[Development and validation of the Informant Assessment of Geriatric Delirium Scale (I-AGeD). Recognition of delirium in geriatric patients]. / Ontwikkeling en validering van de Informant Assessment of Geriatric Delirium Scale (I-AGeD). Herkenning van delier bij geriatrische patiënten.

OBJECTIVES: Delirium is common in older patients admitted to hospital. Information obtained from patient's relatives or caregivers may contribute to improved detection. Our aim was to develop a caregiver based questionnaire, the Informant Assessment of Geriatric Delirium (I-AGeD), to assist in better recognition of delirium in elderly patients. METHODS: A cross-sectional observational study using a scale construction patient cohort and two validation cohorts was conducted at geriatric departments of two teaching hospitals in The Netherlands. Delirium status, based on DSM-IV criteria, was assessed directly on admission by a geriatric resident and evaluated within the first 48 h of admission. Caregivers filled out a 37-item questionnaire of which 10 items were selected reflecting delirium symptoms, based on their discriminatory abilities, internal consistency and inter-item correlations. RESULTS: A total of 88 patients with complete study protocols in the construction cohort were included. Average age was 86.4 (SD 8.5), and 31/88 patients had delirium on admission. Internal consistency of the 10-item I-AGeD was high (Cronbach's alpha = 0.85). At a cut-off score of >4 sensitivity was 77.4% and specificity 63.2%. In patients without dementia, sensitivity was 100% and specificity 65.2%. Validation occurred by means of two validation cohorts, one consisted of 59 patients and the other of 33 patients. Sensitivity and specificity in these samples ranged from 70.0% to 88.9% and 66.7% to 100%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The newly constructed caregiver based I-AGeD questionnaire is a valid screening instrument for delirium on admission to hospital in geriatric patients.

Ultra-sonic nebulizers as a potential source of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus causing an outbreak in a university tertiary care hospital.

An outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) occurred on a head and neck surgical (HNS) ward of a university hospital in Amsterdam. The outbreak lasted from May 2000 until November 2000, and MRSA spread to two intensive care units. Amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis indicated that a single clone was responsible for the outbreak. Phage-typing indicated that this clone was of a type that was uncommon in The Netherlands. Strict isolation of patients, according to the Dutch national guidelines, was instituted. During the outbreak, surveillance culture specimens, from patients, healthcare workers, and the environment, were obtained at regular intervals. MRSA was found in the dust filters of nebulizers through which air from the room was filtered and subsequently humidified. These nebulizers were used to humidify tracheostomies. The dust filters were not maintained according to the guidelines. Restricted use and cleaning and disinfection of all ultra-sonic nebulizers led to termination of the outbreak. The outbreak illustrates that to terminate transmission of outbreak strains of MRSA, meticulous measures are necessary, which not only include strict isolation precautions, but also decontamination of the environment. In addition, it demonstrates the necessity of adhering to cleaning and disinfection guidelines for all medical and nursing equipment used in the hospital.

Electronic monitoring of treatment compliance in patching for amblyopia.

We developed a coinsized occlusion dose monitor (ODM) to measure compliance with patch-wearing during the treatment of amblyopia objectively. It measures the temperature difference between the front and back of the ODM every 2-5 minutes by means of two thermistors. The data is stored in EEPROM memory and read out after recording for a week by connecting it to a PC. The ODM measures 35x23x4 mm and weighs 6 g. The back of the ODM is glued to the front of the amblyopia patch with double-sided Scotch tape. When the patch with the ODM is on the eye, the temperature at the back of the ODM is higher than at the front. Compliance is being studied in children taking part in a large amblyopia cohort study. The parents were instructed during home visits every three months to put the ODM on the patch. After a week, the ODM was collected and read out. Although the parents knew that a recording was being made, compliance was mediocre in many cases. Children were patched infrequently, for 5 minutes only, for long periods on the last days of the recording, at night, etc. Diaries detailing patch time were unreliable.

A new skate allowing powerful plantar flexions improves performance.

To prevent the tip of the blade from scratching through the ice, the technique in speed skating requires that plantar flexion is largely suppressed during the gliding push off. This not only prevents the plantar flexors from contributing to external work but also causes the skater to lose contact with the ice long before the knee is fully extended. To prevent these disadvantages of the gliding technique, a new skate was developed that permits the shoe to rotate relative to the blade in a hinge between shoe and blade. In a case control study the progression between the 1993/1994 and 1994/1995 skating seasons of 11 male skaters from a regional junior selection who consented to switch to this new skate was compared with the progression of 72 skaters of this and all other regional and national male junior selections of The Netherlands. The experimental group appeared to improve their personal best times by 6.2 +/- 2.3%, which is a significantly (P < 0.001) larger progress than the 2.5 +/- 1.6% improvement of the control group. The new skate will therefore most likely add a new dimension to the art of speed skating.

Successful multiple segment coronary angioplasty: effect of completeness of revascularization in single-vessel multilesions and multivessels.

A long-term follow-up study was performed to evaluate the long-term value of performing multiple dilatations according to their procedural (single-vessel multilesion or mutltivessel dilatations) and anatomic types (single-vessel disease with multiple dilatations or multivessel disease dilatations with complete and incomplete revascularization). From 1980 until 1988, 248 patients met the following criteria: (1) at least two lesions dilated (range: 2 to 4) and (2) all attempted lesions successfully dilated. The mean length of follow-up was 33 months. The end points analyzed were death, myocardial infarction, redilatation, and bypass surgery. No differences were found for these events between the single-vessel multilesion group (144 patients) and the multivessel group (104 patients). The 4.5-year probability of event-free survival was 68% and 70%, respectively, for the multilesion group and the multivessel group. In the event-free patients, 57% versus 59% were asymptomatic and 45% versus 46% were not taking antianginal drugs. In the anatomic subgroups, there were less event-free patients in the cohort of incompletely revascularized multivessel disease patients (55% of 55 patients) when compared with the cohort of those who were completely revascularized (84% of 79 patients) or when compared with the single-vessel disease multiple dilatation patients (74% of 107 patients). The 4.5-year event-free survival probability for each group was 44%, 78%, and 74%, respectively. This difference was caused by more infarctions (9% versus 2% versus 4%, respectively) and bypass operations in the multivessel disease, incomplete revascularization group (20% versus 5% versus 10%, respectively). In event-free patients, improvement of angina was similar and was documented in over 85% of patients in each group. Furthermore, the number of asymptomatic patients at follow-up was similar in all groups except that within the incomplete revascularization group, less patients were free of antianginal drugs (21% versus 51% versus 48%). Finally, 48% of the entire cohort performed an exercise test 4.6 months (mean) after dilatation and no difference was found in any of the variables in any group. About 10% of the patients experienced angina and approximately 30% had a positive exercise test for ischemia by ST segment criteria. The functional performance in every group was over 90% of the predicted work load. These results suggest that completeness of revascularization in multivessel disease patients is an important prognostic variable. However, the symptomatic improvement after dilatation is very rewarding in all subsets of patients and argues in favor of the continued use of multiple dilatations as a treatment strategy.

Infection control in the Netherlands.

A survey was made by the Dutch association of infection control practitioners (VHIG) concerning the organization of infection control in Dutch hospitals and the activities of its members. The results are reported and compared with recent American studies. A comparison is made between a group of infection control technicians (ICTs) who were not nurses and a group of nurses (ICNs), working in infection control. Although the ICT has significantly more daily contacts with the hospital microbiologist and is more often secretary to the infection control committee and the ICN visits the outpatient department significantly more often, the other activities in their practice are essentially the same. From this study we conclude that either an ICT or an ICN can adequately function as an infection control practitioner in the Netherlands.