Herbal medicinal uses and their practices in human health care and livestock from district Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.

BACKGROUND: In light of the increasing need, for global health care, traditional medical knowledge is receiving considerable attention in order to fulfil the public health needs not only for human health but also animal health. OBJECTIVES: Thus, the aim of the study is to explore ethnomedicinal uses of plants in human and livestock health care of the study area. METHODS: Data were gathered through arranged surveys and meeting techniques by focusing on 80 sources in the investigation region during 2018-2020. Quantitative ethnobotanical indices were calculated. RESULTS: Eighty plant species (33 herbs, 21 shrubs, 24 trees and 2 climbers) belonging to 50 families, distributed in 74 genera, were being used in the study area. Forty-nine medicinal plants in the treatment of 42 human diseases under 52 natural recipes and 40 plants in 34 livestock diseases under 40 recipes were used, in which 9 plants are used commonly in ethnopharmacy and veterinary medicine. Jaccard index was used to predict the similarity and dissimilarity among cities of Pakistan and reflected the novel use of medicinal plants. Results showed that Boerhavia diffusa, Centella asiatica, Morus nigra, Nasturtium officinale, Rumex hastatus and Sageretia thea have the higher use value (UV). Comparative analysis with other studies strongly reflected the novel use of these plants because of the deep-rooted and unique sociocultural setup of study area. CONCLUSIONS: Our research shows that the wild plants used in the study area are extremely varied, both in terms of species and function, and folk medicine is one of the main health care systems in the area.

Comparison of Nonheme Manganese- and Iron-Containing Flavone Synthase Mimics.

Heme and nonheme-type flavone synthase enzymes, FS I and FS II are responsible for the synthesis of flavones, which play an important role in various biological processes, and have a wide range of biomedicinal properties including antitumor, antimalarial, and antioxidant activities. To get more insight into the mechanism of this curious enzyme reaction, nonheme structural and functional models were carried out by the use of mononuclear iron, [FeII(CDA-BPA*)]2+ (6) [CDA-BPA = N,N,N',N'-tetrakis-(2-pyridylmethyl)-cyclohexanediamine], [FeII(CDA-BQA*)]2+ (5) [CDA-BQA = N,N,N',N'-tetrakis-(2-quinolilmethyl)-cyclohexanediamine], [FeII(Bn-TPEN)(CH3CN)]2+ (3) [Bn-TPEN = N-benzyl-N,N',N'-tris(2-pyridylmethyl)-1,2-diaminoethane], [FeIV(O)(Bn-TPEN)]2+ (9), and manganese, [MnII(N4Py*)(CH3CN)]2+ (2) [N4Py* = N,N-bis(2-pyridylmethyl)-1,2-di(2-pyridyl)ethylamine)], [MnII(Bn-TPEN)(CH3CN)]2+ (4) complexes as catalysts, where the possible reactive intermediates, high-valent FeIV(O) and MnIV(O) are known and well characterised. The results of the catalytic and stoichiometric reactions showed that the ligand framework and the nature of the metal cofactor significantly influenced the reactivity of the catalyst and its intermediate. Comparing the reactions of [FeIV(O)(Bn-TPEN)]2+ (9) and [MnIV(O)(Bn-TPEN)]2+ (10) towards flavanone under the same conditions, a 3.5-fold difference in reaction rate was observed in favor of iron, and this value is three orders of magnitude higher than was observed for the previously published [FeIV(O)(N2Py2Q*)]2+ [N,N-bis(2-quinolylmethyl)-1,2-di(2-pyridyl)ethylamine] species.

Pentaborate(1-) Salts and a Tetraborate(2-) Salt Derived from C2- or C3-Linked Bis(alkylammonium) Dications: Synthesis, Characterization, and Structural (XRD) Studies.

The synthesis of a number of pentaborate(1-) salts from cations arising from N-substituted α,α-, α,ß-, and α,γ-diaminoalkanes has been attempted in aqueous solution from B(OH)3 and the appropriate diammine in a 10:1 ratio. Despite relatively mild work-up conditions the pentaborate(1-) salts prepared were not always as anticipated and the following compounds were isolated in good yield: [Me2NH(CH2)2NHMe2][B5O6(OH)4]2 (1), [Et2NH(CH2)2NHEt2][B5O6(OH)4]2 (2), [Et2NH2][B5O6(OH)4] (3), [Me2NH2][B5O6(OH)4] (4), [Me2NH(CH2)3NHMe2][B5O6(OH)4]2 (5), [Et2NH(CH2)3NHEt2][B5O6(OH)4]2 (6), [Me3NCH2CH=CH2][B5O6(OH)4] (7), and [Me3N(CH2)3NMe3] [B5O6(OH)4]2.0.5H2O (8). The tetraborate(2-) salt, [Me3N(CH2)2NMe3][B4O5(OH)4].2B(OH)3.2H2O (9) was obtained in moderate yield (41%) from a 3:1 reaction of B(OH)3 with [Me3N(CH2)2NMe3](OH)2. All compounds were characterized by spectroscopy (1H, 11B, 13C NMR and IR) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). BET analysis on materials derived thermally from selected samples (1, 2, 6, 7) all had porosities of < 1 m2/g, demonstrating that they were non-porous. Single-crystal XRD structures were obtained for 2, 3, 7, 8 and 9 and all contain extensive H-bonded polyborate lattices.