The Long Non-Coding RNA Obesity-Related (Obr) Contributes To Lipid Metabolism Through Epigenetic Regulation.

Obesity is a multifactorial disease that is part of today's epidemic and also increases the risk of other metabolic diseases. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) provide one tier of regulatory mechanisms to maintain metabolic homeostasis. Although lncRNAs are a significant constituent of the mammalian genome, studies aimed at their metabolic significance, including obesity, are only beginning to be addressed. Here, a developmentally regulated lncRNA, termed as obesity related (Obr), whose expression in metabolically relevant tissues such as skeletal muscle, liver, and pancreas is altered in diet-induced obesity, is identified. The Clone 9 cell line and high-fat diet-induced obese Wistar rats are used as a model system to verify the function of Obr. By using stable expression and antisense oligonucleotide-mediated downregulation of the expression of Obr followed by different molecular biology experiments, its role in lipid metabolism is verified. It is shown that Obr associates with the cAMP response element-binding protein (Creb) and activates different transcription factors involved in lipid metabolism. Its association with the Creb histone acetyltransferase complex, which includes the cAMP response element-binding protein (CBP) and p300, positively regulates the transcription of genes involved in lipid metabolism. In addition, Obr is regulated by Pparγ in response to lipid accumulation.

Climbing the Hydrogen Evolution Volcano with a NiTi Shape Memory Alloy.

Alkaline water electrolysis is a sustainable way to produce green hydrogen using renewable electricity. Even though the rates of the cathodic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) are 2-3 orders of magnitude less under alkaline conditions than under acidic conditions, the possibility of using non-precious metal catalysts makes alkaline HER appealing. We identify a novel and facile route for substantially improving HER performance via the use of commercially available NiTi shape memory alloys, which upon heating undergo a phase transformation from the monoclinic martensite to the cubic austenite structure. While the room-temperature performance is modest, austenitic NiTi outperforms Pt (which is the state-of-the-art HER electrocatalyst) in terms of current density by ≤50% at 80 °C. Surface ensembles presented by the austenite phase are computed with density functional theory to bind hydrogen more weakly than either metallic Ni or Ti and to have binding energies ideally suited for HER.

Efficacy of 2% Paradichlorobenzene, 10% Citric Acid, 17% Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid, and 0.2% Chitosan at Removing Calcium Hydroxide From the Root Canals.

INTRODUCTION: Chronic infections often require the use of an intracanal medicament. Calcium hydroxide is the most commonly used intracanal medicament. However, retrieval of calcium hydroxide (CH) medicaments is a challenge. AIM: This study evaluated the efficacy of 2% paradichlorobenzene, 10% citric acid, 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), and 0.2% chitosan in removing calcium hydroxide from the root canals. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Forty single-rooted mandibular premolars extracted for orthodontic reasons were selected for the study. After access opening, cleaning and shaping were performed following a standardized irrigation protocol, and the samples were pre-weighed for baseline weight. CH was placed in canals until the apex, and the specimen was incubated at 37 °C and 100% relative humidity for seven days. These samples were weighed again for quantitative analysis and subjected to cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) for volumetric analysis using ITK SNAP software (Penn Image Computing and Science Laboratory (PICSL), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA). The samples were randomly divided into four groups based on the irrigant used for the removal of medicament. Group 1: 2% paradichlorobenzene; group 2: 10% citric acid; group 3: 17% EDTA; and group 4: 0.2% chitosan, all in combination with sonic agitation. After the removal of CH, weight and volumetric analyses were repeated, and the percentage difference was calculated. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Statistical analysis was done using the one-way ANOVA test for both weight and volumetric assessment, and the inter-group comparison was made using the post hoc Tukey test. RESULTS: The maximum retrieval was observed with 2% paradichlorobenzene by both weight (96.75%) and volumetric (91.42%) assessment, with p=0.00 and p=0.01, respectively. This was followed by 0.2% chitosan, 10% citric acid, and the least, 17% EDTA. CONCLUSION: Two percent paradichlorobenzene combined with sonic agitation was most efficient in removing CH, followed by 0.2% chitosan, 10% citric acid, and 17% EDTA chitosan.

Endodontic management of maxillary first molar with unusual anatomy.

This article reports nonsurgical endodontic management of bilateral maxillary first molars with an unusual morphology of a single root and a Sert and Bayirli type-IX canal configuration. A 41-year-old female reported with dull continuous pain in the maxillary left and right quadrants. On clinical examination, the maxillary first molars on both sides were carious with pulpal exposure and radiographic evaluation revealed an unusual anatomy of single root and single canal for both of them. Based on clinical and radiographic examination, tooth numbers 16 and 26 were diagnosed with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis and symptomatic apical periodontitis. Root canal treatment was initiated and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging was advised on encountering unusual internal anatomy. The CBCT images revealed the presence single root and a Sert and Bayirli type-IX canal configuration bilaterally. Root canal treatment was performed under magnification using the dental operating microscope.

A comparative evaluation of fracture toughness, flexural strength, and acid buffer capability of a bulk-fill alkasite with high-strength glass-ionomer cement: An in vitro study.

Background: Although glass-ionomer cement (GIC) has many unique properties and advantages, it still lacks favorable mechanical properties. Cention N is a recent alkasite material with excellent mechanical properties. The purpose of this study was to compare the mechanical properties (fracture toughness [FT] and flexural strength [FS]) and acid buffer capability of an alkasite material to GIC. Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, a total of 60 samples were prepared using Cention N or GIC. Twenty specimens (n = 10) were prepared using beam-shaped Teflon molds for FS, and twenty specimens (n = 10) were prepared with a similar mold with a notch for FT. These were evaluated on a universal testing machine using a three-point bend test. Twenty (n = 10) disk-shaped specimens were prepared for acid buffer capability. The samples were stored in distilled water for a week. This was followed by immersion in lactic acid with a pH of 4 for calculation of the materials acid buffering capacity at 30 and 60 min from exposure using a pH meter. The data obtained were tabulated and subjected to Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and Shapiro-Wilk test to assess the normal distribution and further analyzed using the Student's t-test to assess the level of significance, P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The mean FT, FS, and acid buffer capability of Cention N were significantly higher than GIC at P < 0.05. Conclusion: The present study surmised that Cention N exhibited higher FT, FS, and acid buffer capability than GIC.

Knowledge and perception of dental practitioners regarding the use of devitalizing agents.

BACKGROUND: Pulpal pain is amongst the most severe pains experienced by humans. Various chemical agents are used routinely to devitalize the severely inflamed pulpal tissue. Most of these agents are harmful and have detrimental effects. This questionnaire-based study evaluated the awareness and perception of dental practitioners regarding the use of devitalizing agents during endodontic procedures, and various alternatives to minimize the use of these agents. METHODS: An open questionnaire was distributed to a total of 250 dental practitioners. It carried detailed information about the most common devitalizing agent used, the purpose of use, method, and duration of application, recommendations, complications encountered, awareness of complications, and various alternatives. The collected data were subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) version 17.0 (IBM Statistics, Chicago, Illinois, USA). Descriptive statistics were drawn with respective percentages to have a comparative overview. RESULTS: 209 responses to 250 questionnaires circulated gave a response rate of 83.6%. Amongst them, 63.15% of dentists were using devitalizing agents. The most widely and frequently used devitalizing agent was Devitec (PD Swiss, Vevey, Switzerland) (36.3%), followed by Caustinerf forte (Septodont, Saint-Maur-des-Fosses, France) (29.5%). A total of 32.9% dentists were aware of the recommendations, and 66.02% were aware of the complications of devitalizing agents; 16.26% of dental practitioners encountered complications due to the use of devitalizing agents. The dentists listed the alternate methods regarding the use of pulp devitalizing agents. CONCLUSION: Although most of the dentists were aware of the harmful effects and few encountered complications with the use of devitalizers, they continued to use these agents because of the lack of an effective alternative.

Evaluation of enthesitis in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis by power color and spectral Doppler ultrasonography.

OBJECTIVE: Ultrasonography in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) could potentially be useful for evaluation of enthesitis. The aim of this study was to evaluate enthesitis in patients with JIA quantitatively by power color and spectral Doppler ultrasonography by determining color fraction (CF) and resistive index (RI). METHODS: A cross-sectional single-center study was performed in 15 (61 entheseal sites) patients with JIA with clinical enthesitis. A total of 9 age and sex matched healthy controls (53 entheseal sites) were also examined and compared. Entheseal sites (quadriceps tendon, patellar tendon, tendo-Achilles, medial and lateral epicondyles of humerus) were examined on USG B mode for tendon thickening, hypo- and hyper-echogenicity, enthesophytes, and cortical erosions/irregularities by power Doppler ultrasound for the presence of Doppler signal and by power color Doppler and spectral Doppler ultrasonography to derive CF and RI respectively. RESULTS: The mean thickness of entheseal site in patients and controls were 3.55±0.82 mm and 2.8±0.37 mm, respectively (p<0.001). The power Doppler signal was present in 93.4% of patients (p<0.001). The pooled data of all entheseal sites revealed a significantly higher CF in patients (0.08±0.03) than in controls (0.006±0.008) (p<0.001). The mean RI in patients (0.61±0.09) was significantly lower than that in controls (0.92±0.12) (p<0.001). The cut-off of RI (0.7) and CF (0.029) determined by receiver operating curve analysis revealed a diagnostic accuracy of 94.7% and 96.5%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Evaluation of enthesitis by determining CF and RI via power color Doppler and spectral Doppler is possible in JIA patients.

Association of Hormonal Fingerprints and Dental Caries: A Pilot Study.

CONTEXT: Dental caries remains the most widespread oral disease among all age groups. Hormonal fingerprints (second digit: fourth digit ratio or 2D:4D ratio) are biomarkers displaying sexual dimorphism and diverse human phenotypic traits. A person's genetic makeup may influence the occurrence of dental caries. AIM: The present study aimed to evaluate the influence of digit ratio on the incidence of dental caries. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: Two hundred patients between 18 and 55 years, reporting for restorations or endodontic therapy, participated in the study. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Hormonal fingerprints (2D:4D ratio) were measured with the help of a digital vernier caliper. Caries incidence was recorded using the DMFT index. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: Data obtained were tabulated and statistically analyzed using Independent t-test and Chi-square test. RESULTS: Males had a less mean 2D:4D ratio than females, which was statistically significant (p-value = 0.003). Chi-square test was applied, and there was a statistically significant correlation between high digit ratio and caries experience (p-value = 0.002). Females with a high digit ratio and males with a low digit ratio were in the moderate and low caries risk groups with a p-value of 0.029 and 0.001 in the respective risk groups. CONCLUSION: The present study displayed a correlation between hormonal fingerprints (2D:4D ratio) and dental caries. An indicator of caries risk will help prevent caries by implementing oral hygiene measures, which will reduce its incidence as the most occurring oral disease.

Comparing the Efficacy of Twin Mix and Lidocaine for Inferior Alveolar Nerve Blocks in Patients With Symptomatic Irreversible Pulpitis.

This randomized, active-controlled, double-blind, prospective clinical trial evaluated the anesthetic efficacy of 2% lidocaine with 1:200,000 epinephrine versus an admixture of 2% lidocaine with 1:200,000 epinephrine and 1 mL of 4 mg dexamethasone (Twin mix) for inferior alveolar nerve blocks (IANBs) in patients with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis (SIP) of the mandibular molars. Seventy-eight patients with SIP of mandibular molars were randomly allocated to the 2 groups of 39 subjects. All patients were required to have profound lip numbness within 10 minutes of local anesthetic deposition. The efficacy of pulpal anesthesia was confirmed by absence of pain or mild pain (Heft-Parker visual analogue scale ≤54 mm) during access cavity preparation and placement of glide path files. The collected data were subjected to independent t test, chi-square test, and Fisher exact test using SPSS software version 20.0 at a significance level of 0.05. IANB success rates for the lidocaine group and the Twin mix group was 66% and 68% respectively, which was not a statistically significant difference (p > .05). This study demonstrated that the anesthetic efficacy of Twin mix was equivalent to 2% lidocaine for IANBs in teeth with SIP.

Characteristics of the complete mitochondrial genome of the monotypic genus Arctictis (Family: Viverridae) and its phylogenetic implications.

The binturong (Arctictis binturong) is classified as a member of the subfamily Paradoxurinae within the family Viverridae (Carnivora: Mammalia) and comprises nine subspecies spread across Southern and Southeast Asia. Here, we describe the complete mitochondrial genome of the Indian subspecies A. b. albifrons using next-generation sequencing methods. The total length of the A. b. albifrons mitogenome was 16,642 bp. Phylogenetic analyses based on 13 mitochondrial protein-coding genes placed the binturong as a sister taxon to Paguma larvata within the Paradoxurinae and supported the clustering of Genettinae and Viverrinae and the monophyly of Viverridae and six other families of feliforms, consistent with previous studies. Divergence time estimates suggest that the Viverridae diversified during the Miocene (22.62 Mya: 95% CI [20.78-24.54] Mya) and that Arctictis and Paguma split 12.57 Mya (95% CI [8.66-15.67] Mya). Further molecular studies are required to test the distinctiveness and diversity of the nine putative subspecies of binturong.

Comparative evaluation of effects of natural antioxidants on the shear bond strength of composite resin to bleached enamel.

CONTEXT: The use of antioxidants immediately after bleaching showed increased bond strength. AIMS: This study aimed to compare the effects of natural antioxidants on the shear bond strength of composite resin to bleached enamel. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty extracted single-rooted upper incisors were decoronated by sectioning the roots 2 mm below the cementoenamel junction, and then, crowns were embedded in autopolymerizing acrylic resin block (3.0 cm × 3.0 cm × 3.0 cm) with the labial surface exposed. They were randomly divided into five groups, depending on the type of antioxidant used (n = 10): (i) Group 1: control (no bleaching), (ii) Group 2: bleaching only, (iii) Group 3: bleaching + 10% sodium ascorbate (antioxidant), (iv) Group 4: bleaching + green tea, and (v) Group 5: bleaching + white tea. Labial surfaces of 40 teeth were bleached with 38% hydrogen peroxide for 20 min following manufacturer's instructions. After that, the experimental groups (Groups 3, 4, and 5) were treated with respective antioxidant solutions before composite restorations were done using a cylindrical plastic mold (3 mm × 5 mm). Shear bond strength of the specimens was tested under universal testing machine. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Data were analyzed with ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test. RESULTS: There were statistically significant differences between shear bond strength of control groups (Groups 1 and 2) and experimental groups (P < 0.05), but no significant difference in bond strength was observed among the antioxidants used. CONCLUSION: Application of antioxidants immediately after bleaching showed increased bond strength. Green tea and white tea extract can be used as alternative antioxidants in improving the bond strength of enamel.

Evaluation of alpha-adrenomimetic agents for gingival retraction: A randomized crossover clinical trial.

CONTEXT: The displacement of the gingiva around the tooth allows proper access during preparation, precise impression taking, and cementation procedures that has a direct bearing on the health of the periodontium. Several methods and agents are used for this purpose. AIMS: The primary aim of the study was to clinically evaluate the efficacy of naphazoline as a gingival retraction agent. The secondary aim was to compare it with tetrahydrozoline and aluminum chloride. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: Fifteen patients participated in a randomized crossover clinical trial at the Army College of Dental Sciences, Secunderabad, Telangana, India. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Preliminary maxillary impressions were made with irreversible hydrocolloid for all patients to fabricate custom trays. After that, baseline impressions and cast for control group measurements were prepared. Gingival displacement was carried out in the right maxillary central incisor for all, with retraction cord soaked in three agents, either, aluminum chloride, tetrahydrozoline, or naphazoline. These agents were used in all patients with a washout period of 14 days. Elastomeric monophase impressions and die stone casts were recorded for each group. The central incisors were sectioned, and gingival retraction was measured using a measuring stereomicroscope. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: The gingival displacement was statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA and post hoc Bonferroni. RESULTS: Naphazoline had the highest retraction (138.160 µm) followed by tetrahydrozoline (136.039 µm) and aluminum chloride (130.759 µm). CONCLUSIONS: Naphazoline, tetrahydrozoline, and aluminum chloride show a clinically and statistically significant amount of displacement when compared to control. Among the three agents, naphazoline showed maximum displacement and maybe a good alternative with fewer side effects.

Clinical Management of Root Resorption: A Report of Three Cases.

Root resorption is a pathological condition that may be an endodontic challenge if not diagnosed and treated correctly. The recent advances in the imaging technologies and material science have enabled the clinician to visualize the structural changes accurately and repair them with materials providing favourable seal ability. In this article, we report three cases of root resorption with different presentations which were diagnosed with the help of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and successfully managed. The series highlights the importance of diagnosis in unusual clinical situations and recommends early commencement of optimal management for longevity of tooth for health and function.

Effect of different periodontal ligament simulating materials on the incidence of dentinal cracks during root canal preparation.

Background. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the incidence of dentinal cracks during root canal preparation with different periodontal ligament simulating materials in vitro. Methods. Seventy freshly extracted human mandibular first premolars were selected and divided into 7 groups in terms of simulating material: group 1: polyether impression material; group 2: polyvinyl acetate adhesive; group 3: polyvinyl siloxane impression material; group 4: cyanoacrylate adhesive; group 5: epoxy resin adhesive; group 6: positive control, without any periodontal ligament simulation; and group 7: negative control, where neither a periodontal ligament simulating material was used nor canal preparation was carried out. Root canal preparation was carried out in all the groups followed by sectioning of roots at 3 mm, 6 mm and 9 mm. The sections were evaluated under a stereomicroscope at ×2.5 for the presence or absence of cracks. Chi-squared test was used to compare the appearance of defective roots between the different experimental groups. Results. The least number of cracks were found in the negative control group, followed by group 1 where polyether impression material was used for periodontal ligament simulation. The difference was significant with a P-value of 0.002 for coronal sections. Conclusion. Under the limitation of the present study, polyether and polyvinyl siloxane (light body) can both be used for simulation of periodontal ligament.

Stress distribution in endodontically treated abfracted mandibular premolar restored with different cements and crowns: A three-dimensional finite element analysis.

CONTEXT: Noncarious cervical lesions may penetrate the pulp and require root canal treatment followed by crown placement. Such teeth may be susceptible to fracture, especially at the cervical area. AIMS: To estimate which combination of restorative material and crown resulted in homogenous stress-strain distribution of endodontically treated abfracted mandibular premolar using three-dimensional finite element model (FEM). SETTINGS AND DESIGN: A three-dimensional model of mandibular single-rooted premolar along with alveolar bone was created in finite element analysis (FEA) software preprocessor ANSYS rel 14.5 FEM software (ANSYS Inc., Houston, USA, 1994). Cervical lesion was created in the model with specific dimensions, 3 mm mesiodistally and 2 mm gingivoocclusally with enamel occlusal margin and dentin gingival margin. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Tooth was simulated to be root canal treated and restored with different types of cements and crowns followed by placing a static load of 300 N at an angle of 135°. Analysis was run and stress distribution pattern was studied. RESULTS: Cervical region of an endodontically treated tooth is subjected to stresses, irrespective of restorative material used. Porcelain fused to metal (PFM) crowns showed least strain values with different postendodontic, restorative materials. CONCLUSIONS: FEA is a predictable and reproducible model to predict stress-strain behavior. PFM crowns with different postendodontic restorative materials showed least strain values in the cervical area of abfracted, endodontically treated premolars.

Effect of Green Coffee Bean Extract on Streptococcus mutans Count: A Randomised Control Trial.

INTRODUCTION: Mouth rinses have been popularly used as a supplementary oral hygiene aid. A lot of commercially available mouth rinses possess few adverse effects, which has necessitated the search for alternative and herbal mouth rinses. AIM: The aim of the study was to assess the effect of rinsing with green coffee bean extract in comparison with chlorhexidine mouthwash and sterile water on salivary Streptococcus mutans count. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A randomized parallel controlled clinical trial was planned and 45 subjects aged between 18-22 years were selected. The subjects were divided into three groups (n=15 in each group): Group A: Study group: 2% Green coffee bean extract, Group B: Positive control: 0.2% Chlorhexidine (CHX), Group C: Negative control: Sterile water. Group A subjects rinsed mouth with 5 ml of 2% Green coffee bean extract for one minute. Group B subjects rinsed mouth with 5 ml 0.2% CHX mouthwash for one minute. Group C subjects rinsed mouth with 5 ml of Sterile water for one minute twice daily for two weeks. Baseline samples (Pre rinse) were collected on day 1 and post rinsing saliva samples were collected after 14 days. The samples were cultured using Mitis Salivarius Agar enriched with Bacitracin and colonies were counted using a hand held digital colony counter. The statistical analysis was done using paired t-test, One-way variance ANOVA and Post-Hoc tests. RESULTS: The Green coffee bean extract group showed a statistical significant reduction in Streptococcus mutans colony count before and after intervention which was comparable with CHX group. CONCLUSION: Green coffee bean extract as a mouthwash can be explored as a safe and effective alternative to CHX mouthwash.

The Effect of Coconut Oil pulling on Streptococcus mutans Count in Saliva in Comparison with Chlorhexidine Mouthwash.

OBJECTIVES: Oil pulling is an age-old practice that has gained modern popularity in promoting oral and systemic health. The scientific verification for this practice is insufficient. Thus, this study evaluated the effect of coconut oil pulling on the count of Streptococcus mutans in saliva and to compare its efficacy with that of Chlorhexidine mouthwash: in vivo. The null hypothesis was that coconut oil pulling has no effect on the bacterial count in saliva. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A randomized controlled study was planned and 60 subjects were selected. The subjects were divided into three groups, Group A: STUDY GROUP: Oil pulling, Group B: STUDY GROUP: Chlorhexidine, and Group C: CONTROL GROUP: Distilled water. Group A subjects rinsed mouth with 10 ml of coconut oil for 10 minutes. Group B subjects rinsed mouth with 5 ml Chlorhexidine mouthwash for 1 minute and Group C with 5 ml distilled water for 1 minute in the morning before brushing. Saliva samples were collected and cultured on 1st day and after 2 weeks from all subjects. Colonies were counted to compare the efficacy of coconut oil and Chlorhexidine with distilled water. RESULTS: Statistically significant reduction in S. mutans count was seen in both the coconut oil pulling and Chlorhexidine group. CONCLUSION: Oil pulling can be explored as a safe and effective alternative to Chlorhexidine. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Edible oil-pulling therapy is natural, safe and has no side effects. Hence, it can be considered as a preventive therapy at home to maintain oral hygiene.

Maxillary first molars with six canals diagnosed with the aid of cone beam computed tomography: a report of two cases.

The case reports present the endodontic management of two maxillary first molars with six canals. The diagnosis of morphology of multiple canal systems was identified under magnification of the dental operating microscope and was confirmed with the help of cone beam computed tomography. This paper discusses the variations in the canal morphology and the use of the latest adjuncts in successfully diagnosing and treating unusual canal anatomy.

Electrical injuries in urban children in New Delhi.

AIM: The objective of this study was to analyze the epidemiology, presentation, management, and complications of electrical burn injuries in urban children. METHODS: Data from records and clinical data were collected retrospectively and prospectively during 2008 to 2010. RESULTS: Of 41 children enrolled, the mean age of children enrolled was 8.1 ± 4.5 years. Low-voltage injury was seen in 28 (68.2%), and 13 (31.8%) had high-voltage injuries. Low-voltage injuries were most commonly (52.45%) secondary to direct contact with live wire, whereas high-voltage injuries in 70% were due to direct contact with broken wires lying in fields/rooftops. Fourteen children of the 41 enrolled had associated injuries. Low-voltage injuries were associated with minor burns, seizures, tibial fracture, eyelid burn, scalp hematoma, and speech and visual impairment, whereas high-voltage injuries were associated with cardiac arrest, extradural hematoma, visceral burns, pulmonary hemorrhage and hypoxic encephalopathy, and postelectrocution acute respiratory distress syndrome. Surgical interventions done included split-thickness skin grafting, fasciotomy, and amputation procedures. The mean duration of hospital stay of all the children enrolled was 9.02 days with 35 children discharged, 71.4% of them having low-voltage injuries. Four children died, 75% of them having high-voltage injury, whereas 2 children left without medical advice, both having low-voltage injuries. CONCLUSIONS: Children are a major group susceptible to electrical injuries in our country. Most of the mechanisms leading to them are easily preventable, but occur because of lack or awareness among the children and their guardians. Burn prevention program should be implemented incorporating these epidemiological data.