresponsive in vitro after in vivo allergen exposure only when the modulatory effect of the epithelium, largely through PGE2 release, is removed.

Myogenic and neurogenic mechanisms and arachidonate metabolites in bronchial muscle response to allergen.

We investigated allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness (AH) in bronchial tissues obtained from dogs that inhaled Ascaris suum leading to AH (RESP) in vivo or that exhibited no change (NON-RESP) as well as from dogs that inhaled saline (SHAM). RESP tissues were not hyperresponsive to KCl or to carbachol, whereas contractions to electrical field stimulation (EFS) were reduced. This reduction was reversed partially by indomethacin and completely by replacement of the bathing fluid. Radioimmunoassay revealed marked elevation of prostaglandin (PG) E2 generation in RESP tissues compared with SHAM and NON-RESP tissues. EFS-evoked contractions were often followed by a slowly developing secondary contraction in RESP tissues but not in SHAM or NON-RESP tissues. However, indomethacin unmasked such secondary contractions in many SHAM and NON-RESP tissues and markedly enhanced those in RESP tissues, whereas L-655,240 (thromboxane A2/PGD2 receptor antagonist) abolished such contractions in all groups. We were unable to detect thromboxane using radioimmunoassay. We conclude that allergen-induced AH involves altered generation of cyclooxygenase metabolites of arachidonic acid (particularly PGE2) as well as of a nonprostanoid inhibitory factor; as such, the responsiveness of the tissue in vitro is dependent on the relative levels of inhibitory and excitatory metabolites.

Release and actions of inhibitory prostaglandins from canine tracheal epithelium.

This study evaluated the sources and actions of inhibitory prostanoids on canine tracheal smooth muscle to determine if these accounted for epithelium derived relaxing factor activity. Concentration-response curves of canine tracheal smooth muscle were generated to carbachol in the presence and absence of the epithelium and (or) indomethacin, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor. Removal of the epithelium or addition of indomethacin (10(-5) M) in the presence of the epithelium shifted the curve significantly leftward compared with epithelial-intact tissue. Furthermore, addition of indomethacin to epithelial-denuded tissue produced the greatest shift in the curve. Removal of the epithelium increased contractility in response to electrical-field stimulation at intermediate frequencies compared with epithelium-intact tissues. The addition of indomethacin to epithelium-intact tissue also increased the contractile responses. Removal of the epithelium in the presence of indomethacin further increased responses. Radioimmunoassay of muscle bath fluid indicated that the inhibitory prostanoids prostaglandin I2 (PGI2) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were released. PGI2 was released from the epithelium as well as from a nonepithelial source. PGE2 was released from the epithelium in response to electrical-field stimulation. The release of PGE2 was greatly reduced by the addition of indomethacin (10(-5) M), but not by the addition of omega-conotoxin (GVIA), an N-type Ca2+ channel antagonist, nor by the addition of tetrodotoxin, a Na+ channel blocker. Both toxins abolished contractions to electrical-field stimulation. We conclude that the inhibitory prostanoids PGI2 and PGE2 are released, along with a nonprostanoid factor from epithelium, and modulate airway smooth muscle contractility to stimulation of cholinergic nerves and muscarinic agonists. PGE2 is released from epithelium by electrical-field stimulation independent of nerve function.

Mechanisms of cyclic nucleotide-induced relaxation in canine tracheal smooth muscle.

The effects of exogeneous cyclopiazonic acid (CPA, 10 microM), a selective inhibitor of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ adenosinetriphosphatase, on cyclic nucleotide-induced relaxations of canine airway smooth muscle were examined. Strips of tracheal muscle were precontracted with carbachol (50% median effective concentration, 0.1 microM) or with 60 mM KCl. The beta-agonist isoproterenol (ISO, 10 microM) relaxed the tissue by approximately 50%. The relaxation was reduced in the presence of CPA when L-type Ca2+ channels were available but not when these were blocked by 0.1 microM nifedipine. Forskolin (1.0 microM), an adenylate cyclase activator, was less effective at inhibiting the contraction than ISO, and addition of CPA did not block its inhibitory effect as effectively as when ISO was used. Radioimmunoassay indicated that both these agents raised adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) levels to the same degree. Very little relaxation of the precontracted smooth muscle was elicited by 3 mM 8-bromo-adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (8-BrcAMP), and addition of CPA had no effect. Sodium nitroprusside (100 microM) and 8-bromo-guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (10 mM) inhibited contraction to a greater degree than any agent that raised cAMP. These inhibitions were greatly reduced in the presence of CPA when L-type Ca2+ channels were available. We conclude that pumping of Ca2+ into SR plays a major role guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate-produced but not cAMP-induced relaxation; L-type Ca2+ channels must be available for the relaxant role of Ca2+ pumping into the SR to be expressed; and ISO-induced relaxation may not involve primarily elevation of the cAMP.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)