Female Patients Undergoing Latarjet Surgery Show Similar 2-Year Secondary Surgery Rates but Greater Risk of Emergency Department Visits Compared With a Matched Cohort of Male Patients.

PURPOSE: To evaluate sex-based differences in 30-day postoperative emergency department (ED) visits, 90-day complication rates, and 2-year secondary surgery rates after the Latarjet procedure for the treatment of recurrent shoulder instability. METHODS: A national administrative claims database was used to identify patients with International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) diagnosis codes for shoulder subluxation or dislocation on the day of first-time stabilization with the Latarjet technique between 2015 and 2021. Male patients were matched 4:1 to female patients based on age, Elixhauser Comorbidity Index (ECI) score, and body mass index class. Rates of 30-day ED visits and 90-day complications were compared between cohorts, and risk factors for ED visits were identified by multivariate regression. The incidence of secondary surgery within 2 years was compared by Kaplan-Meier analysis. RESULTS: Prior to matching, 1,059 male and 360 female patients met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Subsequent 4:1 (male-to-female) matching controlling for age, ECI score, and body mass index yielded 694 male and 185 female patients who underwent the Latarjet procedure. The overall incidence of 30-day ED visits was 9.3%, with an incidence of 8.2% for male patients and 13.5% for female patients. On the basis of multivariate logistic regression, these 30-day ED visits were associated with female sex (odds ratio, 1.79; P = .029) and incrementally higher ECI scores; relative to an ECI score of 0, ECI scores of 1 to 2, 3 to 4, and 5 or greater were associated with odds ratios of 5.31 (P = .006), 8.12 (P < .001), and 12.84 (P < .001), respectively. Ninety-day complications occurred in 1.5% of the total cohort, and the incidence was not statistically different between sexes. Overall, 2-year secondary surgery rates were similar between male and female patients (5.1% and 6.7%, respectively; P = .4). CONCLUSIONS: Female patients undergoing the Latarjet procedure for recurrent shoulder instability showed similar 90-day complication and 2-year secondary surgery rates to a matched cohort of male patients. Female sex, along with ECI score, however, was associated with a greater rate of 30-day ED visits. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, retrospective comparative case series.

Adverse Events After Isolated Posterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A National Database Study.

Background: Optimal management after posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) injury remains an active area of research, as reconstruction is technically challenging and poses unique risks in the posterior knee. Studies have reported variable rates of complications. Purpose: To describe the rates of readmission, emergency department (ED) visits, and postoperative complications within 90 days of isolated PCL reconstruction (PCLR) in a large, national cohort to better understand the perioperative variables that influence a practitioner's decision of whether to pursue operative versus nonoperative management. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: PCLRs from January 1, 2010, through August 31, 2020, were identified in PearlDiver, a national administrative database. Patients with concomitant ligament surgery and those with fewer than 90 days of postoperative database activity were excluded. Deep vein thromboses, pulmonary embolisms, surgical site infections, compartment syndrome, and vascular events within 90 days of surgery were identified, as were 90-day readmissions and ED visits. Logistic regression models were built in PearlDiver to calculate odds ratios (ORs) for ED utilization. Results: The final cohort consisted of 1154 patients with isolated PCLR (mean age, 34 ± 16 years; 62% male). Most patients were located in the Southern United States (n = 417; 36.1%), and most had commercial insurance (n = 992; 86%). The 90-day rates of adverse events were as follows: deep vein thrombosis (13; 1.1%), pulmonary embolism (19; 1.6%), surgical site infection (<11; <1%), compartment syndrome (<11; <1%), vascular event (<11; <1%), readmission (13, 1.1%), and ED utilization (99; 8.6%). The majority of emergency department visits (52%) occurred in the first 2 weeks postoperatively. Predictive factors for ED utilization included Elixhauser Comorbidity Index score (OR = 1.31 per 2-point increase) and Medicaid insurance (OR = 2.03 relative to commercial insurance). Conclusion: The current study reported rates of adverse events after isolated PCLR in a large, national cohort. The results provide important context for decisions about optimal management of PCL injury.

Medicaid Insurance Is Associated With More Complications and Emergency Department Visits but Equivalent 5-Year Secondary Surgery Rate After Primary Hip Arthroscopy.

PURPOSE: To compare 90-day complications, 30-day emergency department (ED) visits, and 5-year rate of secondary surgeries for patients with Medicaid vs commercial insurance undergoing primary hip arthroscopy for femoroacetabular impingement syndrome (FAIS) and/or labral tears using a large national database. METHODS: The PearlDiver Mariner151 database was used to identify patients with International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision diagnosis codes for FAIS and/or labral tear who underwent primary hip arthroscopy with femoroplasty, acetabuloplasty, and/or labral repair between 2015 and 2021. Patients with Medicaid were matched 1:4 to a control group of commercially insured patients based on age, sex, body mass index, and Elixhauser Comorbidity Index. Rates of 90-day complications and 30-day ED visits were compared using multivariate regression models. Five-year rates of secondary surgeries-revision arthroscopy or total hip arthroplasty-were compared between cohorts by Kaplan-Meier analysis. RESULTS: A total of 2,033 Medicaid patients were matched with 8,056 commercially insured patients. Rates of adverse events were low; however, Medicaid patients were significantly more likely than commercially insured patients to experience any 90-day complication (2.12% vs 1.43%; odds ratio [OR], 1.2; P = .02). Medicaid patients also experienced more 30-day ED visits than commercially insured patients (8.61% vs 4.28%), and on multivariate logistic regression, insurance status was the strongest determinant of 30-day ED visits (relative to commercial, Medicaid OR, 2.02; P < .001). Despite these differences, 5-year rates of secondary surgeries were comparable between groups (6.1% vs 6.0%; P = .6). CONCLUSIONS: In this large national database study, Medicaid patients undergoing primary hip arthroscopy showed significantly greater odds of experiencing 90-day postoperative complications and 30-day ED visits compared to commercially insured patients. Nevertheless, both groups had similar survivorship rates at 5-year follow-up, similar to prior estimates irrespective of insurance. These results document encouraging secondary surgery rates in Medicaid patients.

Previous Isolated Medial Bucket-Handle Meniscus Repair Significantly Increases Risk of Subsequent Ipsilateral Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction.

Purpose: (1) To define the incidence of surgically treated isolated bucket-handle meniscus tears (BHMTs); (2) to investigate risk of subsequent ipsilateral anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) in patients who underwent previous isolated bucket handle (BH) meniscus repair; and (3) to investigate the risk of subsequent ACLR for various types of surgically treated meniscal tears. Methods: A retrospective review of a national database was conducted to identify patients, aged 10 to 40 years, who underwent primary isolated BH meniscus surgery from 2015 to 2020. Patients were stratified by operative method. A control group of 500,000 age-matched patients was randomly selected to establish a benchmark rate of ACLR. Kaplan-Meier analysis was performed to compare the timing and incidence of subsequent ipsilateral ACLR after primary isolated BH meniscus surgery to the control group within 2 and 5 years. Results: In total, 1,767 patients with isolated BHMTs treated with surgery were identified and met inclusion criteria. The incidence of isolated BHMTs among all surgically treated (repair or meniscectomy) meniscal injuries was 1.67%. Isolated BH repairs had significantly greater odds of ACLR within 5 years compared to the control group (odds ratio [OR] 6.09; 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.86-12.99; P < .001). Medial BH repairs had the greatest odds of ACLR within 5 years (OR 9.15; 95% CI 4.27-19.57; P < .001). Lateral BH repair was not associated with subsequent ipsilateral ACLR within 5 years (OR 2.63; CI 0.37-18.90; P = .340). Conclusions: Isolated BHMTs comprised 1.67% of all surgically treated meniscal injuries. Patients who underwent prior surgery for isolated BHMT were at increased risk of undergoing subsequent ipsilateral ACLR compared with the general population. Isolated medial BHMTs treated with repair had the highest risk for subsequent ACLR. Level of Evidence: Level III, retrospective cohort study.

Low Rates of 5-Year Secondary Surgery and Postoperative Complications After Primary Hip Arthroscopy in More Than 30,000 Patients.

PURPOSE: To evaluate 90-day complications, 5-year secondary surgery rates, and risk factors for secondary surgery following primary hip arthroscopy performed for femoroacetabular impingement and/or labral tears using a large national dataset. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted using the PearlDiver Mariner151 database. Patients with International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, diagnosis codes for femoroacetabular impingement and/or labral tear undergoing primary hip arthroscopy with femoroplasty, acetabuloplasty, and/or labral repair between 2015 and 2021 were identified. Those with concomitant International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, codes for infection, neoplasm, or fracture were excluded, as were patients with a history of previous hip arthroscopy or total hip arthroplasty, or age ≥70 years. Rates of complications within 90 days of surgery were assessed. Five-year rates of secondary surgery-revision hip arthroscopy or conversion to total hip arthroplasty-were determined by Kaplan-Meier analysis, and risk factors for secondary surgery were identified by multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: A total of 31,623 patients underwent primary hip arthroscopy from October 2015 to April 2021, with annual volumes ranging from 5,340 to 6,343 surgeries per year. Femoroplasty was the most frequent surgical procedure (performed in 81.1% of surgical encounters), followed by labral repair (72.6%) and acetabuloplasty (33.0%). Ninety-day postoperative complication rates were low, with 1.28% of patients experiencing any complication. The 5-year secondary surgery rate was 4.9% (N = 915 patients). Multivariate logistic regression identified age <20 years (odds ratio [OR] 1.50; P < .001), female sex (OR 1.33; P < .001), class I obesity (body mass index 30-34.9: OR 1.30; P = .04), and class II/III obesity (body mass index ≥35.0: OR 1.29; P = .02) as independent predictors of secondary surgery. CONCLUSIONS: In this study of primary hip arthroscopy, 90-day adverse events were low at 1.28%, and the 5-year secondary surgery rate was 4.9%. Age younger than 20 years, female sex, and obesity were risk factors for secondary surgery, suggesting the need for increased surveillance in these patient groups. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, case series.

Establishing a Consensus Definition of a Knee Fracture-Dislocation (Schenck Knee Dislocation V) Using a Global Modified Delphi Method.

BACKGROUND: Knee fracture-dislocations are complex injuries; however, there is no universally accepted definition of what constitutes a fracture-dislocation within the Schenck Knee Dislocation (KD) V subcategory. The purpose of this study was to establish a more precise definition for fracture patterns included within the Schenck KD V subcategory. METHODS: A series of clinical scenarios encompassing various fracture patterns in association with a bicruciate knee ligament injury was created by a working group of 8 surgeons. Utilizing a modified Delphi technique, 46 surgeons from 18 countries and 6 continents with clinical and academic expertise in multiligamentous knee injuries undertook 3 rounds of online surveys to establish consensus. Consensus was defined as ≥70% agreement with responses of either "strongly agree" or "agree" for a positive consensus or "strongly disagree" or "disagree" for a negative consensus. RESULTS: There was a 100% response rate for Rounds 1 and 2 and a 96% response rate for Round 3. A total of 11 fracture patterns reached consensus for inclusion: (1) nondisplaced articular fracture of the femur; (2) displaced articular fracture of the femur; (3) tibial plateau fracture involving the weight-bearing surface (with or without tibial spine involvement); (4) tibial plateau peripheral rim compression fracture; (5) posterolateral tibial plateau compression fracture, Bernholt type IIB; (6) posterolateral tibial plateau compression fracture, Bernholt type IIIA; (7) posterolateral tibial plateau compression fracture, Bernholt type IIIB; (8) Gerdy's tubercle avulsion fracture with weight-bearing surface involvement; (9) displaced tibial tubercle fracture; (10) displaced patellar body fracture; and (11) displaced patellar inferior pole fracture. Fourteen fracture patterns reached consensus for exclusion from the definition. Two fracture patterns failed to reach consensus for either inclusion or exclusion from the definition. CONCLUSIONS: Using a modified Delphi technique, this study established consensus for specific fracture patterns to include within or exclude from the Schenck KD V subcategory. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prognostic Level V . See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Extensor Mechanism Disruption Impacts Treatment of Dislocated and Multiligament Injured Knees: Treatment and Schenck Classification Recommendations Based on a Global Delphi Method.

BACKGROUND: Multiligament knee injury (MLKI) with associated extensor mechanism (EM) involvement is a rare injury, with limited evidence to guide optimal treatment. The purpose of this study was to identify areas of consensus among a group of international experts regarding the treatment of patients with MLKI and concomitant EM injury. METHODS: Utilizing a classic Delphi technique, an international group of 46 surgeons from 6 continents with expertise in MLKI undertook 3 rounds of online surveys. Participants were presented with clinical scenarios involving EM disruption in association with MLKI, classified using the Schenck Knee-Dislocation (KD) Classification. Positive consensus was defined as ≥70% agreement with responses of either "strongly agree" or "agree," and negative consensus was defined as ≥70% agreement with "strongly disagree" or "disagree." RESULTS: There was a 100% response rate for rounds 1 and 2 and a 96% response rate for round 3. There was strong positive consensus (87%) that an EM injury in combination with MLKI significantly alters the treatment algorithm. For an EM injury in conjunction with a KD2, KD3M, or KD3L injury, there was positive consensus to repair the EM injury only and negative consensus regarding performing concurrent ligamentous reconstruction at the time of initial surgery. CONCLUSIONS: In the setting of bicruciate MLKI, there was overall agreement on the significant impact of EM injury on the treatment algorithm. We therefore recommend that the Schenck KD Classification be updated with the addition of the modifier suffix "-EM" to highlight this impact. Treatment of the EM injury was judged to have the highest priority, and there was consensus to treat the EM injury only. However, given the lack of clinical outcome data, treatment decisions need to be made on a case-by-case basis with consideration of the numerous clinical factors that are encountered. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Little clinical evidence exists to guide the surgeon on the management of EM injury in the setting of a multiligament injured or dislocated knee. This survey highlights the impact that EM injury has on the treatment algorithm and provides some guidance for management until a further large case series or prospective studies are undertaken.

Examining the Distribution of Bone Bruise Patterns in Contact and Noncontact Acute Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries.

BACKGROUND: Bone bruises are commonly seen on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in acute anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries and can provide insight into the underlying mechanism of injury. There are limited reports that have compared the bone bruise patterns between contact and noncontact mechanisms of ACL injury. PURPOSE: To examine and compare the number and location of bone bruises in contact and noncontact ACL injuries. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS: Three hundred twenty patients who underwent ACL reconstruction surgery between 2015 and 2021 were identified. Inclusion criteria were clear documentation of the mechanism of injury and MRI within 30 days of the injury on a 3-T scanner. Patients with concomitant fractures, injuries to the posterolateral corner or posterior cruciate ligament, and/or previous ipsilateral knee injury were excluded. Patients were stratified into 2 cohorts based on a contact or noncontact mechanism. Preoperative MRI scans were retrospectively reviewed by 2 musculoskeletal radiologists for bone bruises. The number and location of the bone bruises were recorded in the coronal and sagittal planes using fat-suppressed T2-weighted images and a standardized mapping technique. Lateral and medial meniscal tears were recorded from the operative notes, while medial collateral ligament (MCL) injuries were graded on MRI. RESULTS: A total of 220 patients were included, with 142 (64.5%) noncontact injuries and 78 (35.5%) contact injuries. There was a significantly higher frequency of men in the contact cohort compared with the noncontact cohort (69.2% vs 54.2%, P = .030), while age and body mass index were comparable between the 2 cohorts. The bivariate analysis demonstrated a significantly higher rate of combined lateral tibiofemoral (lateral femoral condyle [LFC] + lateral tibial plateau [LTP]) bone bruises (82.1% vs 48.6%, P < .001) and a lower rate of combined medial tibiofemoral (medial femoral condyle [MFC] + medial tibial plateau [MTP]) bone bruises (39.7% vs 66.2%, P < .001) in knees with contact injuries. Similarly, noncontact injuries had a significantly higher rate of centrally located MFC bone bruises (80.3% vs 61.5%, P = .003) and posteriorly located MTP bruises (66.2% vs 52.6%, P = .047). When controlling for age and sex, the multivariate logistical regression model demonstrated that knees with contact injuries were more likely to have LTP bone bruises (OR, 4.721 [95% CI, 1.147-19.433], P = .032) and less likely to have combined medial tibiofemoral (MFC + MTP) bone bruises (OR, 0.331 [95% CI, 0.144-0.762], P = .009) compared with those with noncontact injuries. CONCLUSION: Significantly different bone bruise patterns were observed on MRI based on ACL injury mechanism, with contact and noncontact injuries demonstrating characteristic findings in the lateral tibiofemoral and medial tibiofemoral compartments, respectively.

An Epidemiological Study of Cell Phone-Related Injuries of the Hand and Wrist Reported in United States Emergency Departments From 2011 to 2020.

Purpose: Increasing ownership and use of mobile phones has been recently linked to reports of hand and wrist pain from overuse, as well as more serious injuries related to distracted behaviors, such as falls and texting while driving. We describe the epidemiology of hand and wrist injuries presenting to US emergency departments from 2011 to 2020, which were associated with cell phone use using the Consumer Product Safety Commission's National Electronic Injury Surveillance System. Methods: The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System database was queried for treatment records from 2011 through to 2020 for all cell phone-related injuries of the lower arm, wrist, hand, and fingers. Using parameters provided by the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System database, there were 1,213 unique cases, yielding a total weighted estimate of 50,487 national cases presenting to emergency departments in the United States. Results: Between 2011 and 2020, the weighted estimate of annual cell phone-related injuries ranged from 3,389 to 7,320 cases. Falls were the most common cause of injury, accounting for 29.8% of estimated cases. The most common types of injuries were lacerations (22.3%). The national estimate of cell phone-related injury was the highest in the age range of 11-20 years (26.4%), followed by 21-30 years (22.2%). Women were affected more frequently than men (59.6% vs 40.4%). Conclusions: Upper extremity injuries related to cell phone use represent an increasing burden of disease to the US healthcare system. Raising awareness regarding cell phone-related injuries and in-home fall-prevention strategies, especially among elderly individuals, should be considered as means of decreasing the number of such injuries. Strategies for decreasing the burden of cell phone-related injuries occurring as a result of falls among teenagers and young adults should focus on minimizing distractions while using a cell phone. Limitations of the study include inaccuracies related to probability-weighted case estimation and limitations in reporting injuries. Clinical relevance: Knowledge of the burden of upper extremities injuries associated with this common handheld device can help to both raise awareness of this issue, as well as to potentially inform injury-prevention strategies.

Comparative Success of Repair Versus Reconstruction for Knee Extra-articular Ligament Injuries.

Background: Surgical techniques and associated outcomes in treating acute and chronic extra-articular ligament knee injuries are in evolution, and there is question as to whether repair or reconstruction is optimal. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to compare the subsequent surgery rate between surgical repair versus reconstruction for all extra-articular ligament injuries of the knee utilizing a large database. Our hypothesis was that overall surgical repair of both lateral and medial extra-articular knee injuries would have a higher revision rate than those treated by reconstruction. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: The PearlDiver Mariner data set (2010-2019), with 122 million patients, was utilized to generate 2 patient cohorts: those who underwent surgical repair and those who underwent surgical reconstruction of a knee extra-articular ligament injury. All patients had a minimum of 2 years follow-up. Rates of concomitant or subsequent cruciate ligament reconstruction and rates of secondary procedures were assessed and compared between the 2 cohorts. Results: In total, 3563 patients were identified: extra-articular ligament reconstruction was performed for 2405 (67.5%), and repair was performed for 1158 (32.5%). Cruciate ligament reconstruction was performed for 986 (27.7%), of which 888 of 986 (90.1%) were performed on the same day as their extra-articular ligament procedure. At 2-year follow-up, the reconstruction cohort had higher rates of revision surgery compared with the repair cohort (8.2% vs 2.5%; P < .001). Conclusion: Using a large national database, knee extra-articular ligamentous reconstructions (those on both the lateral and the medial side) had a 3.3 times higher rate of revision surgery compared with repair at 2-year follow-up. Further study is needed to investigate the causes leading to revision surgery and to determine the optimal surgical treatment for both medial and lateral extra-articular knee ligament injuries.

Examining Preoperative MRI for Medial Meniscal Ramp Lesions in Patients Surgically Treated for Acute Grade 3 Combined Posterolateral Corner Knee Injury.

Background: While medial meniscocapsular tears (ramp lesions) are commonly associated with isolated anterior cruciate ligament injuries, there are limited descriptions of these meniscal injuries in multiligament knee injuries (MLKIs). Purpose: To (1) retrospectively evaluate preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans for the presence of ramp lesions in patients surgically treated for acute grade 3 combined posterolateral corner (PLC) knee injuries and (2) determine if a preoperative posteromedial tibial plateau (PMTP) bone bruise is associated with the presence of preoperative ramp lesions on MRI in these same patients. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Data on consecutive patients at a level 1 trauma center with MLKIs between 2001 and 2021 were retrospectively reviewed. Only patients with acute grade 3 combined PLC injuries who received an MRI scan within 30 days of injury were assessed. Two musculoskeletal radiologists retrospectively reviewed each patient's preoperative MRI for evidence of ramp lesions and bone bruises. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were used to calculate reliability among the reviewers. Multivariate analysis was used to evaluate the relationship between PMTP bruising and the presence of a ramp lesion on MRI. Results: A total of 68 patients (79.4% male; mean age, 33.8 ± 13.7 years) with an acute grade 3 combined PLC injury were included in the study. On MRI, the ICCs for detection of ramp lesions and PMTP bone bruising were 0.921 and 0.938, respectively. Medial meniscal ramp lesions were diagnosed in 18 of 68 (26.5%) patients. Eleven of 18 (61.1%) patients with ramp lesions also showed evidence of PMTP bruising, while 13 of 50 (26.0%) patients without ramp lesions had PMTP bruising (P = .008). When controlling for age and sex, PTMP bruising was significantly associated with the presence of a ramp lesion in combined PLC injuries (odds ratio, 4.62; P = .012). Conclusion: Preoperative medial meniscal ramp lesions were diagnosed on MRI in 26.5% of patients with acute grade 3 combined PLC injuries. PMTP bone bruising was significantly associated with the presence of a ramp lesion on MRI. These findings reinforce the need to assess for potential ramp lesions at the time of multiligament reconstruction.

Posteromedial tibial plateau bone bruises are associated with medial meniscal ramp lesions in patients with concomitant anterior cruciate ligament ruptures: a systematic review & meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if posteromedial tibial plateau (PMTP) bone bruising on pre-operative MRI is significantly associated with a ramp lesion identified during arthroscopy in patients with concomitant ACL ruptures. METHODS: PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, Web of Sciences, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library were searched systematically for studies that investigated the association between PMTP bone bruises on preoperative MRI and ramp lesions confirmed during arthroscopy. Eight studies met inclusion criteria. The Methodological Index for Nonrandomized Studies (MINORS) checklist was used to assess quality. A meta-analysis was performed to analyze odds of a ramp lesion after PMTP bone bruising identified on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Publication bias was assessed by funnel plot and Egger's linear regression test. RESULTS: There are 2.05 greater odds of medial meniscal ramp lesions in patients with an ACL rupture when PMTP bone bruising is found on preoperative MRI (95% CI, 1.29-3.25; p = 0.002). Heterogeneity of the pooled studies may be substantial (I2 = 65%; p = 0.006). Funnel plot analysis and Egger's linear regression test (p > 0.5) determined no publication bias among the studies included in the meta-analysis. CONCLUSION: Patients with acute ACL injuries and PMTP bone bruising on MRI have 2.05 times greater odds of a concomitant medial meniscal ramp lesion than those without this bone bruise pattern.

Over One-Third of Patients With Multiligament Knee Injuries and an Intact Anterior Cruciate Ligament Demonstrate Medial Meniscal Ramp Lesions on Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

PURPOSE: To determine the incidence of ramp lesions and posteromedial tibial plateau (PMTP) bone bruising on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with multiligament knee injuries (MLKIs) and an intact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). METHODS: A retrospective review of consecutive patients surgically treated for MLKIs at 2 level I trauma centers between January 2001 and March 2021 was performed. Only MLKIs with an intact ACL that received MRI scans within 90 days of the injury were included. All MLKIs were diagnosed on MRI and confirmed with operative reports. Two musculoskeletal radiologists retrospectively rereviewed preoperative MRIs for evidence of medial meniscus ramp lesions (MMRLs) and PMTP bone bruises using previously established classification systems. Intraclass correlation coefficients were used to calculate the reliability between the radiologists. The incidence of MMRLs and PMTP bone bruises was quantified using descriptive statistics. RESULTS: A total of 221 MLKIs were identified, of which 32 (14.5%) had an intact ACL (87.5% male; mean age of 29.9 ± 8.6 years) and were included. The most common MLKI pattern was combined injury to the posterior cruciate ligament and posterolateral corner (n = 27, 84.4%). PMTP bone bruises were observed in 12 of 32 (37.5%) patients. Similarly, MMRLs were diagnosed in 12 of 32 (37.5%) patients. A total of 8 of 12 (66.7%) patients with MMRLs demonstrated evidence PMTP bone bruising. CONCLUSIONS: Over one-third of MLKI patients with an intact ACL were diagnosed with MMRLs on MRI in this series. PMTP bone bruising was observed in 66.7% of patients with MMRLs, suggesting that increased vigilance for identifying MMRLs at the time of ligament reconstruction should be practiced in patients with this bone bruising pattern. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, retrospective case series.

Femoroacetabular impingement in ancient Nubia 1400-656 BC.

INTRODUCTION: There is significant recent interest in femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) in orthopaedics. The etiology of the cam deformity is unknown but has been hypothesized to be due to stresses from sporting activities in our modern society. Few archeological studies exist of femora and FAI. This study reviewed proximal femoral anatomy in a skeletal collection from the ancient Nile valley archeological site at Tombos 1400-656 BC. METHODS: Digital photographs of the femora were used to obtain angular measurements of the apparent neck shaft, true neck shaft, version, inclination, and α and ß angles of Nötzli. All photographs were reviewed by two orthopaedic surgeons for cam and pincer lesions. Sex and age of the specimens was determined when possible. A cam lesion was defined as any femur demonstrating an α angle > 50° or when a cam deformity was seen on visual inspection by both orthopaedic surgeons. Pincer lesions were identified upon visual inspection by both orthopaedic surgeons, when the femoral neck demonstrated impaction lesions, as pelvis radiographs could not be obtained. RESULTS: There were 126 unique femora; 69 female and 57 male. Age estimates were possible in 100 and was 15-24 years in 14, 25-34 years in 33, 35-49 years in 28, 50-69 years in 17, and ≥ 70 years in 8. There were nine femora (seven individuals) with cam lesions (7%) and five femora (four individuals) with pincer lesions (4%). One demonstrated a combined lesion. CONCLUSION: FAI existed in ancient Nile valley inhabitants and is thus not only a product of modern day life style athletics. This contrasts with Native Americans living in Ohio 700-1000 AD where no FAI was identified. This difference is likely due to combinations of different types of activity, diet, and genetics. Further research of ancient populations is needed to further answer this question. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV-cohort study.

Patients Undergoing Primary Hip Arthroscopy Report Favorable Outcomes at Minimum 10 Year Follow-Up: A Systematic Review.

PURPOSE: (1) To evaluate minimum 10-year PROs (patient-reported outcomes) and survivorship after primary hip arthroscopy and (2) to identify predictors of failure for secondary arthroscopy and conversion to total hip arthroplasty (THA). METHODS: A systematic review of the literature was conducted with the following key words: "hip arthroscopy," "long-term," "outcomes," "ten-year," "survivorship," "10-year," "15-year," "fifteen-year," 20-year," "twenty-year," and "femoroacetabular impingement" in PubMed and Embase in March 2022 using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines. Level I to Level IV evidence was included and reported on minimum 10-year outcomes or greater after primary hip arthroscopy. Long-term studies were defined as minimum 10-year follow-up in accordance with established standards in the literature. Case reports, review articles, technique articles, and opinion articles were excluded. Articles not in English were excluded. Title, author, publication date, study design, demographic, number of hips, follow-up time, study period, indications for hip arthroscopy, PROs, predictors of failure for THA, and rates of secondary surgeries were recorded. Survivorship was defined as a nonconversion to THA. P < .05 was defined as statistical significance. RESULTS: Twelve studies met the inclusion criteria. In total, 4 studies were Level III, and 8 studies were Level IV. A total of 1,344 hips were included, and follow-up ranged from 10 to 20 years. Femoroacetabular impingement syndrome was the most common indication for hip arthroscopy. Ten of the 12 studies reported on PROs, and 8 studies reported significant improvement after hip arthroscopy at long-term follow-up. The remaining 2 studies reported favorable outcomes that satisfied clinical benefit thresholds at minimum 10-year follow-up. Five studies reported clinical benefit where each patient cohort achieved 80% minimal clinically important difference and 75% patient acceptable symptomatic state for at least one PRO. Rates of secondary arthroscopy ranged from 4.5% to 24%, and rates of conversion to THA varied from 0% to 44.1%. Older age and chondral damage were the most commonly cited predictors for conversion to THA. CONCLUSIONS: At long-term follow-up, patients who underwent primary hip arthroscopy demonstrated favorable outcomes and variable rates of secondary surgeries. Patients undergoing hip arthroscopy within the last 20 years with Tönnis grade <1 and labral repair experienced greater than 90% survivorship. Chondral damage and older age were the most cited predictors for conversion to THA. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, systematic review of Level III and Level IV studies.

Repair of Acute Grade 3 Combined Posterolateral Corner Avulsion Injuries Using an Enhanced Fixation Technique.

Background: Previous studies have suggested that surgical repair of the posterolateral corner (PLC) may be inferior to reconstruction. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that acute repair (<3 weeks) of avulsion-type PLC multiligament knee injuries with no midsubstance injury would lead to lower failure rates than previously reported for PLC repair. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: A total of 28 patients with multiligament knee injuries who underwent acute repair between January 2007 and June 2018 of a PLC avulsion injury with no evidence of midsubstance tearing were included. All PLC avulsion injuries were treated using a transosseous Krackow suture pull-through technique without graft augmentation. Outcome metrics included lateral joint-space widening with varus stress, patient-reported clinical varus instability, patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs), and any subsequent revision or salvage procedure. Results: The mean time from injury to repair was 8.1 ± 5 days. At a mean follow-up of 2 years (range, 3-90 months), clinical varus stress examination at 30° demonstrated a significant reduction in lateral compartment opening, from 9 ± 3 mm preoperatively to 0 ± 3 mm (P < .0001). The failure rate was calculated to be 10.7% (3/28), which was significantly lower than the failure rate from a 2016 systematic review (38%, 17/45; P = .015). Of the 28 patients, 21 (75%) had PROM scores. Patients who underwent staged bi-cruciate reconstructions (n = 5) had significantly higher subjective International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) (87.2 vs 65.5; P = .014) and Lysholm (90.5 vs 75.2; P = .029) scores compared to patients with untreated bi-cruciate injuries (n = 9). Patients with peroneal nerve injury (n = 4) had significantly lower IKDC (58.2 vs 80.8; P = .0045) and Tegner (3.2 vs 5.4; P = .047) scores than those without peroneal nerve injury (n = 17). The mean IKDC and Lysholm scores at final follow-up were 73.4 ± 24.0 and 80.8 ± 23.1 at 7.1 years (range, 2.3-10.6 years) of follow-up. Conclusion: Repair of acute grade 3 combined PLC avulsion injuries using a transosseous Krackow suture pull-through technique demonstrated a failure rate of 10.7%. Patients who underwent a staged cruciate reconstruction(s) had higher subjective outcome scores than those who had cruciate injuries left untreated. Peroneal nerve injury was associated with lower outcome scores.

Risk factors for venous thromboembolism following fractures isolated to the foot and ankle fracture.

OBJECTIVE: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is an uncommon, but potentially morbid, complication following foot and ankle fractures. Current standard is to not administer thromboprophylaxis to patients with such injuries. Nonetheless, patient and fracture factors might affect this risk/benefit consideration. The goal of this study was to determine what patients are most at risk. METHODS: The M53Ortho Pearldiver database was used to identify patients with fractures isolated to the foot and ankle that were treated non-operatively or operatively. Patients with pilon, other appendicular fractures remote from the foot and ankle, and other traumatic injuries were excluded. The 90-day occurrence of VTE was identified based on codes for deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism. Characteristics of those patients who did and did not have VTEs were compared using chi-square analyses. Multivariate logistical regression was then performed to determined factors independently associated with VTE. Finally, timing of VTE relative to fracture was analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 298,886 patients with isolated foot or ankle fractures were identified, of which 1,661 (0.56%) had VTE in the 90 days following fracture. In terms of timing, 27.3% occurred in the first week, and 49.8% occurred in the first three weeks. Independent risk factors for VTE included (in decreasing order):prior VTE (odd ratio [OR] = 25.44), factor V Leiden (OR = 24.34), active cancer (OR = 1.84), specific fracture relative to metatarsal fracture (multiple fractures [OR: 1.51], ankle fracture [OR = 1.51], and calcaneus fracture [OR = 1.24]), surgical treatment (OR = 1.41), male sex (OR = 1.19), greater Elixhauser index (OR = 1.05), and increasing age (OR:1.05 per decade) (p<0.05 for each). CONCLUSIONS: The present study found that, although only 0.56% of isolated foot and ankle fractures had a VTE within ninety days. Defined risk factors, such as Factor V Leiden, prior VTE, surgical treatment, active cancer, specific fracture patterns, and surgical treatment significantly affected the odds of their occurrence.

Acute Surgical Repair of Simultaneous Bilateral Proximal Hamstring Tendon Avulsion: A Case Report.

CASE: Proximal hamstring tendon avulsions are rare injuries that can be successfully treated with surgical intervention. However, there are limited reports on the surgical and postoperative management of patients with bilateral avulsions. We report a 54-year-old male gym teacher with acute bilateral proximal hamstring 3-tendon nonbony avulsions who underwent simultaneous surgical repairs and a unique postoperative rehabilitation course. At 1-year clinical follow-up, the patient demonstrated significant improvements in activity levels and functionality, with no complications. CONCLUSION: Bilateral proximal hamstring 3-tendon nonbony avulsions can be successfully treated with a simultaneous surgical repair and a modified postoperative rehabilitation course.

Incidence, Timing, and Risk Factors for 5-Year Revision Surgery After Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation in 533 Patients.

BACKGROUND: Autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) can be used to treat focal, full-thickness chondral defects of the knee. However, there is limited large-sample evidence available regarding the incidence, timing, and risk factors for revision surgery after ACI. PURPOSE: To assess the 5-year incidence, timing, and risk factors for revision surgery after ACI in a large national cohort. STUDY DESIGN: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS: The 2010-2020 PearlDiver database was queried for patients aged 20 to 59 years who underwent primary ACI of the knee without previous chondral procedures or knee arthroplasty. Revision surgery was defined as subsequent revision ACI, osteochondral allograft transplantation, osteochondral autograft transfer, unicompartmental knee arthroplasty, or total knee arthroplasty within 5 years. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to assess both incidence and timing of revision surgery. Risk factors evaluated for revision surgery included patient age, sex, body mass index (BMI), Elixhauser Comorbidity Index (ECI) score, and previous or concomitant bony realignment procedures. RESULTS: In total, 533 patients underwent primary ACI and met inclusion criteria. The 5-year incidence of revision surgery was 10.3%, with 63% of revisions occurring in the first 2 years after surgery. Risk factors associated with revision surgery included female sex (odds ratio, 2.58; 95% CI, 1.22-5.45; P = .013) and BMI ≥35 (odds ratio, 2.24; 95% CI, 1.01-4.94; P = .047). There was no relationship between age, ECI score, or previous or concomitant bony realignment procedures and revision surgery at 5 years (P > .05). CONCLUSION: In an analysis of 533 patients who underwent ACI, 10.3% required a subsequent articular cartilage procedure or conversion to knee arthroplasty in the first 5 postoperative years. Revision surgery was greatest in the first 2 postoperative years. Female sex and severe obesity (BMI, ≥35) were associated with increased risk of revision surgery, while age, ECI score, and previous or concomitant bony realignment procedures were not. These findings suggest that treatment of chondral defects of the knee with ACI is associated with durable outcomes at the 5-year follow-up.

Three-dimensional printing versus freehand surgical techniques in the surgical management of adolescent idiopathic spinal deformity.

Background: Three-dimensional (3D) printed guides are finding increasing applications in the field of orthopaedic surgery and more recently spine surgery. This retrospective cohort study compares benefits and costs of 3D printed guides in surgical treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) compared to freehand techniques. Methods: Intraoperative screw placement was conducted either with 3D printed guides (3D cohort) or traditional freehand technique (freehand cohort) for AIS patients undergoing spinal fusion at a single institution. Patient and perioperative data include: screw placement time, length of surgery, blood loss, hospital stay, spinal curvature correction, total implant costs and training level of surgical assist. Multivariate analysis assessed for confounding and effect modification. P-values <0.05 were considered significant. Results: There were 29 patients included in analyses, 18 in the 3D and 11 in the freehand (FH) cohort, for a total of 263 3D and 307 freehand screws. Between cohorts, there were no significant differences in patient age (P=0.93), gender (P=0.15), height (P=0.18) or weight (P=0.40). The 3D cohort (mean $26,215, SD =$6,374) had significantly higher implant costs than FH (mean $18,660, SD =$5,587, P=0.003) with significantly reduced intraoperative blood loss (mean 559 mL, SD =273 FH; vs. mean 357 mL, SD =123 3D; P=0.01). On multivariate analysis, surgical residents had significantly faster screw placement times when using 3D guides (P<0.001) than when placing screws freehand. There were no significant differences between cohorts in length of postoperative hospitalization, spinal levels fused, or coronal or sagittal curve correction. Conclusions: At significant cost, 3D printed guides reduce intraoperative blood loss compared to freehand pedicle screw placement and reduce screw placement time for surgical residents.