RESUMO
Adolescence is the stage of development where the reward and emotional regulation systems are yet to be adjusted and where most excessive behaviors start, like smartphone abuse. In addition, in this evolutionary period adolescents are more susceptible to behavioral changes through specific interventions or educational programs. Thus, it is fundamental to analyze the personality profile of those adolescents showing excessive mobile phone usage to properly approach later prevention strategies. Impulsivity is one of the most repeated variables associated with teenage addictions, although it has been observed that not all impulsive behaviors need to be detrimental. The aim of this study is to analyze how impulsivity affects smartphone addiction directly, but also indirectly, by assessing its association with sensation seeking variables (thrill and adventure seeking, experience seeking, disinhibition, and boredom susceptibility) which are in turn decisive when using these technologies improperly. The sample was made up of 614 adolescents aged 13-18 attending secondary education from Burgos, Spain. Dickman Impulsivity Inventory, Sensation Seeking Scale, and Ad-hoc questionnaire on adolescent self-perception as to smartphone use were applied. Results show that 41.4% of participants admit to abusing smartphones sometimes, while 18.3% admit to abusing them more frequently and 24% to, at least ever, having defined themselves as smartphone addicts. Stepwise regression analysis revealed that gender (female), dysfunctional impulsivity and sensation seeking (disinhibition and thrill and adventure seeking) evidence 15.7% of variance in smartphone abuse. In addition, sensation seeking (thrill and adventure seeking, disinhibition, and boredom susceptibility) were found to mediate the relationship between dysfunctional impulsivity and smartphone abuse. Therefore, dysfunctional impulsivity was directly connected with teenage smartphone abuse, but also had an indirect stronger association through thrill and adventure seeking, disinhibition and boredom susceptibility.
RESUMO
En los últimos años se han realizado estudios sobre el estrés en población general pero no en personas con discapacidad. El objetivo fue hacer una revisión sistemática del impacto del estrés y las estrategias de afrontamiento que utilizan las personas con discapacidad intelectual. De diversas bases de datos: EBSCO host, CSIC, PubMed, Psyke, PubPsych, ERIC, Scopus, WOS se obtuvieron 137 artículos potenciales publicados entre 2007-2016. Tres cumplían con los criterios de inclusión. Los resultados indicaron que las personas con discapacidad intelectual tienen especiales dificultades para hacer frente a las relaciones interpersonales, utilizan más el afrontamiento evitativo que el activo, usan más las estrategias activas centradas en el problema que en la emoción, salvo en situaciones muy angustiosas en las cuales utilizan más el afrontamiento defensivo. Se necesitan más estudios, principalmente en nuestro entorno, que permitan el establecimiento de conclusiones sólidas respecto al manejo del estrés en esta población
Over recent years, studies have been conducted on stress in the general population but not in people with disabilities. The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review of the impact of stress, as well as the coping strategies used by people with intellectual disabilities. 137 potential articles published between 2007 and 2016 were obtained from various databases: EBSCO host, CSIC, PubMed, Psyke, PubPsych, ERIC, Scopus and WOS. Three met the inclusion criteria. The results suggested that people with intellectual disabilities have particular difficulties in dealing with interpersonal relationships, tend to use avoidance coping strategies rather than active coping strategies, and use active strategies that are more focused on the problem than on the emotion, except in very distressing situations, in which case they employ defensive coping strategies. More studies are needed, particularly in our setting, in order to establish solid conclusions regarding the management of stress in this population
