Three-Dimensional Morphometric Analysis of Anterior Cerebral Circulation Aneurysms.

This article assesses the association between anterior circulation morphometry and the presence of intracranial aneurysm using three-dimensional rotational angiography (3DRA). A retrospective analysis at a Peruvian academic medical center between December 2018 and February 2020 identified 206 patients with unruptured intracranial aneurysms and matched controls who underwent 3DRA. Angiographic images were obtained per standard of care, and measurements of the vasculature were performed using 3DRA vascular automated software. A total of 163 aneurysms and 43 control angiograms were evaluated. Women represented 82.5% of the cases and the mean age was 55.9 years (standard deviation ± 14.2). In multivariate analysis, five specific features were found to be statistically significant predictors for presence of an anterior circulation aneurysm: female sex (odds ratio [OR] = 2.71; p = 0.048), C-shape of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) (OR = 2.73; p = 0.018), distal internal carotid artery (ICA) diameter (OR = 3.42; p = 0.012), ICA bifurcation angle (OR = 1.02; p = 0.036), and length of the carotid siphon (OR = 1.08; p = 0.047). Features detected on 3DRA suggest morphological characteristics of the ICA and MCA may be predictive for intracranial aneurysm. Our findings build from prior reports by demonstrating five specific patient and imaging features associated with anterior circulation aneurysms. While 3DRA is the standard of care in many settings, medical centers with resource limitations may not have access to this technique. The demographic and morphological features identified in our study may have correlates that if detected on contrast computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging studies, may be used to help screen for a higher level of care in select patients.

Perfil sociodemográfico y clínico de mujeres con cáncer de mama en hospital de tercer nivel / Sociodemographic and clinical profile of women with breast cancer at a tertiary hospital

Objetivo: describir el perfil clínico y sociodemográfico de mujeres con cáncer de mama (CM) en un hospital de tercer nivel del Bajío, México. Métodos: estudio descriptivo transversal con recogida de datos retrospectivos. Se revisaron 262 expedientes clínicos de mujeres con CM, seleccionados mediante muestreo probabilístico. Variables de estudio: edad, lugar de residencia, nivel de estudios, antecedentes familiares y personales de cáncer, comorbilidades, tabaquismo, alcoholismo, tiempo transcurrido desde el diagnóstico, variables clínicas y de tratamiento del CM. Resultados: la media de edad fue de 58,07 años. El 45,8% no tenía antecedentes de cáncer, pero en quienes sí lo tenían, madre y hermana eran los más frecuentes (10,7% y 10,3% respectivamente). El 42,4% de las pacientes presentaba obesidad y el 23,3% tenía más de dos enfermedades crónico-degenerativas. El 87% de las mujeres no presentó metástasis. Un 19,8% se detectó en la etapa IIA. El grado G0 de invasión a ganglios linfáticos fue el más frecuente (35%). La combinación de dos o más tratamientos fue la forma de abordaje terapéutico más común (95,8%). La mayoría de los pacientes fueron dadas de alta por presentar mejoría (71%). Conclusiones: conocer las características sociodemográficas y clínicas de las pacientes con CM puede ayudar a establecer estrategias específicas para la prevención y el manejo en este grupo de pacientes, brindando una atención holística.(AU)

Objective: to describe the clinical and sociodemographic profile of women with breast cancer (BC) in a tertiary hospital from the Bajío area, Mexico. Methods: a descriptive cross-sectional study with retrospective data collection. There was a review of 262 clinical records of women with BC, selected through probability sample. The study variables were age, place of residence, level of studies, family and personal history of cancer, comorbidities, smoking, use of alcohol, time since diagnosis, clinical and BC treatment variables. Results: the mean age was 58.07 years; 45.8% had no history of cancer, but in those who had it, the most frequent were mother and sister (10.7% and 10.3% respectively). 42.4% of the patients presented obesity, and 23.3% had over two chronic degenerative conditions. 87% of women did not present metastasis; 19.8% were detected in the IIA stage; G0 was the most frequent level of invasion of lymph nodes (35%). The most common treatment approach was the combination of two or more treatments (95.8%). The majority of patients were discharged due to improvement (71%). Conclusions: knowing the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of BC patients can help to establish specific strategies for prevention and management in this group, thus offering holistic care.(AU)

Características clínicas y metabólicas en adultos con diabetes tipo 2 según la presencia de criterios diagnósticos de síndrome metabólico / Clinical and metabolic characteristics in adults with Type 2 diabetes according to the presence of diagnostic criteria for metabolic syndrome

Objetivo: determinar las características clínicas y metabólicas en adultos con diabetes tipo 2 según la presencia de criterios diagnósticos de síndrome metabólico (SM).Método: estudio descriptivo transversal con muestreo probabilístico aleatorio simple que incluyó a 49 pacientes con diabetes tipo 2. Se midió composición corporal, presión arterial y parámetros bioquímicos. Para determinar el diagnóstico de SM se aplicaron los criterios de la Federación Internacional de Diabetes. Se realizó análisis bivariante entre quienes presentaron criterios diagnósticos de SM y quienes no, utilizándose la prueba de contraste de hipótesis U de Mann Whitney.Resultados: la edad media de la muestra estudiada fue de 59,7 (DE: 11,5 años). La mayoría de los participantes fue mujer (65,3%) y con nivel socioeconómico medio (75,5%). La prevalencia de SM fue del 40% y la hiperglicemia fue la alteración más frecuente (93,3%). La mayoría de los pacientes con SM mostró, de manera estadísticamente significativa (p< 0,05), sobrepeso y obesidad, así como cifras más altas de índice de masa corporal, circunferencia de cintura, colesterol total, triglicéridos, glucosa, índices aterogénicos y tensión arterial.Conclusiones: los pacientes con DMT2 mostraron una alta prevalencia de SM. En los pacientes con SM, la hiperglicemia fue la alteración más frecuente, seguida de obesidad central medida por la circunferencia de cintura, y de acuerdo con su IMC, la mayoría presentó sobrepeso y obesidad. La media de triglicéridos, tensión arterial e índices aterogénicos fueron mayores en comparación con quienes no cumplían criterios diagnósticos de SM. (AU)

Objective: to determine the clinical and metabolic characteristics in adults with Type 2 diabetes according to the presence of diagnostic criteria for metabolic syndrome (MS).Method: a descriptive cross-sectional study with simple randomized probability sampling, including patients with Type 2 diabetes. There was measurement of body composition, blood pressure, and biochemical parameters. In order to determine the metabolic syndrome diagnosis, criteria by the International Diabetes Federation were applied. There was bivariate analysis among those who presented diagnostic criteria for SM and those who did not, using the Mann Whitney’s U test for hypothesis contrast.Results: the mean age of the sample studied was 59.7% (SD: 11.5 years). Most participants were female (65.3%) and with a middle socioeconomic level (75.5%). The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 40%, and hyperglycaemia was the most frequent alteration (93.3%). The majority of patients with MS showed statistically significant overweight and obesity (p< 0.05), as well as higher figures of body mass index, waist circumference, total cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, atherogenic indexes and blood pressure.Conclusions: patients with T2D showed a high prevalence of MS. In patients with MS, hyperglycaemia was the most frequent alteration, followed by central obesity measured by waist circumference; and according to their BMI, the majority presented overweight and obesity. The mean triglycerides, blood pressure and atherogenic indexes of these patients were higher vs. those who did not meet diagnostic criteria for MS. (AU)

Estrés, ansiedad y depresión en adultos con enfermedad renal crónica en protocolo de trasplante renal / Stress, anxiety and depression in adults with chronic renal disease under protocol for renal transplant

Objetivo: evaluar el estrés percibido, la ansiedad y la depresión en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) en protocolo de trasplante renal de una unidad de tercer nivel durante la pandemia por COVID-19.Método: estudio descriptivo transversal en pacientes con ERC que se encuentran en lista de espera para trasplante renal. Una muestra de 73 sujetos fue elegida mediante muestreo simple aleatorio de quienes se encontraban en la lista de espera. Se estudiaron variables sociodemográficas y clínicas, además de aplicarse los cuestionarios validados: Escala de Estrés Percibido (Perceived Stress Scale, PSS) y el Inventario de Ansiedad y Depresión de Beck. Como pruebas de contraste de hipótesis fueron utilizadas la t de Student y la Chi cuadrado.Resultados: la edad media de la muestra estudiada fue de 35,3 (DE: 11,9 años), con una mayoría de género masculino (72,9%). En la escala de estrés percibido se obtuvo una puntuación media de 20 (DE: 10). La prevalencia de ansiedad y depresión fue de 12,5% y 10,4%, respectivamente. Los pacientes se encontraron con ansiedad mínima (58,3%) y depresión mínima (75%).Conclusiones: las personas con ERC en protocolo de trasplante renal durante la pandemia por COVID-19, presentan estrés, ansiedad y depresión mínima. Es necesario intervenir de manera oportuna para contribuir a mejorar su calidad de vida en las personas que aún no han recibido un trasplante renal.(AU)

Objective: to evaluate the stress perceived, the anxiety and depression in patients with chronic renal disease (CRD) under protocol for renal transplant at a third level unit during the COVID-19 pandemic.Method: a descriptive cross-sectional study in CRD patients on the waiting list for renal transplant. A sample of 73 individuals was selected through simple random sampling of those on the waiting list. Sociodemographic and clinical variables were studied, and the following validated questionnaires were applied: Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and the Beck Anxiety and Depression Inventory. Student’s t-test and Square chi-test were used for hypothesis testing.Results: the mean age of the sample studied was 35.3 (SD: 11.9 years), with a majority of male gender (72.9%). A mean score of 20 (SD: 10) was obtained in the perceived stress scale. The prevalence of anxiety and depression was 12.5% and 10.4%, respectively. Patients presented minimal anxiety (58.3%) and minimal depression (75%).Conclusions: patients with CRD under protocol for renal transplant during the COVID-19 pandemic presented minimal stress, anxiety and depression. An appropriate intervention is needed in order to contribute to an improvement in their quality of life when they have not yet received a renal transplant.(AU)

Evaluación de los Comportamientos de Cuidado Humano de las enfermeras: perspectiva de personas adultas hospitalizadas / Evaluation of Caring Behaviours by nurses: A perspective by hospitalized adult persons

Objetivo: evaluar los comportamientos del cuidado humano brindado por profesionales de Enfermería desde la perspectiva de personas adultas atendidas en un hospital de especialidades en México. Método: estudio descriptivo transversal realizado entre septiembre y diciembre de 2020. Se efectuó muestreo por conveniencia en los servicios de cirugía, traumatología y medicina interna. Se midieron variables sociodemográficas, clínicas y la escala Caring Behaviors Assessment en su versión validada al español. Esta incluye 63 comportamientos de cuidado humano brindado por los enfermeros medidos con escala Likert (de 1 nunca a 5 siempre). Se llevó a cabo estadística descriptiva y bivariante. Resultados: participaron 103 personas con una media de edad de 45,3 años. El 50,5% era hombre y el 72,8% tenía escolarización secundaria o menor. Evaluaron que las enfermeras mostraban comportamientos de cuidado humano casi siempre o siempre (X= 4,28; DE 0,46) en la escala global. La subescala de Asistencia a las Necesidades Humanas obtuvo el mayor promedio (X= 4,73; DE= 0,46) mientras que la de Enseñanza/Aprendizaje obtuvo el más bajo (X= 3,54; DE= 1,13). Trato respetuoso, individualizado y manejo de equipos fueron los comportamientos de cuidado mejor evaluados. Las visitas en los traslados, el hablar sobre la vida fuera del hospital, la planificación de metas de salud, el tacto para el consuelo y la consideración de necesidades espirituales, los peor evaluados. Conclusiones: los comportamientos de cuidado mejor evaluados fueron los relacionados con las habilidades instrumentales de los enfermeros y el respeto al paciente. El contacto físico, la conversación con el paciente y la consideración de las necesidades espirituales fueron algunos de los comportamientos pendientes de desarrollar.(AU)

Objective: to evaluate the caring behaviour provided by Nursing professionals, from the perspective of adult persons managed at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Mexico. Method: a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted between September and December 2020. There was convenience sampling at the Surgery, Orthopaedic Surgery and Internal Medicine Departments. Sociodemographic and clinical variables were measured. The Caring Behaviours Assessment scale was used in its version validated in Spanish, which includes 62 caring behaviours provided by nurses and measured with the Likert scale (from 1: never to 5: always). Descriptive and bivariate statistic was applied. Results: the study included 103 persons with 45.3 years as mean age; 50,5% were male and 72.8% had secondary or lower schooling. The evaluation confirmed that nurses showed caring behaviours almost always or always (X= 4.28; SD 0.46) in the overall scale. The Assistance to Human Needs subscale obtained the highest average (X= 4.73; SD= 0.46) while Teaching/Learning obtained the lowest (X= 3.54; SD= 1.13). Respectful and individualized treatment, and equipment operation were the best scored caring behaviours, while the ones with worse scores were visits during transfers, discussing life outside hospital, planning health goals, tact for comforting, and the consideration of spiritual needs. Conclusions: the caring behaviours better scored were those associated with the instrumental skills of nurses and respect to patients. Physical contact, conversation with the patient, and consideration of spiritual needs were some of the behaviours still pending development.(AU)

Determination of Fungal Tolerance Index to Heavy Metals and Heavy Metal Resistance Tests.

Fungal metallo-tolerance has been described in different species and plays an important role in bioremediation of contaminated environments. Metallo-tolerance is mainly documented by microdilution assays and agar well diffusion methods using equipment that can be expensive. The tolerance index can be calculated to determine the efficiency of a fungus to degrade and resist heavy metals. The present protocol is based on analyzing the tolerance index and minimum inhibitory concentration of the metallo-tolerance potential of culturable fungi on solid media. This can be calculated by daily measurements of colony size on agar supplemented with different concentrations of heavy metals. This method is an easy approach to determine fungal heavy metal resistance using simple laboratory equipment without spectroscopy.

Formato de registro clínico de Enfermería para mejorar la seguridad en el paciente quirúrgico / Nursing clinical record format to improve safety in surgical patients

La atención quirúrgica es una parte integral de la atención médica en todo el mundo y aunque puede prevenir la pérdida de la vida o de una extremidad, también se asocia con un riesgo considerable de complicaciones y muerte. Estudios previos coinciden en afirmar que hasta el 50% de la incidencia de complicaciones o eventos adversos en pacientes quirúrgicos pueden ser evitables si se implementan medidas preventivas eficaces. De esta manera surge la Lista de verificación de cirugía segura propuesta por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) y otras listas de verificación específicas que formalizan y coordinan las responsabilidades individuales y compartidas dentro de un equipo durante el proceso quirúrgico. En el presente trabajo se evaluó la reestructuración de los formatos de registro, favoreciendo el análisis crítico de la información, potenciando la capacidad creativa del profesional de Enfermería y cumpliendo con la normativa vigente para prevenir eventos adversos relacionados con los procedimientos quirúrgicos en una institución de tercer nivel. El formato de registro clínico de Enfermería se diseñó atendiendo a las recomendaciones de un panel de expertos en la temática. El registro se realizó en los periodos pre, intra y post-operatorio, favoreciendo el análisis crítico de la información y brindando la posibilidad de monitorizar todo el proceso quirúrgico. La presente propuesta de mejora permitió reconocer situaciones de riesgo evitables, planificar acciones de mejora y formativas, facilitando la comunicación dentro del equipo de atención y fomentando el desarrollo del profesional de Enfermería.(AU)

Surgical care is a comprehensive part of medical care throughout the world, and even though it can prevent the loss of a limb and even life, it is also associated with a significant risk of complications and death. Previous studies coincide in stating that up to 50% of the incidence of complications or adverse events in surgical patients can be avoidable by the implementation of effective preventive measures. This led to the Surgical Safety Checklist published by the World Health Organization (WHO), and other specific checklists that formalize and coordinate individual and shared responsibilities within a team during the surgical process. The present article evaluates the reorganization of record formats, encouraging the critical analysis of information, promoting the creative ability of Nursing professionals, and complying with current legislation in order to prevent adverse events associated with surgical procedures in a tertiary institution. The nursing clinical record was designed considering the recommendations of a panel of experts in the matter. The record was conducted before, during and after surgery, encouraging the critical analysis of the information and offering the possibility to monitor the entire surgical process. This proposal for improvements allowed to identify avoidable risk situations, and to plan improvement and training actions, thus promoting communication within the care team and promoting the development of Nursing professionals.(AU)

Three new species of Rhytidhysteron (Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota) from Mexico.

The genus Rhytidhysteron is characterised by forming navicular to apothecial hysterothecia, exposing the green, yellow, orange, red, vinaceous or black colours of the hymenium which generally releases pigments in the presence of KOH. The exciple is smooth or striated, the asci bitunicate and ascospores have 1-5 transverse septa. To date, twenty-six Rhytidhysteron species have been described from the Tropics. The present study aims to describe three new species in the Neotropics of Mexico based on molecular methods and morphological features. Illustrations and a taxonomic key are provided for all known species of this genus. Rhytidhysteroncozumelense from the Isla Cozumel Biosphere Reserve, R.esperanzae from the Sierra Juárez, Oaxaca and R.mesophilum from the Sierra Madre Oriental, Hidalgo are described as new species. With the present study, the number of species of Rhytidhysteron known from Mexico is now increased to eight.

Estudio de indicadores bioquímicos en la orina de atletas juveniles de sable femenino en entrenamiento / Estudo de indicadores bioquímicos na urina de jovens atletas do sexo feminino sabre em treino / Study of biochemical indicators in the urine of juvenile female sabre athletes in training

RESUMEN El presente estudio tiene como objetivo determinar el comportamiento de algunos indicadores bioquímicos en la orina de atletas femeninas de sable, de edad juvenil, después de una sesión de entrenamiento, entre los que se destacan el pH (reacción), la glucosa, la albúmina y uno de los tres cuerpos cetónicos (la acetona). La muestra estuvo representada por siete atletas de sable femenino, pertenecientes a La Academia provincial de esgrima, categoría juvenil, con una edad promedio de 16 años y dos de experiencia. El estadígrafo utilizado para las comparaciones fue la media. La determinación del pH, cuantitativamente en la orina, fue a través del papel del pH. La determinación de la glucosa se realizó a través del método del reactivo Benedict. La albúmina se determinó en la orina, a través del método del ácido sulfosalicílico. Y la determinación de la acetona fue mediante el método de Imbert. La motivación para la investigación se debe a la incorporación del sable femenino en la esgrima contemporánea, lo que estudia las características y rendimiento del sexo femenino en el sable, arma bien rápida y fuerte. Los resultados demuestran cómo la carga aplicada durante una sesión de entrenamiento de un microciclo seleccionado de la preparación especial provocó variaciones en la mayoría de los indicadores, demostrando la aparición de un estado de acidosis en la orina, como consecuencia del trabajo realizado. Y se constató, además, la utilidad en la determinación de la albúmina para caracterizar la intensidad de la carga física.

RESUMO O presente estudo visa determinar o comportamento de alguns indicadores bioquímicos na urina de atletas do sabre feminino, de idade juvenil, após uma sessão de treino, entre os quais se destacam o pH (reação), glicose, albumina e um dos três corpos cetónicos (acetona). A amostra foi representada por sete atletas do sabre feminino, pertencentes à academia de esgrima provincial, categoria juvenil, com uma idade média de 16 anos e dois anos de experiência. A estatística utilizada para as comparações foi a média. A determinação do pH, quantitativamente na urina, foi feita através do papel de pH. A glicose foi determinada utilizando o método do reagente de Benedict. A albumina foi determinada na urina, através do método do ácido sulfosalicílico. E a acetona foi determinada pelo método de Imbert. A motivação para a investigação deve-se à incorporação do sabre feminino na esgrima contemporânea, que estuda as características e o desempenho do sexo feminino no sabre, uma arma muito rápida e forte. Os resultados mostram como a carga aplicada durante uma sessão de treino de um microciclo selecionado da preparação especial causou variações na maioria dos indicadores, demonstrando o aparecimento de um estado de acidose na urina, como consequência do trabalho realizado. Foi também confirmada a utilidade da determinação da albumina para caracterizar a intensidade da carga física.

ABSTRACT The present study aims to determine the behavior of some biochemical indicators in the urine of female sabre athletes, of juvenile age, after a training session, among which pH (reaction), glucose, albumin and one of the three ketone bodies (acetone) stand out. The sample was represented by seven female sabre athletes, belonging to the provincial fencing academy, youth category, with an average age of 16 years and two years of experience. The statistic used for comparisons was the mean. The determination of pH, quantitatively in urine, was through pH paper. Glucose was determined by the Benedict's reagent method. Albumin was determined in urine, through the sulfosalicylic acid method. In addition, acetone was determined by Imbert's method. The motivation for the research is due to the incorporation of the female sabre in contemporary fencing, which studies the characteristics and performance of the female sex in the sabre, a very fast and strong weapon. The results show how the load applied during a training session of a selected microcycle of the special preparation caused variations in most of the indicators, demonstrating the appearance of a state of acidosis in the urine, as a consequence of the work performed. The usefulness of the determination of albumin to characterize the intensity of the physical load was also confirmed.

Purpureocillium roseum sp. nov. A new ocular pathogen for humans and mice resistant to antifungals.

BACKGROUND: Infectious keratitis is the main cause of preventable blindness worldwide, with about 1.5-2.0 million new cases occurring per year. This inflammatory response may be due to infections caused by bacteria, fungi, viruses or parasites. Fungal keratitis is a poorly studied health problem. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to identify a new fungal species by molecular methods and to explore the possible efficacy of the three most common antifungals used in human keratitis in Mexico by performing in vitro analysis. The capacity of this pathogen to cause corneal infection in a murine model was also evaluated. METHODS: The fungal strain was isolated from a patient with a corneal ulcer. To identify the fungus, taxonomic and phylogenetic analyses (nrDNA ITS and LSU data set) were performed. An antifungal susceptibility assay for amphotericin B, itraconazole and voriconazole was carried out. The fungal isolate was used to develop a keratitis model in BALB/c mice; entire eyes and ocular tissues were preserved and processed for histopathologic examination. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: This fungal genus has hitherto not been reported with human keratitis in Mexico. We described a new species Purpurecillium roseum isolated from corneal infection. P roseum showed resistance to amphotericin B and itraconazole and was sensitive to voriconazole. In vivo study demonstrated that P roseum had capacity to developed corneal infection and to penetrate deeper corneal tissue. The global change in fungal infections has emphasised the need to develop better diagnostic mycology laboratories and to recognise the group of potential fungal pathogens.

[Prevalence and genotypic characterization of methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated in a Mexican regional hospital]. / Prevalencia y caracterización genotípica de cepas de Staphylococcus aureus resistente a meticilina aisladas en un hospital regional mexicano.

BACKGROUND: Staphylococcus aureus is one of most prevalent pathogens in the world associated with a high mortality rate and a rapid development of resistance to antibiotics. Despite its pathogenicity, epidemiological monitoring in Mexico is scarce. AIM: To analyze the local molecular epidemiology and determine the clonal origin of methicillin-resistant (MR) strains isolated from patients admitted to Hospital "Dr. Ignacio Morones Prieto". METHODS: A cross-sectional prospective study was carried out from July to December 2016. The characterization of the strains was carried out by Spa genotyping, frequency of specific virulence genes by PCR and antibiogram. RESULTS: The prevalence of MRSA was 25.7%, highlighting the presence of the Spa type t895 in 76% of the resistant strains and a similar pattern of susceptibility to antibiotics. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that the regional prevalence of MRSA has not changed in the last 10 years and provide valuable information on the clonal origin and the virulence factors of the strains of S. aureus isolated in the region.

Richness and metallo-tolerance of cultivable fungi recovered from three high altitude glaciers from Citlaltépetl and Iztaccíhuatl volcanoes (Mexico).

In Mexico little is known about high-altitude glacial psychrotolerant or psychrophilic fungal species, with most glacial fungi isolated from polar environments or Alpine glaciers. It has been documented that some of these species may play an important role in bioremediation of contaminated environments with heavy metals. In the present study, 75 fungi were isolated from glaciers in Citlaltépetl (5675 masl) and Iztaccíhuatl (5286 masl) volcanoes. Combining morphological characteristics and molecular methods, based on ITS rDNA, 38 fungi were partially identified to genus level, 35 belonging to Ascomycota and three to Mucoromycota. The most abundant genera were Cladosporium, followed by Alternaria and Sordariomycetes order. All isolated fungi were psychrotolerant, pigmented and resistant to different concentrations of Cr(III) and Pb(II), while none tolerated Hg(II). Fungi most tolerant to Cr(III) and Pb(II) belong to the genera Stemphylium, Cladosporium and Penicillium and to a lesser extent Aureobasidium and Sordariomycetes. To our knowledge, this is the first report on cultivable mycobiota richness and their Cr and Pb tolerance. The results open new research possibilities about fungal diversity and heavy metals myco-remediation. Extremophilic fungal communities should be further investigated before global warming causes permanent changes and we miss the opportunity to describe these sites in Mexico.

Prevalencia y caracterización genotípica de cepas de Staphylococcus aureus resistente a meticilina aisladas en un hospital regional mexicano / Prevalence and genotypic characterization of methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated in a Mexican regional hospital

Resumen Introducción: Staphylococcus aureus es uno de los patógenos con mayor prevalencia en el mundo, asociado a una alta tasa de mortalidad y un rápido desarrollo de resistencia a los antimicrobianos. A pesar de su patogenicidad, su seguimiento epidemiológico en México es escaso. Objetivo: Analizar la epidemiología molecular local y determinar el origen clonal de cepas resistentes a meticilina (RM) aisladas de pacientes internados en el Hospital Central "Dr. Ignacio Morones Prieto". Métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio prospectivo de corte transversal, de julio a diciembre de 2016. La caracterización de las cepas se realizó mediante genotipificación Spa, la determinación por RPC punto final de la frecuencia de genes de virulencia específicos y su antibiograma. Resultados: A partir de estos datos, se obtuvo que la prevalencia de S. aureus RM fue de 25,7%, destacando la presencia del tipo Spa t895 en 76% de las cepas resistentes y un patrón similar de susceptibilidad a antimicrobianos. Conclusión: Los resultados de este estudio indican que la prevalencia regional de SARM no se ha modificado en los últimos 10 años y proporcionan información valiosa del origen clonal y los factores de virulencia de las cepas de S. aureus aisladas en la región.

Abstract Background: Staphylococcus aureus is one of most prevalent pathogens in the world associated with a high mortality rate and a rapid development of resistance to antibiotics. Despite its pathogenicity, epidemiological monitoring in Mexico is scarce. Aim: To analyze the local molecular epidemiology and determine the clonal origin of methicillin-resistant (MR) strains isolated from patients admitted to Hospital "Dr. Ignacio Morones Prieto". Methods: A cross-sectional prospective study was carried out from July to December 2016. The characterization of the strains was carried out by Spa genotyping, frequency of specific virulence genes by PCR and antibiogram. Results: The prevalence of MRSA was 25.7%, highlighting the presence of the Spa type t895 in 76% of the resistant strains and a similar pattern of susceptibility to antibiotics. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that the regional prevalence of MRSA has not changed in the last 10 years and provide valuable information on the clonal origin and the virulence factors of the strains of S. aureus isolated in the region.

Microscopic characterization of biofilm in mixed keratitis in a novel murine model.

PURPOSE: To report the characterization and analysis of the biofilm formation in mixed keratitis induced by the coinfection of Staphylococcus aureus and Fusarium falciforme in a novel murine model. METHODS: Clinical ocular microbial isolates and female BALB/c mice were used to develop the murine model. Immunosuppression was achieved with cyclophosphamide and methylprednisolone. A corneoscleral lesion was performed with a micro-pocket technique. Mice received an inoculum with a concentration of 1 × 105 conidia of F. falciforme and S. aureus with 1 × 105 UFC/ml. Mice were sacrificed at 72 h after induction of infection, the right eye was enucleated and preserved in 10% formaldehyde to perform the PAS staining. In addition, cuts were obtained for the labeling with the fluorophores propidium iodide and Calcofluor White, and other eye cuts were processed to transmission microscopy. RESULTS: F. falciforme and S. aureus were able to developed mono and mixed biofilm in vitro. Keratitis of F. falciforme, S. aureus and mixed, were established at immunosuppressed mice. Clinical symptoms were observed at murine cornea. Histological analysis by special stains identified bacterial, fungal and mixed biofilm structures at epithelial and stromal level. Extracellular matrix was observed surrounded clusters of bacterial, fungi and mixed by fluorescence and transmission electronic microscopy. CONCLUSION: This study provides direct evidence of the establishment and formation of mixed biofilm in vitro, as well as in vivo on the corneal surface of mice in an experimentally induced S. aureus and F. falciforme mixed keratitis infection.

Consumo de alcohol y drogas ilícitas en adolescentes preuniversitarios / Consumption of alcohol and illicit drugs in high school adolescents

Introducción: El consumo de alcohol y drogas ilícitas tiene efectos perjudiciales para la salud de los adolescentes. Objetivo: Determinar la frecuencia de consumo de alcohol y drogas ilícitas en adolescentes preuniversitarios. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal. Se realizó en una institución preuniversitaria de Lima Norte. El consumo de alcohol fue evaluado mediante el Test de Identificación de los Trastornos Debidos al Consumo de Alcohol. Los datos fueron recogidos en julio del 2018. Resultados: Participaron 815 adolescentes, 63,1 por ciento (n = 514) fueron varones y la diferencia mujeres. De las drogas ilícitas consumidas alguna vez, 1,8 por ciento (n = 15) refirió la cocaína, 7 por ciento (n = 57) marihuana y 0,9 por ciento (n = 7) pasta básica de cocaína. Con relación al consumo de alcohol, 35,3 por ciento (n = 288) consumió alguna bebida alcohólica; de esta fracción, 15,6 por ciento (n = 45) resultó como bebedor de riesgo o dependencia. El consumo problemático de alcohol se presentó principalmente en estudiantes de 15 a 19 años (p = 0,020), consumidores de tabaco (p < 0,001) y drogas ilícitas (p < 0,05). El consumo de marihuana ocurrió predominantemente en los adolescentes procedentes de colegios estatales (p = 0,023) y en usuarios de tabaco (p = 0,001). Conclusiones: En los adolescentes preuniversitarios existen bebedores de riesgo o dependencia. El consumo problemático de alcohol ocurre principalmente en la adolescencia tardía, en usuarios de tabaco y sustancias ilícitas(AU)

Introduction: The consumption of alcohol and illicit drugs has a detrimental effect to the health of adolescents. Objective: To determine the frequency of alcohol and illicit drugs consumption in high school adolescents. Methods: Descriptive, cross-sectional study conducted in a pre-university institution of Lima Norte. The consumption of alcohol was evaluated by means of the Test for the identification of disruptions due to alcohol consumption. Data was collected in July, 2018. Results: The sample included 815 adolescents, 63.1 percent (n=514) were males and the difference were females. Of the other illicit drugs consumed at some time, 1.8 percent (n=15) referred cocaine, the 7 percent (n=57) marijuana, and a 0.9 percent (n=7) cocaine paste. Regarding to the consumption of alcohol, 35.3 percent (n=288) consumed any alcoholic beverage; of this fraction, the 15.6 percent (n=45) turned out to be as high-risk drinking or dependency. The problematic alcohol consumption was mainly in students from 15 to 19 years (p=0.020), tobacco consumers (p < 0.001) and illicit drugs (p < 0.05). Marijuana consumption occurred predominantly in adolescents from state schools (p=0.023) and in tobacco consumers (p=0.001). Conclusions: Among high school adolescents there are high risk or dependency drinkers. The problematic alcohol consumption mainly occurs in late adolescence, in tobacco and illicit substances consumers(AU)

Talleres de masaje para aliviar el estrés en amas de casa / Massage workshops to relieve stress in housewives

Resumen En Cuba, como en muchos países del orbe, existen programas que tributan a preponderar el papel de la mujer y la familia en la sociedad, elemento que aún, por diferentes causas, no está logrado, por muchos esfuerzos que se han realizado. Este segmento de la población sigue sufriendo una sobrecarga de trabajo, a partir de que, además de dedicarse al cuidado de los hijos y atender sus hogares, también son marginadas dentro del marco familiar. El resultado científico que se propone tuvo como propósito elaborar talleres de masaje, desde la visión de la educación popular, que contribuyeran a aliviar el estrés y ofrecer una vida sana y saludable a las mujeres y las familias, como sectores más vulnerables y como valor agregado, ocupar su tiempo libre, que constituye una prioridad del estado cubano. Estos elementos fueron constatados con la aplicación de los diferentes métodos de investigación de la propia pedagogía de los oprimidos, lo que permitió conocer, en primer lugar, las necesidades que tenían los implicados seleccionados y, al mismo tiempo, la disposición de integrarse para atenuar dichas carencias, lo que fundamenta el valor científico de la investigación. La investigación incluye estudiantes del plan montaña, del municipio de San Cristóbal, provincia Artemisa, Cuba. Dentro de los métodos empleados, se encuentran: la observación, la encuesta y la entrevista. Se desarrollan un grupo de talleres de masaje para amas de casa, con un grado favorable de aceptación e impacto en la comunidad.

Abstract In Cuba, as in many countries of the world, there are programs that contribute to the preponderance of the role of women and the family in society, an element that still, for different reasons, has not been achieved, due to many efforts that have been made. This segment of the population continues to suffer from work overload, since, in addition to caring for children and looking after their homes, they are also marginalized within the family framework. The purpose of the proposed scientific result was to elaborate massage workshops, from the perspective of popular education that would contribute to relieve stress and offer a healthy and wholesome living to women and families, as the most vulnerable sectors and as an added value, to occupy their free time, which is a priority of the Cuban state. These elements were verified with the application of the different research methods of the own pedagogy of the oppressed, which allowed to know, in the first place, the needs the selected implied ones had and, at the same time, the disposition to be integrated to attenuate these deficiencies, which bases the scientific value of the research. The research includes students from the mountain plan, from the San Cristóbal municipality, Artemisa province, Cuba. Among the methods used are: observation, survey and interview. A group of massage workshops are developed for housewives, with a favorable degree of acceptance and impact in the community.

Negative interaction of Staphylococcus aureus on Fusarium falciforme growth ocular isolates in an in vitro mixed biofilm.

The interactions between prokaryotes and eukaryotes are abundant in nature. These microorganisms also interact in the human body. Fungal-bacteria interactions are present in many diseases. In this study, we evaluated the microbial interaction of Fusarium falciforme and Staphylococcus aureus developing mixed biofilm in vitro. When both microorganisms grew up together the mixed biofilm biomass decreased than F. falciforme monobiofilm biomass. S. aureus was able to interact and form aggregates over the mycelium and conidia surface of F. falciforme. Our results suggest that S. aureus could bind to colloidal chitin. On another hand, the supernatants from S. aureus biofilm and S. aureus-F. falciforme presented an antifungal effect over F. falciforme biofilm formation. Finally we found that the pH had an inhibitory effect over fungal biofilm formation. We concluded that S. aureus can affect the F. falciforme growth negatively in mixed biofilm involving factors like pH, supernatants compounds, anchor to chitin, and bacterial viability.

Correction to: Evaluation of the presence of Paenibacillus larvae in commercial bee pollen using PCR amplification of the gene for tRNACys.

In the article mentioned above an author's name was misspelled.

Bacterial Diversity Based on a 16S rRNA Gene Amplicon Data Set from a High-Altitude Crater Lake and Glacial Samples of the Iztaccihuatl Volcanic Complex (Mexico).

Little is known about extremophilic microorganisms from glaciers found in subtropical regions, and to our knowledge, no reports have identified glacial bacteria in this ecosystem in Mexico. Herein, we report a 16S rRNA gene amplicon data set demonstrating bacterial diversity of three samples from the Iztaccihuatl volcanic complex (Mexico) with a total of 115,701 to 138,805 high-quality reads. The bacterial population was classified at the phylum level in all samples.

Proteome analysis of biofilm produced by a Fusarium falciforme keratitis infectious agent.

Biofilms are structures that confer adaptive ability to and facilitate the virulence of fungal pathogens. Certain multi-functional proteins have been shown to be involved in fungal pathogenesis and these proteins may also be implicated in biofilm formation. The aim of this study was to identify a fungal agent isolated from the human cornea, to analyze the ability of this organism to form biofilms in vitro and to investigate protein expression in this condition. The fungus was identified by phylogenetic inference analysis. Biofilm formation and structure were evaluated by colorimetric methods and by optical and electron microscopy. We also resolved proteins obtained from biofilms and planktonic cultures by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and identified those proteins by mass spectrometry. The fungus was identified as Fusarium falciforme. Colorimetric analysis and microscopy revealed that the highest level of biofilm formation was obtained at a concentration of 1 × 106 conidia/mL with 96 h of incubation at 28 °C. The biofilm architecture consisted of an extracellular matrix that embedded fungal filaments. We found nineteen proteins that were over-expressed in biofilms, as compared with planktonic cultures, and six proteins with unique expression in biofilms. Among the more abundant proteins identified were: transketolase, a putative antigen 1, enolase, phosphoglycerate kinase and ATP-citrate synthase. Some of these proteins are involved in basal metabolism, function as multi-functional proteins or have been described as potential virulence factors. We focused on the expression in biofilm of the enzyme, enolase, which was determined by real-time PCR. Our findings provide a perspective on the proteins associated with the formation of biofilms in vitro by an F. falciforme keratitis isolate.