I deserve more A's: A report on the development of a measure of academic entitlement.

This paper reports the results of a multi-stage effort to develop a measure of Academic Entitlement. An empirical/rational approach was taken to develop items and reduce the item set for a final version of the Academic Entitlement Scale (AES). The measure includes seven dimensions: Accommodation, Reward for Effort, Responsibility Avoidance, Grade Haggling, Customer Orientation, Customer Service Expectations, and General Academic Entitlement. Fit, using Confirmatory Factor Analysis, for the seven-factor correlated model and a bifactor model including General AE and the six specific factors, was good. The full measure is reported along with descriptive statistics for the scale and preliminary validation evidence.

Development of a Comprehensive Quality-of-Life Measure for Facial and Torso Acne.

Background Acne is a chronic skin disorder which generally presents in adolescence but continues into adulthood, and negatively affects both physical and psychosocial well-being. Presently, there are no validated acne-specific quality-of-life (QoL) measures that include dimensions for both facial and torso acne. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to develop a QoL instrument for both facial and torso acne (CompAQ) in accordance with recommended standards. METHODS: A literature review and Delphi survey of patients and clinicians were used to develop the conceptual framework for outcomes perceived important to acne patients. An initial version of the measure was developed, CompAQ-v1, and pilot tested with patients via cognitive interviews. RESULTS: The Delphi survey generated 4 domains (physical, psychological, sociological, and treatment) and 54 items. These, along with a literature review and input from clinical experts, informed the development of the CompAQ-v1. Eleven cognitive interviews were conducted, resulting in the second version of the measure, CompAQ-v2. Psychometric validation resulted in the final 20-item CompAQ measure comprising 5 domains. An abbreviated 5-item measure was also developed (CompAQ-SF). CONCLUSION: CompAQ and CompAQ-SF are instruments intended to evaluate QoL in patients with acne on their face or torso. The former is a 21-item QoL intended for research, while the latter is intended for clinical practice.

Assessing the Need for a Comprehensive Acne Quality-of-Life Scale for Face and Torso Acne.

PURPOSE: While acne, a common condition, largely involves the face, chest, and back, current acne quality-of-life measures focus primarily on facial acne. The purpose of this study was to assess the need for a comprehensive quality-of-life measure intended for use with patients who have facial and/or torso acne. METHODS: We evaluated the need for a comprehensive quality-of-life scale for facial and torso acne based on data from an epidemiological survey (N = 690) in which participants were grouped according to the location of their acne (face, torso, or both) and where quality of life was assessed. RESULTS: Analysis of variance results revealed that participants with acne on their torso reported the highest levels of quality of life while participants with acne on their face reported the lowest levels. CONCLUSIONS: There is a need for a quality-of-life instrument that assesses the impact of acne on the face and torso separately. This unmet need can be addressed with a comprehensive acne quality-of-life measure that is inclusive of torso acne.

Preliminary Validation of the HS-QoL: A Quality-of-Life Measure for Hidradenitis Suppurativa.

BACKGROUND: Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease with adverse physical and psychosocial impacts. The development of an HS quality-of-life measure, HS-QoL, has been recently described. OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to validate the HS-QoL. METHOD: Fifty-five patients with HS from 4 dermatology clinics completed the 30-minute online survey. Item reduction, reliability (internal consistency), and correlation analysis (to assess convergent validity) were conducted. RESULTS: The HS-QoL was reduced from 53 items to 44 items, resulting in a 7-subscale questionnaire. All subscales demonstrated excellent internal consistency, except for the support subscale, which had adequate internal consistency. All 7 HS-QoL subscales were related to other measures of QoL, life satisfaction, and mental health, which demonstrates convergent validity. CONCLUSION: The 44-item HS-QoL demonstrated strong preliminary evidence of reliability (internal consistency) and convergent validity.

Development of a Quality-of-Life Measure for Hidradenitis Suppurativa.

BACKGROUND: Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic skin disorder with adverse impacts on both physical and psychosocial well-being. There is presently no validated HS-specific quality-of-life (QoL) measure. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to develop a QoL instrument for HS (HS-QoL) in accordance with recommended standards. METHODS: Patient interviews (concept elicitation) and expert input were used to develop the conceptual framework for outcomes perceived important to patients with HS. A HS-QoL-v1 measure was developed, and cognitive interviews with patients were conducted for pilot testing. RESULTS: Concept elicitation interviews with patients with HS (n = 21) generated 12 themes. Most frequently reported were impacts on daily activities and symptoms due to HS. These themes, along with literature review and input from clinical experts, informed development of the HS-QoL-v1. Nine cognitive interviews were conducted in a pilot test and resulted in the HS-QoL-v2 measure. CONCLUSION: The HS-QoL-v2 is a preliminary QoL instrument for which further psychometric validation and establishment of clinimetric properties will be undertaken.