Áreas geográficas con mayor concentración de accidentes de tránsito en San Salvador, El Salvador: un análisis espacial del periodo 2014-2018 / Geographic areas with the highest concentration of traffic accidents in San Salvador, El Salvador: a spatial analysis of the 2014-2018 period

RESUMEN Objetivo. Identificar las áreas de mayor concentración de accidentes de tránsito y lesionados en el Área Metropolitana de San Salvador (AMSS). Materiales y métodos. Los accidentes de tránsito se analizaron espacialmente mediante la ubicación puntual y por la sumatoria de eventos en áreas de 200 m2. La ubicación puntual se analizó mediante «análisis de vecinos más cercanos¼, mientras que las áreas con la sumatoria de accidentes de tránsito se analizaron mediante Gi* de Getis-Ord para obtener los puntos calientes. Los puntos calientes resultantes con mayor concentración de accidentes de tránsito en el AMSS se evaluaron en campo mediante un formulario de observación de las características de infraestructura y seguridad vial. Resultados. Al analizar 8191 accidentes de tránsito reportados entre 2014‒2018, se identificaron cinco áreas con mayor cantidad de accidentes de tránsito y lesionados, principalmente sobre vías primarias. Conclusión. Los sitios de mayor concentración de accidentes de tránsito y lesionados se caracterizan por una infraestructura vial con daños considerables y falta de sistemas de seguridad para conductores y peatones. El análisis espacial de los accidentes de tránsito y lesionados puede contribuir a mejorar la vigilancia y seguridad vial en el AMSS.

ABSTRACT Objective. This study aimed to identify the areas with the highest concentration of traffic accidents and injuries in the San Salvador Metropolitan Area (SSMA). Materials and methods. Traffic accidents were analyzed spatially by point location and by the sum of events in areas of 200 m2. The point location was analyzed by "nearest neighbor analysis", while the areas with the sum of traffic accidents were analyzed by Getis-Ord Gi* to obtain the hot spots. The resulting hot spots with the highest concentration of traffic accidents in the SSMA were evaluated in the field using an observation form to collect data on infrastructure and road safety characteristics. Results. Five areas with the highest number of traffic accidents and injuries, mainly containing primary roads, were identified by analyzing 8191 traffic accidents reported between 2014-2018. Conclusion. The sites with the highest concentration of traffic accidents and injuries were characterized by considerably damaged road infrastructure and the lack of safety systems for drivers and pedestrians. The spatial analysis of traffic accidents and injuries can contribute to improve surveillance and road safety in the SSMA.

Analysis of the influence of the spectral response for a rugate filter by modifying the frequency domain.

Since the application of Fourier transform theory for synthetizing rugate filters, it was demonstrated to be a powerful mathematical method for achieving general spectral responses. This synthesis method establishes a relationship of a function of transmittance, denoted as "Q," with its corresponding refractive index profile via Fourier transform. The real space (transmittance versus wavelength) relates to the frequency space (refractive index versus film thickness). This work analyzes how spatial frequencies (rugate index profile optical thickness) contribute to achieve a better spectral response and considers enlargement of the rugate profile's optical thickness in extending reproduction of the expected spectral response. In combination, the stored wave inverse Fourier transform refinement method was used to obtain a reduction in the lower and upper refractive indices. We illustrate with three examples and results.

Geographic areas with the highest concentration of traffic accidents in San Salvador, El Salvador: a spatial analysis of the 2014-2018 period. / Áreas geográficas con mayor concentración de accidentes de tránsito en San Salvador, El Salvador: un análisis espacial del periodo 2014-2018.

OBJECTIVE.: This study aimed to identify the areas with the highest concentration of traffic accidents and injuries in the San Salvador Metropolitan Area (SSMA). MATERIALS AND METHODS.: Traffic accidents were analyzed spatially by point location and by the sum of events in areas of 200 m2. The point location was analyzed by "nearest neighbor analysis", while the areas with the sum of traffic accidents were analyzed by Getis-Ord Gi* to obtain the hot spots. The resulting hot spots with the highest concentration of traffic accidents in the SSMA were evaluated in the field using an observation form to collect data on infrastructure and road safety characteristics. RESULTS.: Five areas with the highest number of traffic accidents and injuries, mainly containing primary roads, were identified by analyzing 8191 traffic accidents reported between 2014-2018. CONCLUSION.: The sites with the highest concentration of traffic accidents and injuries were characterized by considerably damaged road infrastructure and the lack of safety systems for drivers and pedestrians. The spatial analysis of traffic accidents and injuries can contribute to improve surveillance and road safety in the SSMA.

OBJETIVO.: Identificar las áreas de mayor concentración de accidentes de tránsito y lesionados en el Área Metropolitana de San Salvador (AMSS). MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS.: Los accidentes de tránsito se analizaron espacialmente mediante la ubicación puntual y por la sumatoria de eventos en áreas de 200 m2. La ubicación puntual se analizó mediante «análisis de vecinos más cercanos¼, mientras que las áreas con la sumatoria de accidentes de tránsito se analizaron mediante Gi* de Getis-Ord para obtener los puntos calientes. Los puntos calientes resultantes con mayor concentración de accidentes de tránsito en el AMSS se evaluaron en campo mediante un formulario de observación de las características de infraestructura y seguridad vial. RESULTADOS.: Al analizar 8191 accidentes de tránsito reportados entre 2014‒2018, se identificaron cinco áreas con mayor cantidad de accidentes de tránsito y lesionados, principalmente sobre vías primarias. CONCLUSIÓN.: Los sitios de mayor concentración de accidentes de tránsito y lesionados se caracterizan por una infraestructura vial con daños considerables y falta de sistemas de seguridad para conductores y peatones. El análisis espacial de los accidentes de tránsito y lesionados puede contribuir a mejorar la vigilancia y seguridad vial en el AMSS.

Impacto del cáncer en la condición física y calidad de vida en niños, niñas y adolescentes

Resumen El cáncer infantil comprende diferentes y numerosos tipos de tumores que se desarrollan en niños y adolescentes de 0 a 19 años, cuyos efectos secundarios en su mayoría, derivan de los tratamientos recibidos y pueden persistir durante el tiempo. Objetivo. Determinar el impacto del cáncer en la condición física y calidad de vida en niños, niñas y adolescentes. Materiales y métodos. De enfoque cuali-cuantitativo, con alcance descriptivo y relacional, posee un diseño no experimental de corte transversal, una muestra poblacional de 104 pacientes de ambos sexos y en edades de 5 a 18 años. Resultados. Predomina el sexo masculino y la edad promedio del grupo está entre los 9 y 12 años, siendo la Leucemia linfoblástica aguda la de mayor incidencia; se muestra déficit en la fuerza muscular, flexibilidad, predominio de fatiga y escasa o nula actividad física. Conclusión. El análisis de este estudio y sus conclusiones, se puede evidenciar que existen diferentes estados de bienestar y que su condición física se puede ver influenciada por el tipo cáncer, duración y tratamiento recibido, lo cual trae como consecuencia en ellos, una marcada baja en su funcionabilidad y por ende impacto en la ejecución e integración de sus actividades de la vida diaria y calidad de vida.

Abstract Childhood cancer comprises different and numerous types of tumors that develop in children and adolescents from 0 to 19 years of age, the majority of which side effects derive from the treatments received and can persist over time. Objective: To determine the impact of cancer on the physical condition and quality of life in children and adolescents. Materials and methods: With a qualitative-quantitative approach, with a descriptive and relational scope, it has a non-experimental cross-sectional design, a population sample of 104 patients of both sexes and ages 5 to 18 years. Results: males predominate and the average age of the group is between 9 and 12 years old, with acute lymphoblastic leukemia the one with the highest incidence; It shows a deficit in muscular strength, flexibility, a predominance of fatigue and little or no physical activity. Conclusion: The analysis of this study and its conclusions, it can be evidenced that there are different states of well-being and that their physical condition can be influenced by the type of cancer, duration and treatment received, which results in a marked decrease in its functionality and therefore impact on the execution and integration of its activities of daily life and quality of life.

Resumo O câncer infantil compreende diferentes e numerosos tipos de tumores que se desenvolvem em crianças e adolescentes de 0 a 19 anos, a maioria dos quais efeitos colaterais são decorrentes dos tratamentos recebidos e podem persistir ao longo do tempo. Objetivo. Determinar o impacto do câncer na condição física e na qualidade de vida de crianças e adolescentes. Materiais e métodos. Com abordagem qualitativo-quantitativa, com abrangência descritiva e relacional, tem desenho transversal não experimental, amostra populacional de 104 pacientes de ambos os sexos e idades de 5 a 18 anos. Resultados. o sexo masculino predomina e a idade média do grupo está entre 9 e 12 anos, sendo a leucemia linfoblástica aguda a de maior incidência; Apresenta déficit de força muscular, flexibilidade, predomínio de fadiga e pouca ou nenhuma atividade física. Conclusão. A análise deste estudo e suas conclusões, pode ser evidenciado que existem diferentes estados de bem-estar e que sua condição física pode ser influenciada pelo tipo de câncer, duração e tratamento recebido, o que resulta em uma diminuição acentuada do sua funcionalidade e, portanto, impactam na execução e integração de suas atividades de vida diária e na qualidade de vida.

Screening for Excessive Alcohol Use and Brief Counseling of Adults - 17 States and the District of Columbia, 2014.

Excessive and/or risky alcohol use* resulted in $249 billion in economic costs in 2010 (1) and >88,000 deaths in the United States every year from 2006 to 2010 (2). It is associated with birth defects and disabilities (e.g., fetal alcohol spectrum disorders [FASDs]), increases in chronic diseases (e.g., heart disease and breast cancer), and injuries and violence (e.g., motor vehicle crashes, suicide, and homicide).† Since 2004, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) has recommended alcohol misuse screening and brief counseling (also known as alcohol screening and brief intervention or ASBI) for adults aged ≥18 years (3).§ Among adults, ASBI reduces episodes of binge-level consumption, reduces weekly alcohol consumption, and increases compliance with recommended drinking limits in those who have an intervention in comparison to those who do not (3). A recent study suggested that health care providers rarely talk with patients about alcohol use (4). To estimate the prevalence of U.S. adults who reported receiving elements of ASBI, CDC analyzed 2014 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) data from 17 states¶ and the District of Columbia (DC). Weighted crude and age-standardized overall and state-level prevalence estimates were calculated by selected drinking patterns and demographic characteristics. Overall, 77.7% of adults (age-standardized estimate) reported being asked about alcohol use by a health professional in person or on a form during a checkup, but only 32.9% reported being asked about binge-level alcohol consumption (3). Among binge drinkers, only 37.2% reported being asked about alcohol use and advised about the harms of drinking too much, and only 18.1% reported being asked about alcohol use and advised to reduce or quit drinking. Widespread implementation of ASBI and other evidence-based interventions could help reduce excessive alcohol use in adults and related harms.

Heavy metals and pesticide exposure from agricultural activities and former agrochemical factory in a Salvadoran rural community.

Pesticide handling in farming activities involves substantial hazards for the rural population and for the environment. In Latin America, it is estimated that the population at risk of being affected by heavy metals is over 4 million. This research describes the different types of exposure to pesticides and heavy metals in a rural population (Loma del Gallo), considering both environmental and occupational exposure. This study consists of an inspection in a former pesticide factory (QUIMAGRO), analysis of heavy metals in samples from surface and ground water in the community close to the factory, and a survey to the local population about their perceptions of pesticide exposures. Containers with 34.6 tons of chemicals improperly stored were identified in the former factory and removed by the government. Arsenic and cadmium were found in groundwater, and the highest values were 0.012 and 0.004 mg/l, respectively. These contaminants were also detected in most surface water samples, with maximum values of 0.026 and 0.0001 mg/l, respectively. Results of the survey show that of the 44 participants 42 % were farmers. Farmers used 19 different pesticide products containing 11 active ingredients. The most used active ingredients were paraquat (65 %), methamidophos (35 %), and atrazina (29 %). Eighty-two percent of the farmers did not use personal protective equipment. In addition to the pesticides used in the agriculture of the area, pesticide containers were removed from the QUIMAGRO area, but the pollution was still present at time of sampling and it is evident by the odor of the site. Surface water had the major concentration of heavy metals than the groundwater. Loma del Gallo population has been exposed to toxic pesticide from QUIMAGRO and agriculture for many years. The farmers carry out mishandling of pesticides and they not use PPE.

Vital Signs: Alcohol-Exposed Pregnancies--United States, 2011-2013.

BACKGROUND: Alcohol is a teratogen.* Prenatal alcohol exposure is associated with a range of adverse reproductive outcomes and can cause fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs) characterized by lifelong physical, behavioral, and intellectual disabilities. FASDs are completely preventable if a woman does not drink alcohol while pregnant. METHODS: CDC analyzed data from the 2011-2013 National Survey of Family Growth to generate U.S. prevalence estimates of risk for an alcohol-exposed pregnancy for 4,303 nonpregnant, nonsterile women aged 15-44 years, by selected demographic and behavioral factors. A woman was considered at risk for an alcohol-exposed pregnancy during the past month if she had sex with a male, drank any alcohol, and did not (and her partner did not with her) use contraception in the past month; was not sterile; and had a partner (or partners) not known to be sterile. RESULTS: The weighted prevalence of alcohol-exposed pregnancy risk among U.S. women aged 15-44 years was 7.3%. During a 1-month period, approximately 3.3 million women in the United States were at risk for an alcohol-exposed pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PUBLIC HEALTH PRACTICE: Alcohol use in pregnancy is associated with low birthweight, preterm birth, birth defects, and developmental disabilities. Women of reproductive age should be informed of the risks of alcohol use during pregnancy, and contraception should be recommended, as appropriate, for women who do not want to become pregnant. Women wanting a pregnancy should be advised to stop drinking at the same time contraception is discontinued. Health care providers should advise women not to drink at all if they are pregnant or there is any chance they might be pregnant. Alcohol misuse screening and behavioral counseling (also known as alcohol screening and brief intervention) is recommended for all adults in primary care, including reproductive-aged and pregnant women, as an evidenced-based approach to reducing alcohol consumption among persons who consume alcohol in excess of the recommended guidelines.

Polymorphisms in the genes related to angiogenesis are associated with uterine cervical cancer.

INTRODUCTION: The expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and transforming growth factor ß1 (TGF-ß1) participates in the angiogenesis of several cancer types. The goal of this study was to investigate polymorphisms in genes related to angiogenesis (PAI-1-675 4G/5G, VEGF C936T, and TGF-ß1 G-800A) to evaluate the risk for developing uterine cervical cancer (UCC). METHODS: In a case-control study, 100 healthy subjects and 100 patients with UCC from Mexico were included. We determined the genetic profile of the polymorphic markers, which were evaluated by polymerase chain reaction using a sequence-specific primer. RESULTS: There was no statistical difference in the allele distribution from the intergroup comparisons of PAI-1 675 4G/5G and VEGF C936T data; however, a significant difference was observed within TGF-ß1 G-800A. The linkage disequilibrium analysis revealed that PAI-1 -675 4G and TGF-ß1 -800A pair-haplotype was in strong linkage disequilibrium with a significantly increased risk (odds ratio, 3.44; 95% confidence interval, 1.66-7.25) to UCC. CONCLUSIONS: The polymorphisms in the genes related to angiogenesis -675 4G/5G PAI-1 and G-800A TGF-ß1, segregated solely or combined, might contribute to the increased susceptibility to UCC in a Mexican population.

Causas más frecuentes por las que se indica sustitución de restauraciones de resina composita y amalgama de plata en el área de diagnóstico de la facultad de odontología de la universidad de el salvador en el ciclo II/2011 / Most frequent causes for which replacement of composite resin and silver amalgam restorations is indicated in the diagnostic area of the Faculty of Dentistry of the University of El Salvador in cycle II / 2011

El presente estudio se realizó con la finalidad de indagar sobre las causas más frecuentes por las que se indica el cambio de restauraciones de Amalgama de Plata y Resina Composita en los pacientes que se presentan al Área de Diagnóstico de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad de El Salvador (FOUES) en el ciclo II/2011. La recolección de datos se realizó en el área de Diagnóstico de la FOUES por medio de una Guía de Investigación en 53 pacientes. En la investigación participaron los 3 integrantes del grupo. El investigador A examinó al paciente en búsqueda de obturaciones a sustituir. El investigador B recolectó la información Sexo y Edad del expediente del paciente. El investigador C fue el encargado de tomar las fotografías de las obturaciones afectadas. Los resultados obtenidos en el presente estudio demostraron que la Caries Secundaria sigue siendo la principal causa por las que se indica el cambio de una restauración de Amalgama de Plata con una prevalencia del 28%. Para las obturaciones de Resina Composita, la causa principal fue Fractura de la obturación con un 25%. Se puede concluir que el cambio de las restauraciones en mal estado sigue siendo uno de los principales motivos de consulta entre los pacientes que participaron en la investigación.

Aparición del burnout en jugadores de fútbol de primera división profesional en México: Estrategias de intervención / Occurrence of burnout in soccer players of premier league in mexico: Intervention strategies

Durante la temporada 2009/2010 se evaluó a un equipo de futbol profesional primera división en México, con la escala de Maslach y Jackson para evaluar la presencia de Burnout. Encontrándose diferencias significativas posteriores a la intervención psicológica (AU)

During the 2009/2010 season was evaluated at a professional football team first division in Mexico, with the scale of Maslach and Jackson to evaluate the presence of Burnout. Significant differences after psychological intervention (AU)

Determinants of recent HIV infection among Seattle-area men who have sex with men.

OBJECTIVES: We sought to identify HIV-infection risk factors related to partner selection and sexual behaviors with those partners among men who have sex with men (MSM) in King County, Washington. METHODS: Participants were recruited from HIV testing sites in the Seattle area. Recent HIV infection status was determined by the Serologic Testing Algorithm for Recent HIV Seroconversion (STARHS) or a self-reported previous HIV-negative test. Data on behaviors with 3 male partners were collected via computer-based self-interviews. Generalized estimating equation models identified partnership factors associated with recent infection. RESULTS: We analyzed data from 32 HIV-positive MSM (58 partners) and 110 HIV-negative MSM (213 partners). In multivariate analysis, recent HIV infection was associated with meeting partners at bathhouses or sex clubs, bars or dance clubs, or online; methamphetamine use during unprotected anal intercourse; and unprotected anal intercourse, except with HIV-negative primary partners. CONCLUSIONS: There is a need to improve efforts to promote condom use with casual partners, regardless of their partner's HIV status. New strategies to control methamphetamine use in MSM and to reduce risk behaviors related to meeting partners at high-risk venues are needed.

Drug use, high-risk sex behaviors, and increased risk for recent HIV infection among men who have sex with men in Chicago and Los Angeles.

We examined how drugs, high-risk sexual behaviors, and socio-demographic variables are associated with recent HIV infection among men who have sex with men (MSM) in a case-control study. Interviewers collected risk factor data among 111 cases with recent HIV infection, and 333 HIV-negative controls from Chicago and Los Angeles. Compared with controls, cases had more unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) with both HIV-positive and HIV-negative partners. MSM with lower income or prior sexually transmitted infections (STI) were more likely to be recently HIV infected. Substances associated with UAI included amyl nitrate ("poppers"), methamphetamine, Viagra (or similar PDE-5 inhibitors), ketamine, and gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB). Cases more frequently used Viagra, poppers, and methamphetamine during UAI compared with controls. In multivariate analysis, income, UAI with HIV-positive partners, Viagra, and poppers remained associated with recent HIV seroconversion. Better methods are needed to prevent HIV among MSM who engage in high-risk sex with concurrent drug use.

Longitudinal observation of an HIV prevention community planning group (CPG).

HIV prevention community planning groups were formed to increase stakeholder participation and develop evidence-based comprehensive HIV prevention plans. To date, it is not well understood what factors affect group behavior as the planning group prepares for data-informed decision making. In this observational case study, the authors videotaped 18 meetings of a community planning group (CPG) to observe how a group's behavior changes over time in response to modifications in its structure and function. Discussions on authority and conflict were common, particularly during presentations on prioritized populations and interventions. Changes in the frequency of data-informed discussions were not statistically significant. Observed group conflict may have been an unintended consequence of efforts to improve equity. The authors suggest that formal and informal mechanisms to manage conflict and agreed-on procedures for decision making should be incorporated into the technical assistance offered to CPGs. Future studies should address whether data-informed decisions increase once contentious issues are resolved.

Prevalence and clinical outcome of inpatient hyperglycemia in a community pediatric hospital.

BACKGROUND: Inpatient hyperglycemia in adult patients with and without a history of diabetes is a predictor of poor clinical outcome. No previous studies, however, have examined the association of hyperglycemia and clinical outcome in children admitted to a community pediatric hospital. METHODS: The study was a retrospective observational cohort of pediatric patients admitted to a community children's hospital from January 2004 to August 2004. Medical records of 903 consecutive children admitted to critical and non-critical care areas were reviewed. Of them, 342 patients (38%) had no blood glucose measurements during their hospital stay. In the remaining patients, we determined the prevalence of hyperglycemia and examined the association of hyperglycemia with clinical outcome. RESULTS: A total of 406 patients (75%) had an admission blood glucose < or =120 mg/dL (mean +/- SEM 98 +/- 1 mg/dL), 103 children (19%) had an admission blood glucose level of 121-179 mg/dL (mean 143 +/- 2 mg/dL), and 32 patients (5.9%) had a blood glucose level > or =180 mg/dL (mean 260 +/- 18 mg/dL). Seventeen patients (13%) had a known history of diabetes prior to admission. Children with hyperglycemia were more likely to be admitted to the ICU (P < .001) and had a longer length of ICU stay (P < .001), but admission hyperglycemia was not associated with longer hospital stay or higher hospital mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Hyperglycemia is present in one-fourth of children admitted to the hospital, most of them without a history of diabetes prior to admission. Hyperglycemia was associated with a greater need for ICU care and longer ICU stay but not with increased in-hospital mortality.

Randomized study of basal-bolus insulin therapy in the inpatient management of patients with type 2 diabetes (RABBIT 2 trial).

OBJECTIVE: We sought to study the optimal management of hyperglycemia in non-intensive care unit patients with type 2 diabetes, as few studies thus far have focused on the subject. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We conducted a prospective, multicenter, randomized trial to compare the efficacy and safety of a basal-bolus insulin regimen with that of sliding-scale regular insulin (SSI) in patients with type 2 diabetes. A total of 130 insulin-naive patients were randomized to receive glargine and glulisine (n = 65) or a standard SSI protocol (n = 65). Glargine was given once daily and glulisine before meals at a starting dose of 0.4 units x kg(-1) x day(-1) for blood glucose 140-200 mg/dl or 0.5 units x kg(-1) x day(-1) for blood glucose 201-400 mg/dl. SSI was given four times per day for blood glucose >140 mg/dl. RESULTS: The mean admission blood glucose was 229 +/- 6 mg/dl and A1C 8.8 +/- 2%. A blood glucose target of <140 mg/dl was achieved in 66% of patients in the glargine and glulisine group and in 38% of those in the SSI group. The mean daily blood glucose between groups ranged from 23 to 58 mg/dl, with an overall blood glucose difference of 27 mg/dl (P < 0.01). Despite increasing insulin doses, 14% of patients treated with SSI remained with blood glucose >240 mg/dl. There were no differences in the rate of hypoglycemia or length of hospital stay. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with insulin glargine and glulisine resulted in significant improvement in glycemic control compared with that achieved with the use of SSI alone. Our study indicates that a basal-bolus insulin regimen is preferred over SSI in the management of non-critically ill, hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes.

Socio-emotional development during childhood: theories and research trends

En este artículo se describen cuatro modelos sobre el desarrollo de la competencia social, también se discute respecto a la definición de la capacidad emocional. A pesar del rápido crecimiento de la investigación sobre capacidad emocional, hay menos consenso en la definición de competencia emocional, versus competencia social. Sin embargo, la regulación emocional es un componente clave tanto para la capacidad social como la emocional. Los estudios sobre el papel de la socialización de las emociones desde la etapa preescolar hasta la adolescencia temprana, revelan que la socialización emocional parental está asociada al desarrollo de la capacidad social de los niños, directamente y a través de la regulación de las emociones y desarrollo de habilidades de proceso cognoscitivo. Entender la capacidad social y emocional, es particularmente importante en poblaciones vulnerables, para orientar la socialización de las emociones en desarrollo de las intervenciones y para fomentar el desarrollo de estas capacidades. Se discute, lo importante que es particularmente entender, el pape de la socialización y de la regulación de las emociones dentro de la familia...

Domestic violence exposure in Colombian adolescents: pathways to violent and prosocial behavior.

Associations between domestic violence exposure and violent and prosocial behavior were tested in a sample of Colombian adolescents, with attention to impulsivity and substance use problems as mediators of these associations. A representative sample of 1,152 school youths and a convenience group of 148 juvenile offenders aged 11-19 years participated. Results using structural equation modeling showed indirect effects of impulsivity and substance use problems between family violence (i.e., exposure to interparental violence) and violent behavior. Maltreatment (i.e., harsh parenting) was directly associated with violent behavior, though impulsivity and substance use problems also mediated this relation. Maltreatment directly and inversely contributed to prosocial behavior but there was no evidence of mediation. Results are discussed in terms of cognitive and behavioral factors that explain violent and prosocial behavior among Colombian youths. Limitations and implications for prevention are described.

Violence exposure and adjustment in inner-city youth: child and caregiver emotion regulation skill, caregiver-child relationship quality, and neighborhood cohesion as protective factor.

This short-term, longitudinal interview study used an ecological framework to explore protective factors within the child, the caregiver, the caregiver-child relationship, and the community that might moderate relations between community violence exposure and subsequent internalizing and externalizing adjustment problems and the different patterns of protection they might confer. Participants included 101 pairs of African American female caregivers and one of their children (56% male, M = 11.15 yrs, SD = 1.28) living in high-violence areas of a mid-sized southeastern city. Child emotion regulation skill, felt acceptance from caregiver, observed quality of caregiver-child interaction, and caregiver regulation of emotion each were protective, but the pattern of protection differed across level of the child's ecology and form of adjustment. Implications for prevention are discussed.

Resiliencia: Ilusión o Realidad? / Resilience: Illusion or reality?

A pesar de los esfuerzos en los últimos 20 años en la investigación en resiliencia tanto desde las ciencias médicas como las ciencias sociales, dificultades en su definición han creado no solamente problemas metodológicos, si no también de aplicación de los hallazgos científicos en programas de prevención e intervención. según Rutter (2000), el concepto de resiliencia es amplio y abarca dos lados opuestos: Evaluación de resultados positivos a pesar de lo adverso del estímulo, por ejemplo, un adecuado desempeño escolar y social en el contexto de la violencia doméstica, o resultados negativos tales como la evaluación de factores que influyen en la aparición y desarrollo de la enfermedad mental. Rutter ha enfatizado también la importancia de incluir en la definición patrones de funcionamiento "normal" y "anormal" cuando se utilizan términos como "funcionamiento psicosocial súper normal", debido a que ambos hacen parte del mismo constructo subyacente...

Exposure to violence against a family member and internalizing symptoms in Colombian adolescents: the protective effects of family support.

Associations between exposure to serious violence against a family member and internalizing symptoms, and the protective effects of support from family versus friends, were examined in 5,775 adolescents (50% female; mean age = 15.2 years, SD = 2.0) with data from a national, random household survey of residents in Colombia, South America. After accounting for the effects of age, gender, and family life events other than violence, support from family buffered the relations between exposure to violence and adjustment; this relation was strongest for girls and younger adolescents. Disclosure to friends appeared to be protective for younger adolescents but harmful for older adolescents, and this relation was only observed for hopelessness. Results are discussed in terms of cognitive processing models of adjustment to violence.