Widespread Gene Expression Divergence in Butterfly Sensory Tissues Plays a Fundamental Role During Reproductive Isolation and Speciation.

Neotropical Heliconius butterflies are well known for their intricate behaviors and multiple instances of incipient speciation. Chemosensing plays a fundamental role in the life history of these groups of butterflies and in the establishment of reproductive isolation. However, chemical communication involves synergistic sensory and accessory functions, and it remains challenging to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying behavioral differences. Here, we examine the gene expression profiles and genomic divergence of three sensory tissues (antennae, legs, and mouthparts) between sexes (females and males) and life stages (different adult stages) in two hybridizing butterflies, Heliconius melpomene and Heliconius cydno. By integrating comparative transcriptomic and population genomic approaches, we found evidence of widespread gene expression divergence, supporting a crucial role of sensory tissues in the establishment of species barriers. We also show that sensory diversification increases in a manner consistent with evolutionary divergence based on comparison with the more distantly related species Heliconius charithonia. The findings of our study strongly support the unique chemosensory function of antennae in all three species, the importance of the Z chromosome in interspecific divergence, and the nonnegligible role of nonchemosensory genes in the divergence of chemosensory tissues. Collectively, our results provide a genome-wide illustration of diversification in the chemosensory system under incomplete reproductive isolation, revealing strong molecular separation in the early stage of speciation. Here, we provide a unique perspective and relevant view of the genetic architecture (sensory and accessory functions) of chemosensing beyond the classic chemosensory gene families, leading to a better understanding of the magnitude and complexity of molecular changes in sensory tissues that contribute to the establishment of reproductive isolation and speciation.

Labor Market Participation of Bachelor's Degree Prepared Nurses in Mexico: Lessons for Capacity Building.

BACKGROUND: Mexico has learned much from its five decades educating nurses, moving from nurses educated mostly at the technical degree level, to bachelor's degree prepared nurses educated in universities. Several salient lessons have emerged that may prove relevant for other countries seeking to increase their numbers of bachelors prepared nurses. This paper analyzes twenty years of nursing labor market data to highlight where significant social and policy changes helped facilitate increased production of bachelor's degree educated nurses in Mexico. METHODS: We conducted a two-stages analysis, starting with a descriptive stage and followed by a repeated cross-sectional analysis using data sources generated by the Secretariat of Health and the National Institute of Geography and Statistics. Data from the 2005 to 2019 period were analyzed for trends in production patterns and significant relationships in the labor market. RESULTS: Among Mexican nursing graduates, technical and bachelor nurses compete for employment in healthcare institutions. The public sector has greater success in hiring bachelors prepared nurses, but this varies by type of public sector institution. Technical degree nurses have higher underemployment rates and less job security overall. Private hospitals mainly hire technical degree nurses. The Mexican government not been able to properly regulate neither the production of new graduates nor the accreditation of schools, let alone to align roles according to the graduate's level of education. CONCLUSIONS: The success of Mexico in the twenty-first century shows that middle-income countries can increase the production and both private and public sector employment opportunities for nurses educated at both the technical and bachelor's degree level however, labor market challenges persist. The central lesson for other countries is that policies must be revised in order to optimize the use of a more educated nursing workforce.

Experiencia de un hombre mexicano con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 / Experience of a Mexican man with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Introducción: en México, la diabetes es un reto para los servicios de salud, sin embargo existe un vacío en la perspectiva de los varones acerca de su experiencia con la enfermedad. Objetivo: describir la experiencia de un hombre adulto mexicano en torno al control de la glucosa. Metodología: estudio cualitativo exploratorio, con enfoque de relato de vida en un hombre de 52 años, con glicemias estables. La recolección de información fue mediante entrevistas a profundidad, observación directa y notas de campo. El análisis fue temático desde la propuesta de De Souza Minayo. Resultados: la experiencia se conforma por un desgarramiento del cuerpo, aprender a sentirse bien y cambios en el estilo de vida, que en conjunto propician la selección de alimentos, la actividad física diaria y el consumo de medicamentos. Conclusiones: las experiencias de aprender a sentirse bien y evitar el daño corporal; impulsan hábitos o costumbres en salud que pueden ser referentes para la práctica en materia de educación en salud a los hombres.

Introduction: In Mexico, diabetes is a health challenge, but there is a gap in the perspective of men regarding their experience with the disease. Objective: To describe the experience of a Mexican adult man regarding glucose control. Methods: Qualitative exploratory study with a life story approach in a 52-year-old man with stable blood glucose levels. The information gathering was through in-depth interviews, direct observation, and field notes. The analysis was thematic since De Souza Minayo's proposal. Results: The experience is shaped by a tearing of the body, learning to feel good and changes in lifestyle, which together promote food selection, daily physical activity and the consumption of medications. Conclusions: The experiences of learning to feel good and avoid bodily harm; They promote health habits or customs that can be references for the practice of health education for men.

Predictors of nursing students' academic performance in the National Autonomous University of Mexico, 2010-2019: A retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: The available literature suggests that diverse factors, including sociodemographic, academic, psychological, and occupational, can have impacts on nursing students' academic performance. Therefore, it follows that the institutional environment can mediate on these influences. OBJECTIVE: Based on a 10-years student performance follow-up information reservoir, to analyze the relationships between student performance and a set of sociodemographic and academic characteristics of students enrolled in the programs of Bachelor of Nursing (LE), and Bachelor of Nursing and Obstetrics (LEO), in the National School of Nursing and Obstetrics (ENEO) of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM). METHODOLOGY: The registers (n = 3984) from the Academic Control Integral System of the ENEO-UNAM were used. The students' main sociodemographic and academic characteristics were described, and multiple-regression models were estimated in order to identify predictors of school performance. RESULTS: Sustained increments in the enrolment of LE and LEO students during the study period. Changes were noticed regarding the sex distribution and the enrolment age. More students chose the LE program during this period. School performance was higher among female students, among students in their last semesters, and among students who had been granted a scholarship. In contrast, students who had previously failed a subject performed lower. CONCLUSION: The identified school performance predictors suggest the need to strengthen institutional policies aimed at promoting the achievement of academic excellence so that graduate students become better prepared to enter the labor markets and address the nursing demands of society.

Mating system is correlated with immunogenetic diversity in sympatric species of Peromyscine mice.

The number of reproductive partners per individual varies markedly across animal mating systems. This variation may be an important determinant of patterns of immunogenetic diversity, particularly at Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Class I and II loci. To compare immunogenetic variation in taxa with markedly different mating systems, we used RNAseq-generated data to quantify genotypic diversity in three species of Peromyscine rodents: the monogamous California mouse (Peromyscus californicus) and the polygynandrous deer mouse (P. maniculatus) and brush mouse (P. boylii). By sampling populations of these species from multiple localities in California, we were able to conduct replicated analyses of the relationship between mating system and immunogenetic variation. Across the four localities sampled, diversity at MHC Class I and II genes was consistently higher in the two polygynandrous species. We found no evidence that sampling location (i.e., variation in habitat conditions) contributed to observed differences in MHC variation among populations or species. Collectively, our data indicate that immunogenetic variation in Peromyscine mice is associated with reproductive behavior, rather than geographic locality or habitat type. The consistently greater variability detected in the polygynandrous species examined suggests that balancing selection imposed by behaviorally-mediated pathogen exposure is important in maintaining variation at MHC genes in these animals.

Divergence of chemosensing during the early stages of speciation.

Chemosensory communication is essential to insect biology, playing indispensable roles during mate-finding, foraging, and oviposition behaviors. These traits are particularly important during speciation, where chemical perception may serve to establish species barriers. However, identifying genes associated with such complex behavioral traits remains a significant challenge. Through a combination of transcriptomic and genomic approaches, we characterize the genetic architecture of chemoperception and the role of chemosensing during speciation for a young species pair of Heliconius butterflies, Heliconius melpomene and Heliconius cydno We provide a detailed description of chemosensory gene-expression profiles as they relate to sensory tissue (antennae, legs, and mouthparts), sex (male and female), and life stage (unmated and mated female butterflies). Our results untangle the potential role of chemical communication in establishing barriers during speciation and identify strong candidate genes for mate and host plant choice behaviors. Of the 252 chemosensory genes, HmOBP20 (involved in volatile detection) and HmGr56 (a putative synephrine-related receptor) emerge as strong candidates for divergence in pheromone detection and host plant discrimination, respectively. These two genes are not physically linked to wing-color pattern loci or other genomic regions associated with visual mate preference. Altogether, our results provide evidence for chemosensory divergence between H. melpomene and H. cydno, two rarely hybridizing butterflies with distinct mate and host plant preferences, a finding that supports a polygenic architecture of species boundaries.

Differential gene expression in relation to mating system in Peromyscine rodents.

Behaviors that increase an individual's exposure to pathogens are expected to have important effects on immunoactivity. Because sexual reproduction typically requires close contact among conspecifics, mating systems provide an ideal opportunity to study the immunogenetic correlates of behaviors with high versus low risks of pathogen exposure. Despite logical links between polygynandrous mating behavior, increased pathogen exposure, and greater immunoactivity, these relationships have seldom been examined in nonhuman vertebrates. To explore interactions among these variables in a different lineage of mammals, we used RNAseq to study the gene expression profiles of liver tissue-a highly immunoactive organ-from sympatric populations of the monogamous California mouse (Peromyscus californicus) and two polygynandrous congeners (P. maniculatus and P. boylii). Differential expression and co-expression analyses revealed distinct patterns of gene activity among species, with much of this variation associated with differences in mating system. This tendency was particularly pronounced for MHC genes, with multiple MHC Class I genes being upregulated in the two polygynandrous species, as expected if exposure to sexually transmitted pathogens varies with mating system. Our results underscore the role of mating behavior in influencing patterns of gene expression and highlight the use of emerging transcriptomic tools in behavioral studies of free-living animals.

Genomic analysis of MHC-based mate choice in the monogamous California mouse.

Variation at Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) genes is thought to be an important mechanism underlying mate choice in vertebrates, with individuals typically predicted to prefer MHC-dissimilar reproductive partners. However, analyses based on individual MHC loci have generated contradictory results regarding the role of these genes in mate-choice decisions. To provide a more comprehensive assessment of relationships between MHC variation and mating behavior, we used an exome capture strategy to characterize variability at 13 MHC loci, 312 innate immune system genes, and 1044 nonimmune genes in 25 obligate monogamous pairs of California mice (Peromyscus californicus) from 2 free-living populations of this species in Monterey County, California. Pairwise genotypic comparisons and analyses of SNP-based allelic differences failed to detect disassortative mating based on MHC variability; reproductive partners were not more dissimilar than randomly generated male-female pairs at MHC, innate or nonimmune loci. Within populations, individuals tended to be more closely related at MHC genes than at innate or nonimmune genes. Consistent with the functional role of immunogenes, the 2 study populations were highly differentiated at MHC and innate genes but not at nonimmune loci. Collectively, our results suggest that MHC genetic variation in California mice reflects local differences in pathogen exposure rather than disassortative mating based on variability at MHC Class I and II genes.

Evaluación cualitativa: una alternativa para la praxis de enfermería / Qualitative assessment: an alternative praxis for nursing / Avaliação qualitativa: uma prática alternativa para enfermagem

La evaluación cualitativa es un proceso que permite analizar las características y problemas del fenómeno a evaluar desde la perspectiva de los actores involucrados. Se realiza a través de un contacto directo y continuo en el campo de estudio, esto permite obtener una visión general de la cultura y el contexto donde se ubica el objeto de estudio. Objetivo. Proponer la evaluación cualitativa como una alternativa en la praxis de enfermería. Método. Análisis documental teórico-inductivo. Los criterios de inclusión estuvieron en relación con la utilidad y controversia en los enfoques en la investigación-evaluación cualitativa, además que nos permitieran apoyar su beneficio en el campo de enfermería. Los criterios de exclusión se apoyaron en eliminar la literatura respecto a la evaluación centrada en los procesos administrativos en enfermería. Resultados y Conclusiones. Se considera que la evaluación cualitativa es un recurso científico, que permite conocer y comprender la dimensión subjetiva de experiencias y significados, necesidades y expectativas, entre otros, de la persona en el acto de cuidar; asimismo, con base en dicho conocimiento y compresión, permite la emisión de juicios sobre el por qué y el cómo la persona vive el fenómeno, con la finalidad de mejorar la praxis

Qualitative evaluation is a process that allows analyzing the characteristics and problems of the phenomenon to be evaluated from the perspective of the actors involved. It is done through a direct and continuous contact in the field of study, this allows to obtain an overview of the culture and the context where the object of study is located. Objective. To propose the qualitative evaluation as an alternative in the nursing praxis. Method. Theoretical-inductive documentary analysis. The inclusion criteria were related to the utility and controversy in the qualitative research-evaluation approaches, in addition to allowing us to support their benefit in the field of nursing. Exclusion criteria were based on eliminating the literature regarding the evaluation focused on administrative processes in nursing. Results and conclusions. It is considered that the qualitative evaluation is a scientific resource, that allows to know and to understand the subjective dimension of experiences and meanings, needs and expectations, among others, of the person in the act of caring; Also, based on this knowledge and understanding, allows the issuance of judgments on why and how the person lives the phenomenon, in order to improve praxis

A avaliação qualitativa é um processo pelo qual estamos autorizados a analisar as características e problemas do fenômeno avaliado a partir da perspectiva das pessoas envolvidas. É realizado por um contato direto e permanente com a área de estudo que permite alcançar uma visão geral da cultura e contexto no qual o objeto de estudo está localizado. Objetivo: propor uma avaliação qualitativa como uma alternativa na prática da enfermagem. Método. Análise documental teórico-indutivo. Os critérios de inclusão foram a utilidade e controvérsia nos enfoques na pesquisa-avaliação qualitativa, além disso permitiu apoiar seu benefício na área da enfermagem. Os critérios de exclusão se apoiaram em eliminar a literatura com respeito à avaliação centrada nos processos administrativos na enfermagem. Conclusões: Considera-se que a avaliação qualitativa é um recurso científico para os enfermeiros, que lhes permite conhecer e compreender a dimensão subjetiva das experiências e necessidades, significados e expectativas, entre outros, das pessoas no ato de cuidar; também com base nesse conhecimento e compreensão, que permite fazer julgamentos sobre por quê e como as pessoas vivem o fenômeno, com o objetivo de melhorar a prática asistencial

El cuidado espiritual: una propuesta con base en las prácticas tradicionales de una comunidad indígena Nahua / Cuidado espirituais: proposta com base nas práticas tradicionais de uma comunidade Nahua / Spiritual Care: a traditional practices based proposal from nahua Indian Community

El presente artículo se genera a partir de los resultados de la investigación "Prácticas de cuidado tradicional y espiritual en una comunidad indígena nahua" (García, 2015; García Piña, Cardoso Gómez, Serrano Sánchez & Ostiguín Meléndez, 2015), donde se identificaron elementos de carácter espiritual como recurso para el afrontamiento del proceso salud-enfermedad y muerte. Dichos resultados se complementaron con un análisis documental. Objetivo: Reivindicar las estrategias de cuidado en el contexto social, cultural e histórico, de la comunidad estudiada, con la finalidad contribuir a mejorar la práctica del cuidado de enfermería en el contexto mexicano. Método: Análisis documental teórico-inductivo. Resultados: Las comunidades se van construyendo a partir de objetivos y fines comunes, y son éstas mismas quienes generan respuestas a los procesos de salud-enfermedad y muerte desde su perspectiva particular. Conclusiones: La enfermería tiene como función primordial rescatar las respuestas que las personas generan individual y colectivamente, para afrontar situaciones de la vida; y permitir que el cuidado sea un ejercicio de retroalimentación mutua (AU)

This paper outlines the findings from research named "Traditional and spiritual care practices in a Nahua, indigenous community" (García, 2015; García Piña, Cardoso Gómez, Serrano Sánchez & Ostiguín Meléndez, 2015), in which spirituality elements were identified as coping strategies for the health-diseasedeath processes. Those results were complemented with a documental review. Objective: to claim on the caring strategies, on a specific social, cultural and historical context, that promotes the improvement of the nursing practice in the Mexican context. Method: theoretical-inductive documentary analysis. Results: communities are built from common goals and objectives, which arise as health-disease-death processes in its own particular perspective. Conclusion: nursing has as one of its main functions, to rescue people's individual and collective response, for coping with every life situation; allowing that care itself, becomes a mutual feedback exercise (AU)

Este artigo tem sua origem no projeto de pesquisa intitulado "Práticas de cuidado espiritual e tradicional em uma comunidade indígena Nahua" (García, 2015; García Piña, Cardoso Gómez, Serrano Sánchez & Ostiguín Meléndez, 2015), no qual elementos de espiritualidade foram identificados como cópias de estratégias para o processo saúde-enfermidade-morte. Os resultados foram complementados com uma revisão documental. Objetivo: reivindicar as estratégias assistenciais, em um contexto social, cultural e histórico específico, que promova a melhoria da prática de enfermagem no contexto mexicano. Método: análise documental teórico-indutiva. Resultados: as comunidades são construí- das a partir de metas e objetivos comuns, que surgem como processos saúde-enfermidade- -morte em sua própria perspectiva particular. Conclusão: a enfermagem tem como uma de suas principais funções, resgatar a resposta individuais e coletivas das pessoas, com o objetivo de lidar com cada situação de vida; Permitindo, desse modo, que o cuidado torne-se uma mútua atividade de feedback (AU)

Effect of Ki-67 assessment in the distribution of breast cancer subtypes: Evaluation in a cohort of Latin American patients.

Breast cancer (BC) is a heterogeneous disease composed of four main subtypes with distinct clinical and epidemiological features. Although several reports have described the distribution of BC subtypes in Latin America, the majority of them have not included the cellular marker, Ki-67, in the immunohistochemical (IHC) panel. The aim of the present study was to describe the distribution of BC subtypes in a cohort of Latin American women using an IHC panel with Ki-67. A prospective cohort of 580 patients in three centers of Peru (the Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliatti Martins, the Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, the Hospital Nacional Alberto Sabogal, Lima) and one in Uruguay (Instituto Nacional del Cáncer, Montevideo) were evaluated. BC phenotypes were classified according to an IHC panel: Estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PgR), HER2 and Ki-67. Silver in situ hybridization was used when the HER2 status, as determined by IHC, was equivocal. The associations between the BC phenotypes and their clinicopathological features were evaluated. ER was positive in 65% of the cases (n=377), and PgR in 50% (n=203). In total, 79.1% (n=459) were HER2-negative, 19.8% (n=115) were HER2-positive and 1% (n=6) had an equivocal status. With respect to Ki-67, 44.7% of the patients exhibited staining in >14% of the tumor cells (n=259). The distribution of subtypes was as follows: Luminal A, 31.9% (n=183); luminal B, 35% (n=201); HER2, 12.1% (n=70); and triple-negative, 20.9% (n=120). When Ki-67 was not included in the panel, the frequency of luminal A was 41.1% and luminal B, 25.8% (9.2% of the cases were misclassified). Ki-67 was most highly expressed in triple-negative and HER2 tumors. Inclusion of Ki-67 in the IHC panel to assign subtypes revealed a higher frequency of luminal B tumors than was reported previously for Latin American women with BC, whereas the distribution of triple-negative and HER2 tumors were similar to that previously reported. In conclusion, these results demonstrated that excluding Ki-67 from the panel of IHC markers may lead to an underestimation of the rates of luminal B tumors.

Prácticas de cuidado tradicional y espiritual en una comunidad indígena nahua / Práticas de cuidados tradicionais e espirituais em uma comunidade Nahua / Traditional and spiritual care practices in nahua Indian community

Introducción: El objeto de estudio de enfermería ha sido definido por varios autores. Al considerar estas definiciones en la práctica mexicana, se descontextualiza o en su caso, se crean definiciones que pretenden estandarizar la práctica del cuidado, atendiendo principalmente aspectos biológicos y soslayando aspectos sociales, culturales y/o espirituales que forman parte de la forma de vida de las personas. Objetivo: Describir las prácticas de cuidado tradicional y espiritual y ofrecer información sobre los conocimientos empíricos de prácticas de cuidado en una comunidad indígena nahua, que complemente los marcos conceptuales de enfermería. Metodología: Cualitativa, fenomenológica. Los informantes: tepatihs (tepatih: en náhuatl, referido como 'el que cura') y una ministra de iglesia católica. Se utilizó la técnica de entrevista a profundidad, observación participante y diario de campo. Resultados y conclusiones: En Tequila, las prácticas tradicionales de cuidado tienen dos componentes esenciales: el primero ofrecido por los tepatihs y apoyado en la fe, curar enfermedades de la región; y el segundo ofrecido por la ministra de iglesia, los rituales religiosos, expresión de los cuidados espirituales. Ambos elementos complementarios. Se manifiestan rasgos de la comunidad para afrontar situaciones de enfermedad desde su propio marco ideológico-cultural, importantes para retroalimentar los actuales marcos teóricos de enfermería (AU)

The object of study of nursing has been defined by various authors. When considering these definitions in Mexican practice, it is decontextualized or new definitions are created to attempt to standardize a view of the practice of care; these proposals consider primarily biological aspects, while sidestepping social, cultural and / or spiritual aspects that are part of the lifeways of individuals subject to care. Objective: Describe the practices of traditional and spiritual care in a Nahua community and provide information on the empirical knowledge of care practices in that community, which complement the conceptual frameworks of nursing. Methodology: Qualitative, phenomenological. Informants: tepatihs (tepatih: Nahuatl, referred to as 'the healer') and a Catholic priest. Both are complementary elements, responding to specific features of the community by dealing with situations of illness within their own ideological and cultural worldview, an important consideration to reinforce current theoretical frameworks relevant to nursing (AU)

Introdução: O objeto de estudo da enfermagem foi definido por vários autores. Ao considerar essas definições na prática mexicana, é descontextualizada ou novas definições são criados para tentar padronizar uma visão da prática de cuidados; estas propostas consideram os aspectos biológicos, principalmente, enquanto negligenciando os aspectos sociais, culturais e / ou espirituais que fazem parte dos modos de vida das pessoas sujeitas aos cuidados. Objetivo: descrever as práticas de cuidados tradicionais e espirituais em uma comunidade Nahua e fornecer informações sobre o conhecimento empírico das práticas assistenciais dessa comunidade que complementam os modelos conceituais de enfermagem. Metodologia: Qualitativa, fenomenológica. Informantes: tepatihs ('aquele que cura' ou 'curandeiro', en náhuatl) e um ministro da igreja católica. Lãs técnicas utilizadas foram: entrevistas em profundidade, observação participante e dados do trabalho de campo. Resultados e conclusões: Em Tequila, as práticas de cuidados tradicionais possuem dois componentes principais: o primeiro, oferecido pelos tepatihs, cura as doenças comuns na região e está baseado na fé; o segundo tipo se trata dos rituais religiosos, isto é, das expressões do cuidado espiritual oferecido pela ministra da Igreja Católica. Ambos os elementos são complementários. De esta forma, se manifestam as características específicas da comunidade para lidar com as situações de doença de acordo com a sua própria estrutura ideológica-cultural. Ambas posturas são importantes na hora de considerar os modelos teóricos de enfermagem (AU)

El paradigma: un análisis del concepto y su implicación conceptual en enfermería / The paradigm: an analysis of the concept and its involvement in nursing concept

Resumen:

El presente trabajo muestra una revisión documental del concepto paradigma, así como la reflexión de parte de los autores sobre las implicaciones conceptuales del término en el ejercicio profesional de la enfermería. Dicho ejercicio se realizó de acuerdo con la metodología histórica, por lo que primero se procedió a la heurística de la información que existe en torno al concepto paradigma para, posteriormente, analizar las semejanzas entre una y otra definición o planteamiento y, finalmente, hacer la hermeneusis de las implicaciones conceptuales, de tal manera que llaman la atención las múltiples definiciones, así como la polisemántica del concepto a lo largo de las diferentes épocas. Es a partir de ello que la hermeneusis resalta al paradigma con tres implicaciones conceptuales para la disciplina de enfermería: memoria de identidad, pertenencia epistemológica y cuestionamiento crítico u ontológico.

Abstract:

Objective: To describe the professional performance, satisfaction and working conditions of graduates of the School of Nursing at the University of Cartagena from 2003 to 2008. Method: In a descriptive study (Population of 416 graduates, sample of 222 graduates), we used a demographic survey, the SL-PC scale to measure working conditions and WES scale 10 to measure job satisfaction. Employers were also surveyed to determine their perception of the performance. Results: A total of 222 graduates. Of these, 57.9% (114) perceived well their professional experience. Also, to 57.1% (12) employers graduate performance is appropriate. Job satisfaction scored an average of 30.54 out of a possible 50 points. It was found that graduates working in good conditions, although they working an average of 45.67 hours weekly. Conclusion: Despite scoring well, graduates are dissatisfied occupationally and working conditions are not the best. Key words: Professional groups, professional nursing practice, job satisfaction, nursing working conditions, nursing education.

Objetivo: Descrever o desempenho profissional, satisfação e condições de trabalho dos graduados da Escola de Enfermagem da Universidade de Cartagena de 2003 a 2008.

Método: Um estudo descritivo. População de 416 formandos. Mostra de 222 diplomados. Foi utilizado um questionário demográfico, a escala SL PC para medir as condições de trabalho e WES escala de 10 para medir a satisfação no trabalho. Empregadores foram entrevistados para determinar a percepção do desempenho. Resultado: Um total de 222 formandos. Destes, 57,9% (114), percebendo a profissional também. Além disso, a 57,1% (12) dos empregadores desempenho graduado é apropriado. A satisfação no trabalho apresentaram uma média de 30,54 de um possível 50 pontos. Verificou-se que os formados a trabalhar em boas condições, mas trabalhando uma média de 45,67 horas semanal. Conclusão: A pesar de ter marcado bem formados estão insatisfeitos profissionalmente e condições de trabalho não são as melhores.

La salud mental desde los textos de Florencia Nightingale / The mental health since Florence Nightgale’s writings

Con frecuencia cuando se habla de Florence Nightingale, se piensa en la visión romántica de su imagen en unescenario de guerra cuidando de los heridos y se asume su significado para la enfermería de todos los tiempos alestablecer medidas generales de lo que debe ser esta disciplina. Hoy por hoy sus textos son, o deberían ser, un referenteobligado y tan actual que resulta difícil pensar en iniciar una reflexión de la práctica de enfermería sin considerarsu obra. De este modo y en el intento de mostrar que sus escritos son tan vigentes como ayer, los autoreshacen una reflexión del tema de la salud mental desde la obra “Notas de enfermería. Qué es y qué no es”, escritoque después de más de un siglo, nos permite descubrir derroteros a seguir dentro de la enfermería hoy llamadacontemporánea. Es entonces el presente escrito un acercamiento a los cánones que plantea Nightingale sobre lasalud mental, aspecto de relevancia mundial.

When referring to Florence Nightingale, people frequently picture a romantic vision of her taking care of thewounded in a war scene, and this is taken in nursing of all times as generally established measures that this discipleshould represent. Nowadays, her writings are and should be an essential reference without which it woulddifficult to start a reflection on nursing practices. Likewise, in an attempt to show that her writings are as up-todateas they were before, the authors reflect on the topic of mental health in the piece “Notes on Nursing: What itis and what it is not.” After more than one century, this work, allows us to discover the course to follow in what isnow referred to as contemporary nursing. This writing indeed constitutes an approach to the standards proposedby Nightingale about mental health, which is of world relevance.

Use of antidementia drugs in frontotemporal lobar degeneration.

INTRODUCTION: Clinical evidence indicates that acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs) are not efficacious to treat frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). The British Association for Psychopharmacology recommends avoiding the use of AChEI and memantine in patients with FTLD. METHODS: Cross-sectional design using 1092 cases with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and 64 cases with FTLD registered by the Registry of Dementias of Girona. Bivariate analyses were performed, and binary logistic regressions were used to detect variables associated with antidementia drugs consumption. RESULTS: The AChEIs were consumed by 57.6% and 42.2% of the patients with AD and FTLD, respectively. Memantine was used by 17.2% and 10.9% of patients with AD and FTLD, respectively. Binary logistic regressions yielded no associations with antidementia drugs consumption. CONCLUSIONS: There is a discrepancy regarding clinical practice and the recommendations based upon clinical evidence. The increased central nervous system drug use detected in FTLD requires multicentric studies aiming at finding the best means to treat these patients.

Habilidades del cuidador primario de mujeres mastectomizadas / Habilidades do cuidador primário de mulheres mastectomizadas / Mastectomized women primary caregiver's abilities

Objetivo. Describir las habilidades del cuidador primario (CP) en términos de conocimiento, valor y paciencia del de mujeres mastectomizadas. Metodología. En 2010 se llevó a cabo un estudio descriptivo de tipo transversal en una muestra de 100 cuidadores primarios del Instituto Nacional de Cancerología de la Ciudad de México. Para la medición de la habilidad se utilizó el instrumento “Inventario de habilidad de cuidado”, que tiene tres subescalas: conocimiento, valor y paciencia. Se estimaron las correlaciones entre la sumatoria de los términos, comparándolas con las variables sociodemográficas. Resultados. El 41% de los CP fueron hombres, casados en un 77%; predominantemente fueron hijos (41%) o esposos (32%) del paciente. La edad mediana del CP, fue 43 años. En las habilidades del cuidador se encontró: alta puntuación para las dimensiones de conocimiento y paciencia, y baja para la de valor. Se identificó una correlación significativa entre las dimensiones de conocimiento y paciencia, mientras que la correlación de valor y paciencia fue menor. Conclusión. Las habilidades más importantes con que debe contar el CP son el conocimiento y la paciencia; el valor no mostró tal relevancia.

Objective. To describe the abilities in care, mastectomized women primary caregivers (PC) have, in terms of knowledge, value and patience. Methodology. Cross sectional descriptive study carried out in 2010 in the National Institute of cancerology in Mexico City. A sample of 100 primary caregivers was used. For the abilities measurement the instrument “caring abilities inventory”, which has 3 subscales, Knowledge, value and patience, was used. Correlations were estimated among the sum of the terms comparing them with the sociodemographic variables. Results.41% of the PC were men, 77% were married, 41% were the patient’s children and 32% their couple, most of them had a paid job. Caregivers mean age was 43 years. Regarding caregiver abilities a high score for the dimensions knowledge and patience, and a low score for value was found. The correlation between value and patience was low. Conclusion. The most important abilities caregivers must have are knowledge and patience. Value didn’t show such relevance.

Objetivo. Descrever as habilidades no cuidado em termos de conhecimento, valor e paciência do cuidador primário (CEP) de mulheres mastectomizadas. Metodologia. Em 2010 se levou a cabo um estudo descritivo de tipo transversal numa mostra de 100 cuidadores primários do Instituto Nacional de Cancerologia da Cidade do México. Para a medição da habilidade se utilizou o instrumento “Inventário de habilidade de cuidado”, que tem três sub-escalas: conhecimento, valor e paciência. Estimaram-se as correlações entre a sumatória dos termos, comparando-as com as variáveis sócio-demográficas. Resultados. O 41% dos CEP foram homens, casados num 77%; predominantemente foram filhos (41%) ou esposos (32%) do paciente, e a maioria tinham um trabalho remunerado. A média de idade do CEP foi de 43 anos. Nas habilidades do cuidador se encontrou: alta pontuação para as dimensões de conhecimento e paciência, e baixa para a de valor. Identificou-se uma correlação significativa entre as dimensões de conhecimento e paciência, enquanto a correlação de valor e paciência foi menor. Conclusão. As habilidades mais importantes com do que deve contar o CEP são o conhecimento e a paciência; o valor não mostrou tal relevância.

Morbilidad oftalmológica en escolares de comunidades rurales en Venezuela / Ophthalmologic morbidity in schoolchildren of rural communities in Venezuela

Introducción: el deterioro de la función visual limita el desarrollo adecuado de los niños y repercute en el rendimiento escolar. Objetivo: determinar la frecuencia de morbilidad oftálmica en escolares que asisten a las escuelas ubicadas en las comunidades rurales de Puerto Cabello, Venezuela. Métodos: estudio descriptivo de tipo transversal en 1 183 escolares mediante un cuestionario elaborado para tal fin. Resultados: se registraron 1 183 diagnósticos, de los cuales 981 (82,94 %) no mostraron ninguna enfermedad oftálmica, y los restantes 202 (17,06 %) se evaluaron como patológicos. Las ametropías constituyeron la enfermedad más frecuentemente encontrada, 10,65 %, seguido por conjuntivitis en el 4,05 % de los casos. Conclusiones: hay una alta incidencia de enfermedades oftalmológicas que repercuten en el desarrollo integral del niño y su adaptación al medio escolar. Se recomienda la implementación de programas de detección o pesquisa de enfermedades oftalmológicas en escolares y profundizar en las acciones de educación y orientación a las familias y a la población en general.

Introduction: the deterioration of visual function limits the appropriate development of children and affects school performance. Objective: to determine the prevalence of ophthalmic morbidity in students attending schools in rural communities of Puerto Cabello, Venezuela. Methods: a descriptive cross-sectional study performed on 1183 schoolchildren through a customized questionnaire for this purpose. Result: there were 1183 diagnoses, of which 981 (82.94%) did not show any ophthalmologic disease, and the remaining 202 (17.06%) were evaluated as pathological. Ametropia was the most frequent pathology found in 10.65%, followed by conjunctivitis in 4.05% of cases. Conclusions: high incidence of ophthalmologic diseases that affect the comprehensive development of children and their adaptation to the school environment was found. Finally, it was recommended to implement programs of detection or screening of ophthalmologic diseases in schoolchildren, and to delve into the educational and orientation actions aimed at families and general population.

Infección cutánea por citomegalovirus y radicales libres en el mecanismo patogénico del vitíligo generalizado de inicio reciente / Cytomegalovirus skin infection and free radicals in the initial pathogenic mechanism of early onset generalized vitiligo

Objetivo. Determinar el rol de la infección cutánea por citomegalovirus (CMV) y de los niveles elevados de peroxidación lipídica en piel y sangre, en el mecanismo patogénico del vitíligo generalizado de inicio reciente (VGIR). Material y métodos. Estudio analítico de casos y controles. Los pacientes fueron captados en el Servicio de Dermatología del Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo (Lima, Perú) y seleccionados de acuerdo a criterios de inclusión/exclusión; luego, pasaron a formar parte de los grupos de investigación: Grupo de estudio: 30 pacientes con diagnóstico de VGIR (1 a 12 meses). Grupo control: 30 sujetos sin lesiones en la piel. Se obtuvo muestras de piel de las lesiones del grupo de estudio y piel sana del grupo control, a las que se les realizó reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) para CMV y estudio anatomopatológico con latinción de hematoxilina-eosina (HE) e inmunoperoxidasa. Se obtuvo muestras de sangre y piel de ambos grupos a las que se les realizó la cuantificación de peroxidación lipídica, mediante el dosaje del malonildialdehído (MDA). Resultados. El 76.6% de los pacientes con VGIR fueron positivos para genoma de CMV en comparación con el 23,3% del grupo control (p < 0,001). En el examen anatomopatológico realizado con las tinciones HE e inmunohistoquímica no se encontraron casos positivos de infección por CMV en ambos grupos. Los niveles de MDA del grupo de estudio fueron significativamente mayores en los pacientes con VGIR en comparación con el grupo control, tanto en piel (p < 0,001) como en sangre (p < 0,001). Conclusiones. Existe asociación entre la infección cutánea por CMV y el daño mediado por radicales libres constituyen mecanismos importantes en el vitíligo generalizado de inicio reciente.

Aim. To demonstrate skin infection by cytomegalovirus (CMV) and increased serum lipoperoxidation levels in patients with early on set generalized vitiligo. Subjects and methods. Case-control study, implemented since march 2004 until December 2005. Patients were divided into two groups: group A, 30 patients with recent diagnostic of vitiligo; group B, 30 controls without skin lesions. Skin samples were obtained from the patients of both groups; which were assessed bypolymerase chain reaction (PCR) for CMV genome, histopathologic test with hematoxilin-eosin stain and immunoperoxidase. Likewise, blood samples were obtained to determinate radical free levels (1ipoperoxidation). Results. Twenty three patients with vitiligo (76,6%) were positive for CMV genome by PCR test, while 7 controls (23,3%) were positive for CMV genome. Likewise a significant statistically difference for CMV infection in patients with vitiligo versus control group (p < 0,001) was found. The histopathology evaluation was negative for both groups. A significant statistically difference between lipoperoxidation levels inpatients with vitiligo and controls (p < 0,001) was found in skin and blood. Conclusions. There is an association between skin infection by CMV and vitiligo in a select group of patients, which have their systemic oxidant state increased in the first year of the disease.

Prevención de parasitosis intestinal mediante técnicas de educación a distancia / Prevention of intestinal parasitosis based on the distance learning techniques

Introducción La parasitosis es una enfermedad propia de los países subdesarrollados. Según la OMS, una de las seis enfermedades más frecuente en poblaciones de países subdesarrollados. Objetivo Desarrollar una técnica a distancia en el área de la salud, mediante la producción de un video digital educativo para la enseñanza de las medidas de prevención sobre parasitosis intestinal. Métodos Diseño de campo con la aplicación de la metodología del College of Public Health de la Universidad del Sur de la Florida. La producción del video se concibió en cinco etapas: 1. Tema a tratar y objetivos del video digital, a quien va dirigido, duración, fecha de realización: desde el 1 de noviembre de 2008 hasta el 31 de marzo de 2009, recursos humanos, financieros e institucionales, elaboración del guión técnico, lista de escenas, descripción del tiempo de inicio y finalización de las escenas. 2. Etapa de pre-producción del video, tomas, encuadres y filmación. 3. Edición del video con el apoyo del software Pínnacle. 4. Posproducción del video, que se realizó en formato de DVD, el cuál puede ser observado en la televisión y en la computadora, facilitado por la colaboración del programa satelital "Simón Bolívar" que intercomunica a los pueblos de Suramérica. 5. Validación por expertos del producto terminado. Se utilizaron como instrumentos las entrevistas y la observación participante. Resultados El video tiene cinco escenas con las medidas de prevención. Incluye un ponente que explica el texto correspondiente. La presentación de cada escena tiene un tiempo de duración de 5 minutos. Conclusiones El desarrollo de la técnica de educación a distancia permite una instrucción de calidad y proporciona mayor adquisición de información educativa a mayor número de personas, en menor tiempo y a menores costos.

Introduction Parasitosis is a disease inherent to the underdeveloped countries. According to the WHO, it is one of the six most frequent illnesses in underdeveloped country populations. Objective To create a distance learning technique in the healthcare area on the basis of educational digital video for teaching preventive measures for intestinal parasitosis. Methods Field design using the methodology of the College of Public Health in South Florida University. The production of the video was organized in five phases: 1st-Topic and objectives of the digital video, audience to be addressed, duration, date of filming (November 1st 2008 to March 31st 2009); human, financial and institutional resources; preparation of the technical script; listing of scenes, and description of the length of start and ending of the scenes. 2nd- Pre-production of the video including shots, framing and filming. 3rd- Pinacle software-aided video edition. 4th- Video post-production in DVD format, which can be accessed by TV and computer thanks to Simón Bolívar satellite program-based cooperation linking the South America nations. 5th- Validation of the final product by experts. Interviews and participating observations were the instruments used for this end. Results A five-scene video, taking 5 minutes each, with the preventive measures. It includes a presenter who explains all about the respective texts. Conclusions The creation of this distance learning technique allows giving quality teaching aimed at the public and at greater acquisition of educational information by a higher number of persons in less time and at lower costs.