The critical role of corporate governance in sustainable development goals prioritisation: A 5 P s-based analysis for emerging economies.

The UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were developed in 2015 and serve as the main guide for achieving the 2030 Agenda. This paper analyses the impact of corporate governance (CG) and financial performance (FP) on SDG prioritisation, taking FP as a mediating variable and categorising the SDGs by the five pillars (5 Ps) commonly used for this purpose: People, Planet, Prosperity, Peace and Partnership. For this purpose, structural equations (PLS-SEM) were applied, using a sample of 312 Latin-American firms. The study results show there is a positive relationship between FP, CG and SDG prioritisation. Moreover, FP has a partial mediating role in the relationship between CG and SDG prioritisation. This study is innovative in the context of emerging Latin American economies and suggests paths for future research on this topic that would be of interest to academics, regulators and industry professionals. This paper highlights the important role of CG in helping achieve the objectives of the 2030 Agenda in Latin America. Furthermore, the study has implications for policymakers, showing that CG may enhance companies' FP and their commitment to the SDGs. Accordingly, regulators should establish minimum requirements for all companies regarding the structure and practices of CG. The study findings also have implications for stakeholders and responsible investors, suggesting that companies' level of sustainable development can be assessed via their CG policies.

Multi-omics characterization of the microbial populations and chemical space composition of a water kefir fermentation.

In recent years, the popularity of fermented foods has strongly increased based on their proven health benefits and the adoption of new trends among consumers. One of these health-promoting products is water kefir, which is a fermented sugary beverage based on kefir grains (symbiotic colonies of yeast, lactic acid and acetic acid bacteria). According to previous knowledge and the uniqueness of each water kefir fermentation, the following project aimed to explore the microbial and chemical composition of a water kefir fermentation and its microbial consortium, through the integration of culture-dependent methods, compositional metagenomics, and untargeted metabolomics. These methods were applied in two types of samples: fermentation grains (inoculum) and fermentation samples collected at different time points. A strains culture collection of ∼90 strains was established by means of culture-dependent methods, mainly consisting of individuals of Pichia membranifaciens, Acetobacter orientalis, Lentilactobacillus hilgardii, Lacticaseibacillus paracasei, Acetobacter pomorum, Lentilactobacillus buchneri, Pichia kudriavzevii, Acetobacter pasteurianus, Schleiferilactobacillus harbinensis, and Kazachstania exigua, which can be further studied for their use in synthetic consortia formulation. In addition, metabarcoding of each fermentation time was done by 16S and ITS sequencing for bacteria and yeast, respectively. The results show strong population shifts of the microbial community during the fermentation time course, with an enrichment of microbial groups after 72 h of fermentation. Metataxonomics results revealed Lactobacillus and Acetobacter as the dominant genera for lactic acid and acetic acid bacteria, whereas, for yeast, P. membranifaciens was the dominant species. In addition, correlation and systematic analyses of microbial growth patterns and metabolite richness allowed the recognition of metabolic enrichment points between 72 and 96 h and correlation between microbial groups and metabolite abundance (e.g., Bile acid conjugates and Acetobacter tropicalis). Metabolomic analysis also evidenced the production of bioactive compounds in this fermented matrix, which have been associated with biological activities, including antimicrobial and antioxidant. Interestingly, the chemical family of Isoschaftosides (C-glycosyl flavonoids) was also found, representing an important finding since this compound, with hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory activity, had not been previously reported in this matrix. We conclude that the integration of microbial biodiversity, cultured species, and chemical data enables the identification of relevant microbial population patterns and the detection of specific points of enrichment during the fermentation process of a food matrix, which enables the future design of synthetic microbial consortia, which can be used as targeted probiotics for digestive and metabolic health.

An efficient method for protoplast-mediated production of transformed castor bean (Ricinus communis) lines.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to develop a method for the isolation, culture, and PEG-mediated protoplast transfection from leaves of in vitro-grown plants of Ricinus communis. RESULTS: Factors such as the enzymatic composition and the incubation time were evaluated. The enzymatic solution, containing 1.6% Cellulase-R10 and 0.8% Macerozyme-R10, with 16 h of incubation, was the best condition to achieve a high protoplast yield (481.16 × 104 protoplasts/g FW) with a high percentage of viability (95%). The combination and concentration of enzymes have been shown to affect the protoplast isolation efficiency significantly. Furthermore, we found that a higher number of protoplasts (8.5 × 105 protoplast/g FW) was obtained at a longer incubation time, but their viability decreased. We obtained a simple and efficient protocol to isolate protoplast from Ricinus communis leaves and culture. A PEG-mediated protoplast transfection protocol was also established to introduce plasmid DNA into Ricinus communis genotypes cultivated in Colombia. Thus, strengthening advances in the genetic improvement processes for this crop are presented.

Invasive and noninvasive markers of human skeletal muscle mitochondrial function.

Mitochondria are organelles that fuel cellular energy requirements by ATP formation via aerobic metabolism. Given the wide variety of methods to assess skeletal muscle mitochondrial capacity, we tested how well different invasive and noninvasive markers of skeletal muscle mitochondrial capacity reflect mitochondrial respiration in permeabilized muscle fibers. Nineteen young men (mean age: 24 ± 4 years) were recruited, and a muscle biopsy was collected to determine mitochondrial respiration from permeabilized muscle fibers and to quantify markers of mitochondrial capacity, content such as citrate synthase (CS) activity, mitochondrial DNA copy number, TOMM20, VDAC, and protein content for complex I-V of the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system. Additionally, all participants underwent noninvasive assessments of mitochondrial capacity: PCr recovery postexercise (by 31 P-MRS), maximal aerobic capacity, and gross exercise efficiency by cycling exercise. From the invasive markers, Complex V protein content and CS activity showed the strongest concordance (Rc = 0.50 to 0.72) with ADP-stimulated coupled mitochondrial respiration, fueled by various substrates. Complex V protein content showed the strongest concordance (Rc = 0.72) with maximally uncoupled mitochondrial respiration. From the noninvasive markers, gross exercise efficiency, VO2max , and PCr recovery exhibited concordance values between 0.50 and 0.77 with ADP-stimulated coupled mitochondrial respiration. Gross exercise efficiency showed the strongest concordance with maximally uncoupled mitochondrial respiration (Rc = 0.67). From the invasive markers, Complex V protein content and CS activity are surrogates that best reflect skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiratory capacity. From the noninvasive markers, exercise efficiency and PCr recovery postexercise most closely reflect skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiratory capacity.

Systematic Analysis of Genes Related to Selenium Bioaccumulation in Microalgae: A Review.

Se is one of the essential nutrients for human health and animal growth; it participates in various physiological functions, such as antioxidant and immune response and metabolism. Se deficiency is related in the animal industry to poor production performance and the appearance of health problems in humans. Therefore, interest has arisen in producing fortified foods, nutritional supplements, and animal feed products enriched with Se. A sustainable strategy for bio-based products enriched with Se is microalgae. These are characterized by the ability to bioaccumulate inorganic Se and metabolize it into organic Se for product formulations of industrial interest. Although there are some reports on Se bioaccumulation, further exploration is needed to understand the effects of Se bioaccumulation in microalgae. Therefore, this article presents a systematic review of the genes or groups of genes that trigger biological responses associated with the metabolization of Se in microalgae. A total of 54,541 genes related to Se metabolization distributed in 160 different classes were found. Similarly, trends were identified through bibliometric networks on strains of greatest interest, bioproducts, and scientific production.

Comparative study of steroidal sapogenins content in leaves of five Agave species.

BACKGROUND: Agaves are mainly used to produce alcoholic beverages such as tequila, mezcal and bacanora. However, the leaves constitute more than 50% of the plant and are not used in the production process, so they are considered waste. This plant material can be used as a source of bioactive compounds such as terpenes, flavonoids and saponins. Therefore, the objective of this study was to characterize the aglycone type of saponins and to quantify three steroidal sapogenins in leaves of five Agave species collected in different regions of Guerrero and Oaxaca, Mexico. RESULTS: Analysis by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection of the hydrolyzed methanolic extracts showed that diosgenin and tigogenin were the most abundant sapogenins identified in the five Agave species. Differences in the content of these sapogenins were found in the same species collected in different localities. The leaves of Agave americana var. oaxacensis L. (Oaxaca) had the highest diosgenin-derived saponin content, while the leaves of A. angustifolia Haw. (Guerrero) had the highest tigogenin-derived saponin content. Only in A. cupreata was sarsasapogenin identified, all three sapogenins occurring in the leaves of this species. For the first time, information is provided on the aglycones of the saponins produced in A. potatorum Zucc. and A. karwinskii Zucc. CONCLUSION: This study made it possible to compare the content of diosgenin and tigogenin-derived saponins in leaves of Agave species from Guerrero and Oaxaca. This information will be useful for better utilization of this plant material and add value to the process of mezcal elaboration. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis following vaccination against SARS-CoV-2: A case report.

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is an inflammatory emyelinating disease of the central nervous system that is usually considered a monophasic disease Post-vaccination ADEM has been associated with several vaccines, however, there is scarce information related to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. We present the case of a 26- year-old female who suffered from ADEM four weeks after Gam-COVID-Vac administration.

Emergent Endovascular Repair of a Ruptured Ascending Aorta Pseudoaneurysm With Thoracic Aortic Stent Graft.

Pseudoaneurysm of the ascending aorta is a rare complication of cardiac surgery due to tissue degeneration at the site of graft anastomosis, aortotomy, or extracorporeal circulation cannulation. We describe the case of a patient who developed an ascending aorta pseudoaneurysm after coronary artery bypass graft surgery, which initially required percutaneous closure with an atrial septal defect occlusion device. However, three years later the patient presented again with active external bleeding secondary to pseudoaneurysm enlargement and rupture, which was emergently repaired by percutaneous endovascular repair with a thoracic aortic stent graft. At one-year follow-up the patient is in good conditions and asymptomatic.

The Complete Chloroplast Genome of Plukenetia volubilis Provides Insights Into the Organelle Inheritance.

Plukenetia volubilis L. (Malpighiales: Euphorbiaceae), also known as Sacha inchi, is considered a promising crop due to its high seed content of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs), all of them highly valuable for food and cosmetic industries, but the genetic basis of oil biosynthesis of this non-model plant is still insufficient. Here, we sequenced the total DNA of Sacha inchi by using Illumina and Nanopore technologies and approached a de novo reconstruction of the whole nucleotide sequence and the organization of its 164,111 bp length of the chloroplast genome, displaying two copies of an inverted repeat sequence [inverted repeat A (IRA) and inverted repeat B (IRB)] of 28,209 bp, each one separating a small single copy (SSC) region of 17,860 bp and a large single copy (LSC) region of 89,833 bp. We detected two large inversions on the chloroplast genome that were not presented in the previously reported sequence and studied a promising cpDNA marker, useful in phylogenetic approaches. This chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) marker was used on a set of five distinct Colombian cultivars of P. volubilis from different geographical locations to reveal their phylogenetic relationships. Thus, we evaluated if it has enough resolution to genotype cultivars, intending to crossbreed parents and following marker's trace down to the F1 generation. We finally elucidated, by using molecular and cytological methods on cut flower buds, that the inheritance mode of P. volubilis cpDNA is maternally transmitted and proposed that it occurs as long as it is physically excluded during pollen development. This de novo chloroplast genome will provide a valuable resource for studying this promising crop, allowing the determination of the organellar inheritance mechanism of some critical phenotypic traits and enabling the use of genetic engineering in breeding programs to develop new varieties.

Efectos de la aplicación del marco normativo para entidades de gobierno en los indicadores financieros / Effects of the application of the regulatory framework for government entities in financial indicators / Efeitos da aplicação da estrutura regulatória para entidades governamentais nos indicadores financeiros

RESUMEN En esta investigación se analiza los impactos de la aplicación del Marco Normativo para Entidades de Gobierno en las cifras contables de los departamentos de Colombia, y la afectación generada en los indicadores financieros. Para esto, se realiza el estudio de las variaciones en la muestra de la información financiera de los 32 departamentos para los años 2017 y 2018, acompañado de un análisis de diferencia de medias elaborado mediante la prueba estadística t - student. Los resultados muestran un aumento de los activos en forma general, sin embargo, se evidencia un mayor aumento en los pasivos totales, ocasionando un efecto negativo en indicadores de endeudamiento y propiedad. Este estudio es exploratorio ya que hasta 2019 se están empezando a reflejar en las cifras de los estados financieros dichos impactos, lo que genera gran utilidad para los entes reguladores y responsables de establecer parámetros legales para su aplicación.

ABSTRACT This research analyzes the impacts of the application of the Regulatory Framework for Government Entities in the accounting results of the departments of Colombia, and the impact generated in the financial ratios. The study of the variations in the sample of the financial information of the 32 departments for the years 2017 and 2018 is carried out, accompanied by an analysis of difference of means prepared by means of the t-student statistical test. The results show an increase in assets in general, however there is a greater increase in total liabilities, causing a negative effect on debt and property ratios. This study is exploratory since until 2019 they are beginning to reflect in the figures of the financial statements such impacts, which generates great utility for the regulatory entities and responsible for establishing legal parameters for their application.

RESUMO Esta pesquisa analisa os impactos da aplicação da estrutura regulatória para entidades governamentais nas cifras contábeis dos departamentos da Colômbia e o impacto gerado nos indicadores financeiros. Para isso, realizou-se o estudo das variações na amostra das informações financeiras dos 32 departamentos para os anos de 2017 e 2018, acompanhadas de uma análise da diferença de médias preparada pelo teste t-student. Os resultados mostram um aumento dos ativos em geral, no entanto, um aumento maior no passivo total é evidente, causando um efeito negativo nos indicadores de dívida e propriedade. Este estudo é exploratório, pois até 2019 esses impactos começam a refletir-se nas cifras das demonstrações financeiras, o que gera grande utilidade para as entidades reguladoras e responsáveis pelo estabelecimento de parâmetros legais para sua aplicação.

Efficient direct shoot organogenesis and genetic stability in micropropagated sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.).

OBJECTIVE: It is necessary to improve biotech platforms based on in vitro cell tissue culture to support sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.) research programs and draw on the nutritional value of the high polyunsaturated fatty acid content of its oilseed. Here, we developed a rapid and efficient method for induction and direct in vitro shoot development for this species. RESULTS: Shoots were generated from hypocotyl explants. The highest organogenic response was obtained in woody plant medium supplemented with 1 mg/L thidiazuron and 0.5 mg/L zeatin supplemented with L-glutamine, adenine hemisulfate, and L-arginine. Shoots obtained using this medium were transferred and subcultivated with different concentrations of indole-3-butyric acid and 1-naphthylacetic acid for rooting. For the first time, a histological analysis was performed supporting direct organogenic development in this species. The plantlets obtained were transferred ex vitro with a survival percentage of 80%. The genetic stability of the plants recovered was confirmed by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA analysis. All results indicate that it would be possible to stimulate direct shoot formation from hypocotyls to support the sustainable use of this species.

Direct in vitro regeneration of castor bean plants (Ricinus communis) using epicotyls / Regeneração direta in-vitro de plantas de mamona ( Ricinus communis ) usando epicótilos

A regeneration protocol for castor bean plant (Ricinus communis) was successfully developed using epicotyl sections obtained from in vitro seedlings. The maximum number of induced shoots (4.3 shoots/explant) and highest shoots frequency (75,56%) was obtained in WPM medium supplemented with TDZ (1 mg/L) and zeatin (0.5 mg/L), whereas the minimum number (0.8 shoots/explant) and lowest shoots frequency (37,78%) was obtained in medium containing TDZ (1 mg/L) and BAP (0.5 mg/L). The highest percentage of rooting (93.3%) was obtained in a medium containing IBA (1 mg/L). These plants were transplanted in a mesh house and achieved a high adaptability to acclimatization, reaching 77% survival. On the other hand, the maximum elongation (height) during this stage was 7.9 cm in plants supplemented with WPM nutrients, whereas it was only 4.38 cm in control plants

Foi desenvolvido com sucesso um protocolo de regeneração para a planta de Mamona (Ricinus communis) utilizando seções de epicótilos, obtidas a partir de mudas in vitro. O número máximo de brotações induzidas (4.3 brotos/explante), assim como a maior frequência de brotações (75,56%), foi obtido em meio WPM suplementado com TDZ (1 mg/L) e zeatina (0,5 mg/L). Enquanto que o número mínimo (0,8 brotos/explante), como a menor freqüência de rebentos (37,78%), foi obtido em meio contendo TDZ (1 mg/L) e BAP (0,5 mg/L). Adicionalmente, a maior percentagem de enraizamento (93,3%) foi obtida em um meio contendo IBA (1 mg/L). Depois da regeneração, as plantas foram transplantadas em casa de vegetação e conseguiram uma alta adaptabilidade e aclimatização, atingindo 77% de sobrevivência. Por outro lado, oalongamento máximo (altura) durante este estágio foi de 7,9 cm em plantas suplementadas com nutrientes de WPM, enquanto as plantas de controle presentaram apenas 4,38 cm

Profile of antiretroviral agents use in Colombia / Perfil de utilización de antirretrovirales en Colombia

Introduction: Since the beginning of the epidemic, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has taken more than 36 million lives. Objective: To determine the antiretroviral drug prescription patterns in a population of individuals with HIV infection in Colombia. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional study analyzing the profiles of patients treated with antiretroviral drugs between April 1st and September 30th, 2015. The sociodemographic, pharmacological, and comorbidity variables were identified. Individuals with a positive diagnosis of HIV of all ages and both genders were included. Results: We found 641 patients with a mean age of 39.0±17 years who were predominantly male (60.2%). The most used medications were lamivudine-zidovudine (51.6%), lopinavir-ritonavir (36%) and efavirenz (24.5%). The combination of lamivudine-zidovudine plus lopinavir-ritonavir was the most prescribed regimen (29.5%), but a total of 80 different regimens was identified. Being an adult between the ages of 45-64 years (OR=2.25; 95%CI 1.367-3.713) was associated with a greater probability of receiving 4 or more antiretrovirals. A total of 267 (41.6%) patients used at least one comedication (range: 1-18 drugs), especially anti-ulcer (57.3%), lipid-lowering (28.8%) and anti-hypertensive (28.5%) drugs. Conclusions: Patients undergoing antiretroviral treatment are receiving medications with elevated intrinsic values at the recommended doses and present comorbidities associated with chronic agerelated conditions. However, these patients receive a great variety of regimens that are not included in the clinical practice guidelines.

Introducción. La infección por HIV es una pandemia que actualmente se controla con el tratamiento farmacológico, el cual, además, prolonga la expectativa de vida del paciente. Objetivo. Determinar los patrones de prescripción de fármacos antirretrovirales en una población de personas afiliadas al régimen contributivo del Sistema General de Seguridad Social en Salud de Colombia, durante el 2015. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio de corte transversal para analizar la formulación de fármacos antirretrovirales en pacientes tratados con estos entre el 1° de abril y el 30 septiembre del 2015. Se determinaron las variables sociodemográficas, farmacológicas y las comorbilidades, y el análisis estadístico se hizo mediante SPSS™, versión 23.0. Resultados. Se hallaron 641 pacientes, la mayoría (60,2 %) hombres, con una edad media de 39,0±17 años. Los medicamentos más empleados fueron lamivudina-zidovudina (51,6 %), lopinavirritonavir (36 %) y efavirenz (24,5 %). La asociación lamivudina-zidovudina más lopinavir-ritonavir fue el esquema más prescrito (29,5 %), pero se encontraron 80 esquemas diferentes. El ser un adulto entre 45 y 64 años (odds ratio=2,25; IC95% 1,367-3,713; p=0,001) se asoció con una mayor probabilidad de recibir cuatro o más antirretrovirales. Del total de pacientes, 267 (41,6 %) recibían más de un medicamento simultáneamente (rango: 1-18 fármacos), especialmente fármacos contra las úlceras (57,3 %), hipolipemiantes (28,8 %) y antihipertensivos (28,5 %). Conclusiones. Los pacientes en tratamiento antirretroviral están recibiendo medicamentos de elevado valor intrínseco en las dosis recomendadas, y presentan las mismas comorbilidades asociadas con las condiciones crónicas relacionadas con la edad. Además, reciben una gran variedad de esquemas que no se encuentran incluidos en las guías de práctica clínica.

Profile of antiretroviral agents use in Colombia / Perfil de utilización de antirretrovirales en Colombia

INTRODUCTION: Since the beginning of the epidemic, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has taken more than 36 million lives. OBJECTIVE: To determine the antiretroviral drug prescription patterns in a population of individuals with HIV infection in Colombia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study analyzing the profiles of patients treated with antiretroviral drugs between April 1st and September 30th, 2015. The sociodemographic, pharmacological, and comorbidity variables were identified. Individuals with a positive diagnosis of HIV of all ages and both genders were included. RESULTS: We found 641 patients with a mean age of 39.0±17 years who were predominantly male (60.2%). The most used medications were lamivudine-zidovudine (51.6%), lopinavir-ritonavir (36%) and efavirenz (24.5%). The combination of lamivudine-zidovudine plus lopinavir-ritonavir was the most prescribed regimen (29.5%), but a total of 80 different regimens was identified. Being an adult between the ages of 45-64 years (OR=2.25; 95%CI 1.367-3.713) was associated with a greater probabilityof receiving 4 or more antiretrovirals. A total of 267 (41.6%) patients used at least one comedication (range: 1-18 drugs), especially anti-ulcer (57.3%), lipid-lowering (28.8%) and anti-hypertensive (28.5%) drugs. CONCLUSIONS: Patients undergoing antiretroviral treatment are receiving medications with elevated intrinsic values at the recommended doses and present comorbidities associated with chronic agerelated conditions. However, these patients receive a great variety of regimens that are not included in the clinical practice guidelines.

Introducción. La infección por HIV es una pandemia que actualmente se controla con el tratamiento farmacológico, el cual, además, prolonga la expectativa de vida del paciente. Objetivo. Determinar los patrones de prescripción de fármacos antirretrovirales en una población de personas afiliadas al régimen contributivo del Sistema General de Seguridad Social en Salud de Colombia, durante el 2015. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio de corte transversal para analizar la formulación de fármacos antirretrovirales en pacientes tratados con estos entre el 1° de abril y el 30 septiembre del 2015. Se determinaron las variables sociodemográficas, farmacológicas y las comorbilidades, y el análisis estadístico se hizo mediante SPSS™, versión 23.0. Resultados. Se hallaron 641 pacientes, la mayoría (60,2 %) hombres, con una edad media de 39,0±17 años. Los medicamentos más empleados fueron lamivudina-zidovudina (51,6 %), lopinavirritonavir (36 %) y efavirenz (24,5 %). La asociación lamivudina-zidovudina más lopinavir-ritonavir fue el esquema más prescrito (29,5 %), pero se encontraron 80 esquemas diferentes. El ser un adulto entre 45 y 64 años (odds ratio=2,25; IC95% 1,367-3,713; p=0,001) se asoció con una mayor probabilidad de recibir cuatro o más antirretrovirales. Del total de pacientes, 267 (41,6 %) recibían más de un medicamento simultáneamente (rango: 1-18 fármacos), especialmente fármacos contra las úlceras (57,3 %), hipolipemiantes (28,8 %) y antihipertensivos (28,5 %). Conclusiones. Los pacientes en tratamiento antirretroviral están recibiendo medicamentos de elevado valor intrínseco en las dosis recomendadas, y presentan las mismas comorbilidades asociadas con las condiciones crónicas relacionadas con la edad. Además, reciben una gran variedad de esquemas que no se encuentran incluidos en las guías de práctica clínica.

Riesgos ambientales y de seguridad en calderas a carbón de las pequeñas y medianas empresas «PYME¼, ubicadas en el municipio de Itagüí, Antioquia / Safety and environmental risks of coal fired boilers in small and medium-sized enterprises «SMEs¼, located in Itagüí town, Antioquia

RESUMEN Objetivo Caracterizar los riesgos ambientales y de seguridad presentes en calderas con combustible de carbón de las pequeñas y medianas empresas, ubicadas en el municipio de Itagüí. Método Estudio descriptivo transversal: Se seleccionó una muestra a conveniencia de ocho calderas y sus operadores. La caracterización de las calderas se realizó por medio de la aplicación de cuatro instrumentos para evaluar y valorar los riesgos de seguridad, el nivel de seguridad, los riesgos ambientales y los impactos ambientales. Resultados El resultado del riesgo de seguridad mostró que el 62 % de las calderas presentó un nivel de riesgo no aceptable. El resultado del nivel de seguridad presentó que el 62 % de las calderas obtuvieron una valoración deficiente. El resultado del riesgo ambiental indicó que el 100 % de las calderas presentó un nivel de riesgo alto de afectación al entorno ambiental y un nivel de riesgo medio de afectación a los operadores. Con respecto a la valoración del impacto ambiental se observó que el 100 % de las calderas en estudio presentaban afectación de significancia alta sobre el componente aire, y afectación de significancia media sobre los componentes agua y suelo. Conclusiones Debido al bajo nivel de seguridad y al alto nivel de riesgo ambiental encontrado en las calderas estudiadas, las PYME deben conocer los riesgos existentes con el fin de disminuir la prevalencia de afectación de la salud de los calderistas e impactos al medio ambiente. Así mismo, implementar medidas de gestión encaminadas a la prevención y control de los riesgos caracterizados.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective To describe the environmental and safety risks present in coal fired boilers in small and medium-sized enterprises, located in Itagüí town. Method Cross sectional descriptive study: An appropriate sample of 8 boilers with its corresponding operators was selected. The description of the boilers was carried out through the implementation of four instruments to evaluate and assess security risks; Its level of safety, the environmental risks and the environmental impacts. Results The security risk outcome showed that 62 % of the boilers presented an unacceptable level of risk. The safety level outcome showed that 62 % of boilers obtained a poor rating. The environmental risk outcome indicated that 100 % of the boilers had a high level of environmental impact and a medium level of impact for operators. Regarding the environmental impact assessment, 100 % of the boilers under study showed a high level of impact on the air component and medium level of impact on water and soil components. Conclusions Due to the low level of safety and the high level of environmental risk found in the boilers under study; SMEs should be aware of the current risks in order to reduce the exposure of the operators to health danger and the environme tal impacts as well. Moreover, it is needed to implement management measures aimed to prevent and control the risks described.(AU)

[Safety and environmental risks of coal fired boilers in small and medium-sized enterprises «SMEs¼, located in Itagüí town, Antioquia]. / Riesgos ambientales y de seguridad en calderas a carbón de las pequeñas y medianas empresas «PYME¼, ubicadas en el municipio de Itagüí, Antioquia.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the environmental and safety risks present in coal fired boilers in small and medium-sized enterprises, located in Itagüí town. METHOD: Cross sectional descriptive study: An appropriate sample of 8 boilers with its corresponding operators was selected. The description of the boilers was carried out through the implementation of four instruments to evaluate and assess security risks; Its level of safety, the environmental risks and the environmental impacts. RESULTS: The security risk outcome showed that 62 % of the boilers presented an unacceptable level of risk. The safety level outcome showed that 62 % of boilers obtained a poor rating. The environmental risk outcome indicated that 100 % of the boilers had a high level of environmental impact and a medium level of impact for operators. Regarding the environmental impact assessment, 100 % of the boilers under study showed a high level of impact on the air component and medium level of impact on water and soil components. CONCLUSIONS: Due to the low level of safety and the high level of environmental risk found in the boilers under study; SMEs should be aware of the current risks in order to reduce the exposure of the operators to health danger and the environme tal impacts as well. Moreover, it is needed to implement management measures aimed to prevent and control the risks described.

OBJETIVO: Caracterizar los riesgos ambientales y de seguridad presentes en calderas con combustible de carbón de las pequeñas y medianas empresas, ubicadas en el municipio de Itagüí. MÉTODO: Estudio descriptivo transversal: Se seleccionó una muestra a conveniencia de ocho calderas y sus operadores. La caracterización de las calderas se realizó por medio de la aplicación de cuatro instrumentos para evaluar y valorar los riesgos de seguridad, el nivel de seguridad, los riesgos ambientales y los impactos ambientales. RESULTADOS: El resultado del riesgo de seguridad mostró que el 62 % de las calderas presentó un nivel de riesgo no aceptable. El resultado del nivel de seguridad presentó que el 62 % de las calderas obtuvieron una valoración deficiente. El resultado del riesgo ambiental indicó que el 100 % de las calderas presentó un nivel de riesgo alto de afectación al entorno ambiental y un nivel de riesgo medio de afectación a los operadores. Con respecto a la valoración del impacto ambiental se observó que el 100 % de las calderas en estudio presentaban afectación de significancia alta sobre el componente aire, y afectación de significancia media sobre los componentes agua y suelo. CONCLUSIONES: Debido al bajo nivel de seguridad y al alto nivel de riesgo ambiental encontrado en las calderas estudiadas, las PYME deben conocer los riesgos existentes con el fin de disminuir la prevalencia de afectación de la salud de los calderistas e impactos al medio ambiente. Así mismo, implementar medidas de gestión encaminadas a la prevención y control de los riesgos caracterizados.

Mitochondrial genome characterization of Tecia solanivora (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) and its phylogenetic relationship with other lepidopteran insects.

The complete mitogenome of the potato tuber moth Tecia solanivora (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) was sequenced, annotated, characterized and compared with 140 species of the order Lepidoptera. The circular genome is 15,251 bp, containing 37 genes (13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), two rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes and an A+T-rich region). The gene arrangement was identical to other lepidopteran mitogenomes but different from the ancestral arrangement found in most insects for the tRNA-Met gene (A+T-region, tRNA-I, tRNA-Q, tRNA-M). The mitogenome of T. solanivora is highly A+T-biased (78.2%) and exhibits negative AT- and GC-skews. All PCGs are initiated by canonical ATN start codons, except for Cytochrome Oxidase subunit 1 (COI), which is initiated by CGA. Most PCGs have a complete typical stop codon (TAA). Only NAD1 has a TAG stop codon and the COII and NAD5 genes have an incomplete stop codon consisting of just a T. The A+T-rich region is 332 bp long and contains common features found in lepidopteran mitogenomes, including the 'ATAGA' motif, a 17 bp poly (T) stretch and a (AT)8 element preceded by the 'ATTTA' motif. Other tandem repeats like (TAA)4 and (TAT)7 were found, as well as (T)6 and (A)10 mononucleotide repeat elements. Finally, this mitogenome has 20 intergenic spacer regions. The phylogenetic relationship of T. solanivora with 28 other lepidopteran families (12 superfamilies) showed that taxonomic classification by morphological features coincides with the inferred phylogeny. Thus, the Gelechiidae family represents a monophyletic group, suggesting that T. solanivora and Pectinophora gossypiella have a recent common ancestor.

[Glomus tumour of the lung: a case report and literature review]. / Tumor glómico en pulmón: reporte de un caso y revisión bibliográfica.

BACKGROUND: Glomus tumours are neoplasms arising from cells of the neuromyoarterial glomus bodies, which almost always occur in a subungual location. A lung location is extremely rare, with few cases reported in the literature. CLINICAL CASE: The case is presented of a 33 year-old male, with non-productive cough, dyspnoea at rest, intermittent fever, and mild pain in rib cage. A chest radiograph showed a consolidation in the left lung, and computed tomography revealed a lesion in the hilum that extended to the bronchus of the lingula obstructing, and causing post-obstructive pneumonia. A biopsy was obtained by rigid bronchoscopy biopsy, which showed a well circumscribed tumour constituted by intermediate-sized cells, and abundant cytoplasm that are arranged in a pattern surrounding numerous thin-walled blood vessels, with no pleomorphism, significant mitotic activity or necrosis. Immunohistochemistry revealed diffuse positivity with smooth muscle actin, vimentin, caldesmon; focal reactivity with desmin and CD117, CD34 highlights the vascular pattern. Ki67 proliferation rate was 1%. Synaptophysin, EMA and cytokeratin cocktail were negative, making the diagnosis of glomus tumour. CONCLUSIONS: Glomus tumours are rare neoplasms that usually appear in the dermis and subcutaneous tissue, where it is common to find glomus bodies. Occasionally glomus tumours can occur in extra-cutaneous sites such as the gastrointestinal tract, bone and respiratory system, with this case being a new case of rare lung location.

Un problema de salud ocupacional aún no resuelto, en particular en el tercer mundo: el mercurio como contaminante del ambiente laboral / An occupational health problem still not solved, particularly in the Third World: mercury as a pollutant of the work environment

Se ofrece una visión breve pero actualizada sobre el tema del mercurio y sus compuestos, su presencia real en los ambientes de trabajo y los posibles efectos tóxicos que inducen a enfermedades profesionales entre los trabajadores expuestos. Se reseñan en síntesis los aspectos más relevantes de este grupo de sustancias en cuanto a su empleo actual en la industria y el desarrollo tecnológico, económico y social, y su alta toxicidad relativa al exponerse los trabajadores en sus ambientes laborales respectivos. Se concluye que es totalmente posible y factible, aún para países poco desarrollados, elaborar y ejecutar políticas públicas con el fin de ir reduciendo paulatinamente, si no eliminando totalmente, el empleo del mercurio y sus compuestos. Las principales condiciones para lograrlo son voluntad política, conocimiento suficiente, racionalidad y planificación eficiente(AU)

A brief but updated view on the issue of mercury and its compounds, their actual presence in the work environment and potential toxic effects that lead to occupational diseases among workers exposed is provided. The most relevant aspects of this group of substances in their current use in the industry and the technological, economic and social development, and their high toxicity on the exposure conditions in their respective work environments are outlined in brief . We conclude that it is entirely possible and feasible , even for poorly developed countries, developing and implementing public policies in order to be gradually reduced , if not completely eliminating , the use of mercury and its compounds. The main conditions for achieving this are political will , sufficient knowledge, rationality and efficient planning(AU)

Nuevo gobierno: ¿regresa el ministerio de salud? / The new government: is the ministry of health back?

Reciban con esta edición de la Revista Colombiana de Anestesiología No. 3 de 2010 un cordial saludo de parte de la Dirección ejecutiva de la Sociedad Colombiana de Anestesiología y Reanimación, Scare. En este espacio quiero comentar con la comunidad médica de anestesiólogos tres aspectos de interés. En primer lugar, destacar el cambio de Gobierno. Después de ocho años de la gestión anterior, oxigena el panorama de la Salud en Colombia. Como Sociedad científico-gremial tenemos altas expectativas en la formulación de políticas públicas que se llevarán a cabo en nuestro país en el próximo cuatrienio. Entre los años 2010 y 2014 son bastantes los retos del sector con relación a los logros que podamos obtener en las “Mesas laborales del médico”, que se están llevando a cabo en el marco del programa 'Trabajo decente' convenio establecido entre el Gobierno y la Organización Internacional del Trabajo, OIT...