Predicting wound complications following lower extremity revascularization.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to create a simple risk score to identify factors associated with wound complications after infrainguinal revascularization. METHODS: The Veterans Affairs Surgical Quality Improvement Program national data set was queried from 2005 to 2021 to identify 22,114 patients undergoing elective open revascularization for peripheral arterial disease (claudication, rest pain, tissue loss) or peripheral aneurysm. Emergency and trauma cases were excluded. The data set was divided into a two-thirds derivation set and one-third validation set to create a risk prediction model. The primary end point was wound complication (wound dehiscence, superficial/deep wound surgical site infection). Eight independent risk factors for wound complications resulted from the model and were assigned whole number integer risk scores. Summary risk scores were collapsed into categories and defined as low (0-3 points), moderate (4-7 points), high (8-11 points), and very high (>12 points). RESULTS: The wound complication rate in the derivation data set was 9.7% (n = 1428). Predictors of wound complication included age ≤73 (odds ratio [OR], 1.25; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08-1.46), body mass index ≥35 kg/m2 (OR, 1.99; 95% CI, 1.68-2.36), non-Hispanic White (vs others: OR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.30-1.69), diabetes (OR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.10-1.37), white blood cell count >9900/mm3 (OR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.03-1.35), absence of coronary artery disease (OR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.03-1.35), operative time >6 hours (OR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.05-1.37), and undergoing a femoral endarterectomy in conjunction with bypass (OR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.14-1.57). In both the derivation and validation sets, wound complications correlated with risk category. Among the defined categories in the derivation set, wound complication rates were 4.5% for low-risk patients, 8.5% for moderate-risk patients, 13.8% for high-risk patients, and 23.8% for very high-risk patients, with similar results for the internal validation data set. Operative indication did not independently associate with wound complications. Patients with wound complications had higher rates of reoperation and graft failure. CONCLUSIONS: This risk prediction model uses easily obtainable clinical metrics that allow for informed discussion of wound complication risk for patients undergoing open infrainguinal revascularization.

Assessing the Prevalence of Medical Optimization Therapy in Vascular Surgery Clinics.

This cross-sectional study uses checklist data to assess optimal medical therapy prescribed for veterans with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.

Peri-Procedural Management of Hemodynamic Instability in Patients Undergoing Carotid Revascularization.

Acute perioperative changes in arterial pressure occur frequently, particularly in patients with cardiovascular disease or those receiving vasoactive medications, or in relation to certain cardiovascular surgical procedures. Hemodynamic Instability (HI) is common in patients undergoing carotid revascularization because of unique patho-physiological and surgical factors. The operation, by necessity, disrupts the afferent pathway of the baroreflex, which can lead to postendarterectomy HI. Poor arterial pressure control is associated with increased morbidity and mortality after carotid revascularization, but good control of arterial pressure is often difficult to achieve in practice. The incidence, implications, and etiology of HI associated with carotid surgery are reviewed, and some recommendations made for its management. Close monitoring and titration of therapy are probably the most important considerations rather than specific choice of agents.

Late type III endoleaks are common in early generation Endologix AFX stent grafts.

OBJECTIVE: Early generation Endologix AFX endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) stent graft devices are at risk of developing type IIIa (intercomponent/overlap-related) as well as type IIIb (fabric tear) endoleaks over time. Current follow-up studies are limited to short (<24 months) and midterm (24-48 months) reports. The purpose of this study was to identify the incidence of type III endoleaks associated with these endografts over a long-term follow-up (>4 years) period and discuss current management strategies. METHODS: A retrospective, single-institution cohort analysis of all Endologix AFX endografts implanted from October 2011 to October 2016 was performed. Patient characteristics, imaging, and follow-up were obtained via chart review. Type III endoleaks were characterized based on computed tomography angiogram/operative findings and confirmed by two surgeons. Statistical analysis was performed with SAS v9.4. RESULTS: Sixty-three patients underwent AFX stent graft implantation for aneurysmal disease. Forty-seven patients comprised the final cohort for analysis after exclusions were made for primary iliac aneurysms as well as off-label use of the device (eg, hypogastric snorkel) or primary occlusive indications. The average age was 73.3 years, with the longest follow-up being 8.7 years (median, 5.2 years). Most AAAs (89.2%) were fusiform, with initial median diameter 5.5 cm. Initial 30-day mortality was 0%. Of the initial cohort, 10 (21.3%) type III endoleaks were treated, of which six (60%) were type IIIa and four (40%) were type IIIb. By time-to-event analysis at latest follow-up, freedom from type III intervention was 48% at 8 years. The median time to type III endoleak discovery was 4.7 years (range, 1.1-7.2 years), an interval that was similar for type IIIa and type IIIb leak types (P = .73). Patients with type III endoleaks had average sac growth of 1.3 cm over the follow-up interval compared with a net decrease for patients without type III endoleaks (P < .0001). Of the 10 patients treated for type III leaks, seven (70%) underwent complete endovascular re-lining, one (10%) had partial re-lining, and two (20.0%) underwent open endograft explant with aortic graft reconstruction. Reintervention 30-day mortality was 0% for all approaches. CONCLUSIONS: Early generation Endologix AFX stent grafts have a high rate of type III endoleaks, with freedom from type III leak <50% at 8-year follow-up. Most of these are not detected until several years (>4.5 years) after initial implantation, beyond the range of the follow-up interval of most published reports. Long-term imaging surveillance is critical, and a low threshold for complete relining should be considered with any sign of sac enlargement, even if endoleak is not clearly demonstrated in patients with early generation Endologix AFX grafts.

Percutaneous radial artery access for peripheral vascular interventions is a safe alternative for upper extremity access.

OBJECTIVE: Percutaneous radial artery access has been increasingly used for peripheral vascular interventions (PVIs). Our goal was to characterize the practice patterns and perioperative outcomes among patients treated using PVI performed via radial artery access. METHODS: The Vascular Quality Initiative was queried from 2016 to 2020 for PVI performed via upper extremity access. Univariable and multivariable analyses were used to evaluate the periprocedure outcomes of radial artery access cases. A separate sample of brachial artery access cases was used as a comparator. RESULTS: A total of 520 radial artery access cases were identified. The mean age was 69 ± 10 years, and 41.3% were women. Most procedures were performed in the hospital outpatient setting (71.7%). The sheath size was ≤5F for 10%, 6F for 78%, and 7F for 12%. Ultrasound-guided access and protamine were used in 68.3% and 17.3% of cases, respectively. The interventions were aortoiliac (55%), femoropopliteal (55%), and infrapopliteal (9%). Stenting and atherectomy were performed in 55% and 19% of cases, respectively, and more often with 7F sheaths. Access site complications were any hematoma (4.8%), including hematomas resulting in intervention (0.8%), pseudoaneurysms (1%), and access stenosis or occlusion (0.8%). On multivariable analysis, sheath size was not associated with access site complications. Percutaneous brachial artery access (n = 1135) compared with radial access was independently associated with more overall hematomas (odds ratio, 1.73; 95% confidence interval, 1.06-2.81; P = .03). However, access type was not associated with hematomas resulting in intervention (odds ratio, 2.15; 95% confidence interval, 0.69-6.72; P = .19). CONCLUSIONS: PVIs via radial artery access exhibited a low prevalence of postprocedural access site complications and were associated with fewer minor hematoma complications compared with interventions performed using brachial artery access. Radial artery access compared with brachial artery access should be the preferred technique for PVIs.

The role of local geochemical and mineralogical backgrounds as essential information to build efficient sediment quality guidelines at high-mountainous hydrothermally-altered basins (Mapocho basin, Chile).

The Mapocho River's upper basin (Chilean Central Andes) was studied as a proxy of a high-mountainous hydrothermally-altered (HMHA) system comprised by three sub-basins developed over very different rocks and submitted to different anthropic pressure: 1) a natural acid rock drainage (i.e., Yerba Loca), 2) a creek with mining activity in its headwaters and hydrochemically classified as non-affected by acid mine drainage (i.e., San Francisco), and 3) a low metal concentration creek (i.e., Molina). In general terms, the geochemical composition of the clastic sediments was consistent with the geochemistry inferred from the mineralogical study. However, sediments with a smaller grain size showed higher concentrations than the bigger grain size counterparts for elements such as Fe, S, Cu and As. This behavior was particularly evident in the Yerba Loca basin and it was attributed to the seasonal appearance of Fe- and Al-rich precipitates as constituents of the finer sediments. Different methodologies for the calculation of geochemical backgrounds (Tukey's inner fence, TIF; Median + 2*Median Absolute Deviation, MAD; and 95th percentile) were tested. Results suggest that the 95th percentile-method was the most appropriate for this type of mountainous systems. Using the selected methodology, three different geochemical backgrounds were calculated: 1) Yerba Loca basin, 2) Molina basin, and 3) Mapocho Upper basin. When the generated background levels were compared with the Consensus-Based (CB) Sediment Quality Guidelines; Fe, Mn, Zn, Pb, Cu, Cr, Ni and As showed background values that were consistently higher than the values set by the CB Threshold Effect Concentration and, even higher than the CB Probable Effect Concentration for Fe (MUBBackground: 6.78 wt% vs CB PEC: 4.00 wt%; and Cu (MUBBacground: 3387 mg kg-1 vs CB PEC: 149 mg kg-1). The present study clearly states the paramount importance of having a solid geochemical background before any attempt of a sediment risk assessment is made at HMHA regions.

Risk prediction of 30-day mortality after lower extremity major amputation.

OBJECTIVE: Universal risk calculators may underestimate mortality risk, whereas purely observational administrative data may lack appropriate granularity to individualize risk. The purpose of this study was to create a simple risk prediction model to identify the factors associated with 30-day morality after lower extremity major amputation for ischemic vascular disease. METHODS: The Veterans Affairs Surgical Quality Improvement Program national data set was queried from 2005 to 2015 to identify 14,890 patients undergoing elective above-knee or below-knee amputation for rest pain, tissue loss, or gangrene. The data set was divided into a two-thirds derivation set and one-third validation set for the purpose of creating a risk prediction model. The primary end point was 30-day mortality. Eight independent risk factors for mortality resulted from the model and were assigned whole number integer risk scores. Summary risk scores were collapsed into categories and defined as low (0-3 points), moderate (4-7 points), high (8-10), and very high (>10). RESULTS: Mortality in the derivation data set was 4.6% (n = 453). By multivariable backward elimination, predictors of 30-day mortality (odds ratio [95% confidence limits]) included preoperative do not resuscitate order (3.1 [2.3-4.0]), congestive heart failure (2.8 [2.1-3.6]), age >80 years (1.8 [1.4-2.2]), chronic renal insufficiency (2.1 [1.7-2.5]), above-knee amputation (1.8 [1.4-2.2]), dependent functional status (2.0 [1.6-2.5]), coronary artery disease (1.3 [1.1-1.6]), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (1.3 [1.0-1.6]); the final model held a C statistic of 0.74. In both the derivation and validation sets, 30-day mortality correlated with risk category. Among the defined categories in the derivation set, 30-day mortality rates were 2.3% for low-risk patients, 4.3% for moderate-risk patients, 7.5% for high-risk patients, and 17.5% for very-high-risk patients, with similar results for the validation data set. CONCLUSIONS: This risk prediction model uses eight easily obtainable clinical metrics that allow early assessment of 30-day mortality risk of patients undergoing major lower extremity amputation for ischemic indications. The internal validation of the risk score demonstrates the increased mortality with increasing risk category. Reliable expected mortality prediction is critically important for surgeons to make recommendations in accordance with a patient's or family's goals of care. These data may also be used to set realistic expectations for hospital-based quality initiatives and to provide guidance in preoperative medical optimization.

Asymptomatic portal vein aneurysms: To treat, or not to treat?

Background Portal vein aneurysms are rare dilations in the portal venous system, for which the etiology and pathophysiological consequences are poorly understood. Method We reviewed the existing literature as well as present a unique anecdotal case of a patient presenting with a very large portal vein aneurysm that was successfully managed conservatively and non-operatively without anticoagulation, with close follow-up and routine surveillance. Result The rising prevalence of abdominal imaging in clinical practice has increased rates of portal vein aneurysm detection. While asymptomatic aneurysms less than 3 cm can be clinically observed, surgical intervention may be necessary in large asymptomatic aneurysms (>3 cm) with or without thrombus, or small aneurysms with evidence of evolving mural thrombus formation on imaging. Conclusion Portal vein aneurysms present a diagnostic challenge for any surgeon, and the goal for surgical therapy is based on repairing the portal vein aneurysm, and if portal hypertension is present decompressing via surgically constructed shunts.

Contemporary comparison of aortofemoral bypass to alternative inflow procedures in the Veteran population.

OBJECTIVE: Multiple vascular inflow reconstruction options exist for claudication, including aortofemoral bypass (AFB) and alternative inflow procedures (AIPs) such as femoral reconstruction with iliac stents, and femoral-femoral, iliofemoral, and axillofemoral bypass. Contemporary multi-institution comparison of these techniques is lacking. METHODS: The Veterans Affairs Surgical Quality Improvement Project (VASQIP) national database (2005-2013) was used to compare AFB vs AIP in a propensity-matched analysis. Primary outcome was mortality at 30 and 90 days. Secondary outcomes included rates of postoperative complications. Multivariable regression assessed the adjusted effect of inflow procedure type on mortality. RESULTS: A matched cohort of 748 claudicant patients (373 AFB, 375 AIP) was identified. The AFB and AIP groups had similar mean age (59.9 vs 60.8 years; P = .30), gender (P = .51), race (P = .52), recent smoking (79.1% vs 76.5%; P = .43), history of coronary artery disease (14.8% vs 14.7%; P > .99), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (18.8% vs 18.4%; P = .92), renal insufficiency (5.9% vs 6.1%; P > .99), and diabetes (22% vs 20%; P = .53), and American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status Classification (P = .41). The AFB group had longer mean operative time (4.9 vs 3.5 hours; P < .0001), more senior resident assistants (72.4% vs 61.1%; P < .0001), and greater mean red blood cell transfusion (1.1 vs 0.12 units; P < .0001). AFB and AIP had similar rates of outflow bypass (1.9% vs 1.3%; P = .58) and outflow endovascular interventions (0.54% vs 1.6%; P = .29). AFB trended toward a higher rate of mortality at 30 days postoperatively (2.7% vs 0.8%; P = .06), but by 90 days, the crude mortality rates were similar for the two (2.9% vs 2.1%; P = .5). AFB had higher rates of pneumonia (5.9% vs 0.8%; P < .001), deep vein thrombosis/pulmonary embolism (1.3% vs 0%; P = .03), postoperative transfusion (2.7% vs 0.53%; P = .02), and urinary tract infection (3.5% vs 0.8%; P = .01), but similar rates of myocardial infarction (1.6% vs 0.8%; P = .34), stroke (0.8% vs 0%; P = .12), wound complications (13.1% vs 12.8%; P = .91), renal failure (1.1% vs 0.3%; P = .22), graft failure (1.3% vs 1.1%; P = .75), and return to the operating room (12.9% vs 9.6%; P = .17). Multivariable analysis showed AFB was not independently associated with mortality (odds ratio [OR], 0.48; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.1-3.0). Significant factors included age (OR, 1.2; 95% CI, 1.1-1.4), postoperative renal insufficiency (OR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.6-4.0), and unplanned reintubation (OR, 35.5; 95% CI, 3.1-399). CONCLUSIONS: For claudicant patients with inflow disease, AFB has higher rates of 30-day complications and a trend toward higher mortality; however by 90 days postoperatively, the two procedure types have similar rates of mortality.

Impact of coexisting aneurysms on open revascularization for aortoiliac occlusive disease.

OBJECTIVE: National data evaluating outcomes for occlusive abdominal aortic reconstructions are well described. The relative effect of operative indication as well as the presence of concomitant abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) on in-hospital mortality is not well defined. METHODS: The Nationwide Inpatient Sample was queried to identify patients who underwent open aortic surgery (2003-2010). Indication for surgery was classified by International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision diagnostic codes to identify isolated occlusive indications as well as combined occlusive disease and AAA. Primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. Secondary outcomes were complications and discharge disposition. RESULTS: Overall, 56,374 underwent aortic reconstruction, 48,591 for occlusive disease (86.2%) and 7783 for combined occlusive disease with AAA (13.8%). Intermittent claudication was the most common indication for intervention (60.9%), whereas 39.7% underwent intervention for critical limb ischemia (22.2% rest pain, 17.6% gangrene). Patients with intermittent claudication had more concomitant AAAs (17.3%) than did patients with critical limb ischemia (8.4%). The baseline characteristics for those with occlusive disease and combined occlusive with AAA disease were similar in terms of obesity (4.8% vs 4.2%; P = .27) and congestive heart failure (6.6% vs 6.3%; P = .65) but differed by age (62.2 years vs 68.4 years; P < .0001) and hypertension (65.4% vs 69.1%; P = .005). Patients with combined occlusive and AAA disease had higher mortality than those with occlusive disease alone (3.9% vs 2.7%; P = .01). On multivariable regression, factors associated with in-hospital mortality included gangrene with AAA compared with gangrene alone (odds ratio [OR], 2.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.6-4.7; P < .0002), age >65 years age (OR, 3.1; 95% CI, 2.4-4.1; P < .0001), renal failure (OR, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.9-3.8; P < .0001), and concurrent lower extremity revascularization (OR, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.1-1.7; P < .02). CONCLUSIONS: Intermittent claudication or critical limb ischemia with concomitant AAA carries a higher mortality than intermittent claudication or critical limb ischemia alone, especially in older patients with gangrene requiring revascularization and renal insufficiency. Preoperative risk stratification strategies should focus on the indication for surgery as well as the presence of concomitant AAA.

Perioperative outcomes of elective inflow revascularization for lower extremity claudication in the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database.

BACKGROUND: We compared the early postoperative morbidity and mortality rates of contemporary aortofemoral bypass (AFB) and other inflow procedures for claudication. METHODS: We identified 1974 claudicants who underwent elective AFB (n = 566) or non-AFB (nonaortofemoral bypass [NAFB]; n = 1408) inflow reconstruction using the ACS-NSQIP database (2005 to 2012). Stent placement was not routinely captured. In propensity score-matched cohorts, we analyzed the association between type of inflow surgery and 30-day postoperative outcomes. RESULTS: Among 824 propensity score-matched patients (AFB, n = 412; NAFB, n = 412), the 30-day mortality rate was 2.7% for AFB and .0% for NAFB (P = .0008). NAFB conferred significantly lower rates of major cardiac (.2% vs 2.4%, P = .0063), respiratory (.7% vs 10.9%, P < .0001), renal (.2% vs 1.9%, P = .0380), and septic (.5% vs 3.6%, P = .0014) complications, and fewer returns to the operating room (4.6% vs 9.9%, P = .0032), compared with AFB. Rates of major venous thrombosis, wound complications, peripheral nerve injury, and graft failure were similar between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: This study reports a higher contemporary short-term complication rate with AFB compared to alternative inflow revascularization, against which future study of long-term durability may be weighed.

Perspectives on endovascular training in traditional 5+2 vascular surgery fellowship training programs.

This study aimed to compare expectations and experiences of fellows to those of faculty in vascular surgery fellowship programs with regard to endovascular training. Anonymous surveys were sent to fellows (n = 235) and program directors (n = 147), with 79 fellows and 65 faculty members responding. Fellows noted higher expectations of their endovascular skills prior to starting fellowship than the faculty group reported expecting. Faculty assessed fellows' pre-training endovascular skills at a significantly lower level than the fellows' self-assessment. Fellows were significantly less satisfied with the structured aspects of endovascular training than the faculty believed them to be. Only 3% of fellows vs. 32% of faculty felt that the presence of an endovascular simulator affected how residents ranked fellowship programs during the match. In conclusion, incoming fellows in vascular surgery fellowship programs have high expectations of themselves, but may overestimate their actual pre-training endovascular skills. Fellows desire more structured endovascular training, which is not recognized by faculty. Endovascular simulators are valued, but may not be a significant draw in the match process.

Mortality of acute mesenteric ischemia remains unchanged despite significant increase in utilization of endovascular techniques.

INTRODUCTION: In this study, we evaluated if increase in utilization of endovascular surgery has affected in-hospital mortality rates among patients with acute mesenteric ischemia. METHODS: The National Inpatient Sample (2003-2011) was queried for acute mesenteric ischemia using ICD-9 code for acute mesenteric ischemia (557.1). This cohort was divided into patients treated with open vascular surgery (open vascular group) and by endovascular therapies (endovascular group) based on the ICD-9CM procedure codes. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine temporal trend for mortality while adjusting for confounding variables. RESULTS: There was 1.45-fold increase in utilization of endovascular techniques in this study. In-hospital mortality rate, total median charges and length of stay were significantly lower among the endovascular group than the open vascular group despite having significantly higher Elixhauser comorbidities index (3 ± 0.1 vs. 2.7 ± 0.1, p = .003). Over the course of the study period, there was no change in the overall mortality rate despite higher endovascular utilization. Factors associated with increased mortality included age, open surgical repair (Odds ratio: 1.45, 95% Confidence Interval: 1.10-1.91, p = .016) and bowel resection Odds ratio: 2.88, 95% Confidence Interval: 2.01-4.12). CONCLUSION: The mortality rate for acute mesenteric ischemia remains unchanged throughout this contemporary study. Open surgical intervention, bowel resection and age were associated with increased mortality. Endovascular group patients had better survival despite higher morbidity indices.

Predictors and consequences of unplanned hospital readmission within 30 days of carotid endarterectomy.

OBJECTIVE: In the United States, vascular surgeons frequently perform carotid endarterectomy (CEA). Given the resource burden of unplanned readmission (URA), we sought to identify the predictors and consequences of URA after this common vascular surgery procedure to identify potential points of intervention. METHODS: Using a prospective single-institution database, we retrospectively identified consecutive patients undergoing CEA (2001-2011). Demographic and perioperative factors were prospectively collected. The primary end point was 30-day postdischarge URA after CEA. The secondary end point was 1-year survival. We performed a univariable analysis for URA followed by a multivariable Cox model. A Kaplan-Meier analysis was performed for 1-year survival. RESULTS: During the study period, 840 patients underwent 897 CEAs. The 30-day postdischarge overall readmission rate and URA rate were 8.6% and 6.5%, respectively. Most URA patients (n = 42; 73.4%) were readmitted for a CEA-related reason (headache, cardiac, hypertension, surgical site infection, bleeding/hematoma, stroke/transient ischemic attack, dysphagia, or hyperperfusion syndrome). Seventeen patients (29.3%) had more than one reason for URA. Median time to URA was 4 days (interquartile range, 1-9 days). Postoperative length of stay, indication for CEA, and discharge destination were not associated with URA. In multivariable analysis, in-hospital occurrence of congestive heart failure (hazard ratio [HR], 15.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], 4.7-48.8; P < .001), stroke (HR, 5.0; 95% CI, 1.8-14.0; P < .001), bleeding/hematoma (HR, 3.1; 95% CI, 1.4-6.9; P = .003), and prior coronary artery bypass grafting (HR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.2-3.5; P = .01) were significantly associated with URA. Patients in the URA group also had decreased survival during 1 year (91% vs 96%; P = .01, log-rank). CONCLUSIONS: The 30-day URA rate after CEA is low (6.5%). Prior coronary artery bypass grafting and in-hospital postoperative occurrence of stroke, bleeding/hematoma, and congestive heart failure identify those at increased risk of URA, and URA signals increased long-term risk of postoperative mortality.

Contemporary comparison of supra-aortic trunk surgical reconstructions for occlusive disease.

OBJECTIVE: Open surgical reconstruction for supra-aortic trunk occlusive disease persists despite advances in endovascular therapy. Although extrathoracic reconstructions developed as a safer alternative to transthoracic reconstructions, contemporary national data evaluating relative rates of operative outcomes are lacking. METHODS: With use of the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (2005-2011), patients who underwent transthoracic or extrathoracic reconstruction were evaluated. Patients with nonocclusive indications were excluded. The primary outcome was a composite end point of stroke/myocardial infarction (MI)/death. Secondary outcomes were 30-day postoperative complications. Univariate and multivariable regression analyses were performed. RESULTS: Overall, 83 patients (10.7%) underwent transthoracic reconstructions and 692 patients (89.3%) underwent extrathoracic reconstructions. Vascular surgeons performed most transthoracic (96%) and extrathoracic (97%) reconstructions. The most common extrathoracic reconstructions were carotid-subclavian bypass (68%), carotid-carotid bypass (14%), and subclavian transposition (7%). Less commonly, axillary-axillary bypass (6%), subclavian-axillary bypass (2%), subclavian-subclavian bypass (1%), and carotid transposition (1%) were performed. At the time of operation, 10% (transthoracic reconstructions) and 8% (extrathoracic reconstructions) of patients had a concurrent carotid endarterectomy (P < .60). Analysis of more than 20 characteristics showed that the groups did not differ significantly. The two groups had similar rates of postoperative stroke (1.2% in the transthoracic reconstruction group vs 2.2% in the extrathoracic reconstruction group; P > .99), MI (0% vs 1.3%; P = .61), death (2.4% vs 1.3%; P = .33), and stroke/MI/death (3.6% vs 3.8%; P > .99). Transthoracic reconstruction patients had longer hospital stays (6.3 days vs 4.0 days; P < .0002), received more transfusions (8.4% vs 2.5%; P < .0096), and had higher rates of postoperative sepsis (3.6% vs 0.3%; P < .01) and venous thromboembolic complications (3.6% vs 0.4%; P < .02). After adjustment for other factors, including surgical approach, stroke/MI/death was significantly associated with postoperative pneumonia (odds ratio [OR], 26.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], 6.29-108.28; P < .0001), postoperative ventilator dependence (OR, 12.45; 95% CI, 2.74-56.48; P = .001), and postoperative return to the operating room (OR, 4.75; 95% CI, 1.67-13.54; P = .004). CONCLUSIONS: At U.S. hospitals, extrathoracic reconstruction is the more common reconstruction for supra-aortic trunk occlusive disease. Both approaches carry acceptably low rates of death, MI, and stroke. Transthoracic reconstruction results in more resource utilization because of its postoperative complications and greater complexity.

Contemporary predictors of extended postoperative hospital length of stay after carotid endarterectomy.

INTRODUCTION: Hospital length of stay (LOS) contributes to costs. Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is performed frequently by vascular surgeons, making contemporary CEA LOS rates and predictors vital knowledge for quality evaluation and cost containment initiatives. METHODS: Using a prospective single-institution database, we retrospectively identified consecutive patients undergoing CEA from 2001 to 2011. Demographic and perioperative factors were prospectively collected. The primary end point was extended postoperative LOS (ELOS), defined as postoperative LOS ≥2 days. Factors associated with ELOS were analyzed in a multivariable logistic regression model. Rates of 1-year readmission and death were compared with the Kaplan-Meier method (log-rank test). RESULTS: Eight hundred forty patients underwent 897 CEAs with 39% of procedures among females and 35% for symptomatic disease. One hundred two (11.4%) patients were inpatients prior to the day of CEA ("preadmitted"); their preoperative days by definition are not included in ELOS. Median postoperative LOS was 1 day (interquartile range, 1-2). Four hundred fourteen patients (46.2%) had ELOS. Preadmission was associated with ELOS (72% vs 41%; P < .01) and ELOS patients were less likely to be discharged home (11.9% vs 1.5%; P < .01). There was no association between ELOS and unplanned 30-day postdischarge readmission (6.0% vs 7.0%; P = .59). On multivariable analysis, preoperative factors significantly associated with ELOS included preadmission (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 3.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.9-5.7; P < .001), history of congestive heart failure (OR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.1-4.2; P = .03), female gender (OR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.4-2.6; P < .001), and history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.0-2.9; P = .04). Operative factors included electroencephalography change (OR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.2-3.2; P = .01), operating room start time after 12:00 pm (OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.2-2.4; P < .01), and total operating room time (OR, 1.5 per hour; 95% CI, 1.2-2.9; P < .01). Postoperative factors included transfer to intensive care unit (OR, 5.4; 95% CI, 3.1-9.4; P < .01), number of in-hospital postoperative complications (OR, 3.7; 95% CI, 2.2-6.5; P < .01), and Foley catheter placement (OR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.3-3.4; P < .01). Over 1 year, ELOS was associated with increased hospital readmission (93.6% vs 84.7%; log-rank test, P < .01) and decreased survival (95.1% vs 98.3%; log-rank test, P < .01). CONCLUSIONS: Nearly half of CEA patients were discharged on or after postoperative day 2. Interventions on modifiable risk factors, such as early Foley catheter placement to prevent urinary retention and morning CEA scheduling, may decrease LOS. ELOS may identify a subset of patients at increased risk for long-term readmission and mortality.

Outcomes of lower extremity bypass performed for acute limb ischemia.

OBJECTIVE: Acute limb ischemia remains one of the most challenging emergencies in vascular surgery. Historically, outcomes following interventions for acute limb ischemia have been associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this study was to determine contemporary outcomes following lower extremity bypass performed for acute limb ischemia. METHODS: All patients undergoing infrainguinal lower extremity bypass between 2003 and 2011 within hospitals comprising the Vascular Study Group of New England were identified. Patients were stratified according to whether or not the indication for lower extremity bypass was acute limb ischemia. Primary end points included bypass graft occlusion, major amputation, and mortality at 1 year postoperatively as determined by Kaplan-Meier life table analysis. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were constructed to evaluate independent predictors of mortality and major amputation at 1 year. RESULTS: Of 5712 lower extremity bypass procedures, 323 (5.7%) were performed for acute limb ischemia. Patients undergoing lower extremity bypass for acute limb ischemia were similar in age (66 vs 67; P = .084) and sex (68% male vs 69% male; P = .617) compared with chronic ischemia patients, but were less likely to be on aspirin (63% vs 75%; P < .0001) or a statin (55% vs 68%; P < .0001). Patients with acute limb ischemia were more likely to be current smokers (49% vs 39%; P < .0001), to have had a prior ipsilateral bypass (33% vs 24%; P = .004) or a prior ipsilateral percutaneous intervention (41% vs 29%; P = .001). Bypasses performed for acute limb ischemia were longer in duration (270 vs 244 minutes; P = .007), had greater blood loss (363 vs 272 mL; P < .0001), and more commonly utilized prosthetic conduits (41% vs 33%; P = .003). Acute limb ischemia patients experienced increased in-hospital major adverse events (20% vs 12%; P < .0001) including myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure exacerbation, deterioration in renal function, and respiratory complications. Patients who underwent lower extremity bypass for acute limb ischemia had no difference in rates of graft occlusion (18.1% vs 18.5%; P = .77), but did have significantly higher rates of limb loss (22.4% vs 9.7%; P < .0001) and mortality (20.9% vs 13.1%; P < .0001) at 1 year. On multivariable analysis, acute limb ischemia was an independent predictor of both major amputation (hazard ratio, 2.16; confidence interval, 1.38-3.40; P = .001) and mortality (hazard ratio, 1.41; confidence interval, 1.09-1.83; P = .009) at 1 year. CONCLUSIONS: Patients who present with acute limb ischemia represent a less medically optimized subgroup within the population of patients undergoing lower extremity bypass. These patients may be expected to have more complex operations followed by increased rates of perioperative adverse events. Additionally, despite equivalent graft patency rates, patients undergoing lower extremity bypass for acute ischemia have significantly higher rates of major amputation and mortality at 1 year.

Carotid-subclavian bypass and subclavian-carotid transposition in the thoracic endovascular aortic repair era.

OBJECTIVE: Beyond traditional indications, subclavian revascularization is increasingly performed to allow for aortic arch debranching in the setting of thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR). Endovascular treatment options for subclavian disease have emerged, perhaps altering the patient population undergoing open revascularization. We leveraged prospectively collected American College of Surgeons (ACS)-National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) data to delineate evolving stroke and mortality rates after carotid-subclavian bypass (CSB) and subclavian-carotid transposition (SCT) in this dynamic context. METHODS: The ACS-NSQIP database (2005 to 2010) was used to examine patients who underwent CSB or SCT. Patients admitted for emergency cases were excluded. Factors associated with 30-day postoperative cerebrovascular accident (CVA) or death (CVA/D) were defined using univariable and multivariable analyses. RESULTS: CSB comprised 41% of revascularizations associated with TEVAR and 89% of isolated revascularizations. A greater proportion of TEVARs were performed in the SCT group (37.4% vs 4.9%; P < .01). The groups were similar in demographic characteristics and prevalence of comorbidities. Overall stroke, mortality, and combined CVA/D rates were 3.5% (n = 31), 3.3% (n = 29), and 5.8% (n = 51), respectively. Surgical approach did not affect outcome. The CVA/D rate was 10.2% (n = 9) for revascularization in conjunction with TEVAR and 5.3% (n = 42) for isolated reconstruction (P = .06). For patients undergoing isolated revascularization, increasing age (adjusted odds ratio, 1.06; 95% confidence interval, 1.03-1.10; P < .01), and nonindependent functional status (odds ratio, 3.49; 95% confidence interval, 1.41-8.68; P < .01) were significantly associated with CVA/D. CONCLUSIONS: In this contemporary data set, there was no significant difference in CVA/D by surgical approach. TEVAR trended toward an association with CVA/D compared with isolated subclavian reconstruction. CVA/D continues to complicate contemporary CSB and SCT, especially among elderly and nonindependent patient subsets.

Distal anastomotic vein adjunct usage in infrainguinal prosthetic bypasses.

OBJECTIVE: Single-segment saphenous vein remains the optimal conduit for infrainguinal revascularization. In its absence, prosthetic conduit may be used. Existing data regarding the significance of anastomotic distal vein adjunct (DVA) usage with prosthetic grafts are based on small series. METHODS: This is a retrospective cohort analysis derived from the regional Vascular Study Group of New England as well as the Brigham and Women's hospital database. A total of 1018 infrainguinal prosthetic bypass grafts were captured in the dataset from 73 surgeons at 15 participating institutions. Propensity scoring and 3:1 matching was performed to create similar exposure groups for analysis. Outcome measures of interest included: primary patency, freedom from major adverse limb events (MALEs), and amputation free survival at 1 year as a function of vein patch utilization. Time to event data were compared with the log-rank test; multivariable Cox proportional hazard models were used to evaluate the adjusted association between vein cuff usage and the primary end points. DVA was defined as a vein patch, cuff, or boot in any configuration. RESULTS: Of the 1018 bypass operations, 94 (9.2%) had a DVA whereas 924 (90.8%) did not (no DVA). After propensity score matching, 88 DVAs (25%) and 264 no DVAs (75%) were analyzed. On univariate analysis of the matched cohort, the DVA and no DVA groups were similar in terms of mean age (70.0 vs 69.0; P = .55), male sex (58.0% vs 58.3%; P > .99), and preoperative characteristics such as living at home (93.2% vs 94.3%; P = .79) and independent ambulatory status (72.7% vs 75.7%; P = .64). The DVA and no DVA groups had similar rates of major comorbidities such as hypertension chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, and dialysis dependence (P > .05 for all). Likewise, they had similar rates of distal origin grafts (13.6% vs 12.5%; P = .85), critical limb ischemia indications (P = .53), and prior arterial bypass (58% vs 47%; P = .08). The DVA group had a higher rate of completion angiogram performed (55.7% vs 37.5%; P =.002) and were more likely to be discharged on coumadin (53.4% vs 37.1%; P =.01). By multivariable analysis, use of a distal DVA was protective against MALEs (hazard ratio, 0.36; 95% confidence interval, 0.14-0.90; P = .03). CONCLUSIONS: This contemporary multi-institutional propensity-matched study demonstrates that patients that receive distal anastomotic vein adjuncts as part of infrainguinal prosthetic bypass operations in general have more extreme comorbidities and more technically challenging operations based on level of target vessel and prior bypass attempts. After propensity-matched analysis, the use of a DVA may protect against MALEs in prosthetic bypass surgery and should be considered when feasible.