RESUMO
OBJECTIVES: The national seroprevalence of the nononcogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) type 11, one of the types targeted by the quadrivalent HPV vaccine, has not been evaluated in the United States. The objectives of this study were to estimate the national seroprevalence and evaluate predictors of HPV-11 seropositivity. STUDY DESIGN: We tested serum samples for HPV-11 antibodies and analyzed questionnaire data from the second phase of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III, 1991--1994. Seroprevalence estimates were weighted to represent the US population. RESULTS: : Overall seroprevalence of HPV-11 infection was 4.7%. Seroprevalence was significantly higher among females (5.7%) than among males (3.6%). Independent predictors of HPV-11 seropositivity included sex, race/ethnicity, lifetime number of sex partners, education, and HPV-16 seropositivity. CONCLUSION: This study represents the most comprehensive picture of HPV-11 infection in the United States to date, and provides baseline data on the prevalence of HPV-11 before availability of the quadrivalent HPV vaccine.
Assuntos
Papillomavirus Humano 11/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Papillomavirus/epidemiologia , Infecções por Papillomavirus/prevenção & controle , Doenças Virais Sexualmente Transmissíveis/epidemiologia , Doenças Virais Sexualmente Transmissíveis/prevenção & controle , Adolescente , Adulto , Distribuição por Idade , Idoso , Criança , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Inquéritos Nutricionais , Infecções por Papillomavirus/sangue , Infecções por Papillomavirus/etiologia , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Distribuição por Sexo , Doenças Virais Sexualmente Transmissíveis/sangue , Doenças Virais Sexualmente Transmissíveis/etiologia , Inquéritos e Questionários , Estados Unidos/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Cytokines have progressively come to serve as indicators for the presence or severity of a disease. But accurate measurement of cytokine levels can be deterred by lack of proper handling and storage of the samples. In this study, we attempted to measure the effect of snap-freezing and refrigeration at the time of collection on cervical mucous. Luminex analyses of the frozen and refrigerated pairs exhibited no significant differences in levels for 7 out of the 10 cytokines measured simultaneously. The cytokines TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma and IL-1beta, were significantly different between the pairs with the refrigerated samples showing higher levels for each of these cytokines. The results suggest that refrigeration of mucous samples immediately after collection would allow for better conservation of the cytokines in cervical mucous.
