Behavior of diclofenac from contaminated fish after cooking and in vitro digestion.

BACKGROUND: Seafood consumers are widely exposed to diclofenac due to the high contamination levels often present in aquatic organisms. It is a potential risk to public health due its endocrine disruptor properties. Limited information is available about diclofenac behavior after food digestion to enable a more realistic scenario of consumer exposure. This study aimed to evaluate cooking effects on diclofenac levels, and determine diclofenac bioaccessibility by an in vitro digestion assay, using commercial fish species (seabass and white mullet) as models. The production of the main metabolite 4'-hydroxydiclofenac was also investigated. Fish hamburgers were spiked at two levels (150 and 1000 ng g-1) and submitted to three culinary treatments (roasting, steaming and grilling). RESULTS: The loss of water seems to increase the diclofenac levels after cooking, except in seabass with higher levels. The high bioaccessibility of diclofenac (59.1-98.3%) observed in both fish species indicates that consumers' intestines are more susceptible to absorption, which can be worrisome depending on the level of contamination. Contamination levels did not affect the diclofenac bioaccessibility in both species. Seabass, the fattest species, exhibited a higher bioaccessibility of diclofenac compared to white mullet. Overall, cooking decreased diclofenac bioaccessibility by up to 40% in seabass and 25% in white mullet. The main metabolite 4'-hydroxydiclofenac was not detected after cooking or digestion. CONCLUSION: Thus, consumption of cooked fish, preferentially grilled seabass and steamed or baked white mullet are more advisable. This study highlights the importance to consider bioaccessibility and cooking in hazard characterization studies. © 2024 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

Bullying among Brazilian adolescents: evidence from the National Survey of School Health, Brazil, 2015 and 2019. / Bullying entre adolescentes brasileiros: evidências das Pesquisas Nacionais de Saúde do Escolar, Brasil, 2015 e 2019.

OBJECTIVE: to estimate the prevalence rate of indicators related to bullying among Brazilian students aged 13 to 17 years and compare its occurrence between 2015 and 2019. METHOD: this is a descriptive cross-sectional study, with data from the National Survey of School Health, carried out in all Brazilian states. The prevalence rate and confidence intervals (95%CI) of the indicators were estimated in 2019. Student's t test was used (p ≤ 0.01) to test the differences between editions. RESULTS: the prevalence rate of bullying decreased from 20.4% (95%CI: 19.2 - 21.5) in 2015 to 12.0% (95%CI: 11.6 - 12.5) in 2019. The reasons cited for being bullied were similar in both editions: bodily appearance, facial appearance, and color/race. Prevalence rates were similar between states. The state of Tocantins presented the highest number of bully-victims; states of Mato Grosso and Amapá had the highest number of adolescents being involved in cyberbullying situations, and the state of Rio de Janeiro presented the highest number of bullies. CONCLUSION: there was a reduction by half in bullying and in the report on not being treated well among Brazilian adolescents; however, the prevalence rate of being bullied and cyberbullying are high in the country. Therefore, attention should be paid to policies to reduce and confront this issue on the national scene.(1) Bullying is still significantly present among Brazilian students. (2) The occurrence among boys from private schools stands out. (3) Similar motivation in both editions: bodily and facial appearance, and color/race. (4) Evidence for the implementation of actions and policies in the national territory. (5) Contribution to the United Nations (UN) 2030 Agenda in the country.

Effects of Green Tea Marinade in the Bioaccessibility of Tonalide and Benzophenone 3 in Cooked European Seabass.

Fish consumption is an indicator of human exposure to personal care products (PCP) such as tonalide (AHTN) and benzophenone 3 (BP3). Although most fish consumed is cooked, the impact of cooking procedures on PCP levels is difficult to evaluate. Hence, the aim of this work was to provide thorough information on the stability and bioaccessibility of AHTN and BP3 upon cooking and in vitro digestion. A green tea (Camellia sinensis) marinade, rich in polyphenol, was used as mitigating strategy to reduce these contaminants. Roasting and frying reduced AHTN and BP3 levels in European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) spiked samples. Additionally, the green tea marinade promoted a reduction of up to 47% AHTN and 35% BP3. Bioaccessibility of AHTN was higher (up to 45%), and increased with the use of green tea marinades. BP3 showed a bioaccessibility below 19% in all cooked samples. Overall, a decrease in PCP levels was observed after cooking; this decrease was even more pronounced when marination was previously used. However, this decrease is cancelled out by the fact that the bioaccessible fraction of the contaminants increases in an inverse way; therefore, none of these processes can be considered a mitigating alternative.

Survey on endocrine-disrupting chemicals in seafood: Occurrence and distribution.

Currently, the presence of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in the marine environment pose а potential risk to both wildlife and human health. The occurrence of EDCs in seafood depends of several factors such as source and amounts of EDCs that reach the aquatic environment, physicochemical features of EDCs, and its accumulation in trophic chain. This review highlights the occurrence and distribution of EDCs along the seafood in the last 6 years. The following EDCs were included in this review: brominated flame retardants (PBDEs, PBBs, HBCDDs, TBBPA, and novel flame retardants); pharmaceuticals (paracetamol, ibuprofen, diclofenac, carbamazepine), bisphenols, hormones, personal care products (Musk and UV Filters), and pesticides (organochlorides, organophosphates, and pyrethroids). Some of them were found above the threshold that may cause negative effects on human, animal, and environmental health. More control in some countries, as well as new legislation and inspection over the purchase, sale, use, and production of these compounds, are urgently needed. This review provides data to support risk assessment and raises critical gaps to stimulate and improve future research.

Occurrence of pharmaceuticals in seafood from two Brazilian coastal areas: Implication for human risk assessment.

Pharmaceuticals (PhACs) are considered emerging contaminants with potential accumulation in aquatic organisms. Thus, seafood consumption may cause long-term effects and health risk for consumers. In the present study, the occurrence of PhACs in seafood from two Brazilian coastal areas, Sepetiba Bay (n = 43) and Parnaiba Delta River (n = 48), was determined for the first time, and their potential risk for human health was assessed. An eco-friendly multi-analytes method was used, after being validated for the different types of matrices (mussels, fatty and lean fish). All compounds under study were detected at least in four seafood species, including chloramphenicol, an antibiotic prohibited in animal foods. Most PhACs had mean concentrations below limit of quantification. Ibuprofen and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), as well as simvastatin and carbamazepine were the main PhACs bioaccumulated in edible parts of seafood species from Brazil. The high trophic level carnivorous species, snook, was the most contaminated by NSAIDs, while bivalves were the seafood more contaminated by lipid regulators. The profile of contamination did not vary among different types of matrix, except in relation to carbamazepine and ketoprofen. These PhACs were more abundant in species from Sepetiba Bay, an area highly impacted by human influence. The estimated daily exposure for Brazilian population that consumes the studied species was up to 20.3 ng/kg bw/day via carib pointed-venus and 25.7 ng/kg bw/day via snooks, lower than acceptable daily intake. Thus, consumption of seafood species from Sepetiba Bay and Parnaiba Delta River seems to be safe to the population in what concerns the PhACs studied.

Bullying entre adolescentes brasileiros: evidências das Pesquisas Nacionais de Saúde do Escolar, Brasil, 2015 e 2019 / Bullying among Brazilian adolescents: evidence from the National Survey of School Health, Brazil, 2015 and 2019 / Bullying entre adolescentes brasileños: evidencias de las Encuestas Nacionales de Salud Escolar, Brasil, 2015 y 2019

Resumo Objetivo: estimar a prevalência de indicadores referentes ao bullying entre escolares brasileiros de 13 a 17 anos e comparar sua ocorrência entre 2015 e 2019. Método: estudo descritivo, transversal, com dados das Pesquisas Nacionais de Saúde do Escolar, realizada em todos os estados brasileiros. Foram estimadas as prevalências e os intervalos de confiança (IC95%) dos indicadores em 2019. Para testar as diferenças entre as duas edições, utilizou-se o teste t de Student (p ≤ 0,01). Resultados: a prevalência de praticar bullying reduziu de 20,4% (IC95%: 19,2-21,5) em 2015 para 12,0% (IC95%: 11,6-12,5) em 2019. Os motivos apontados para sofrer bullying foram semelhantes nas duas edições: aparência do corpo, aparência do rosto e cor ou raça. As prevalências foram semelhantes entre os estados, sendo mais elevado sofrer bullying no Tocantins, envolver-se em situações de cyberbullying em Mato Grosso e Amapá, e praticar bullying foi mais elevado no Rio de Janeiro. Conclusão: ocorreu redução da prática do bullying pela metade, e do relato de não ser bem tratado entre adolescentes brasileiros, entretanto a prevalência de sofrer bullying é elevada no país, bem como o cyberbullying. Por isso, deve-se ter atenção e priorizar políticas para redução e enfrentamento desta prática no cenário nacional.

Abstract Objective: to estimate the prevalence rate of indicators related to bullying among Brazilian students aged 13 to 17 years and compare its occurrence between 2015 and 2019. Method: this is a descriptive cross-sectional study, with data from the National Survey of School Health, carried out in all Brazilian states. The prevalence rate and confidence intervals (95%CI) of the indicators were estimated in 2019. Student's t test was used (p ≤ 0.01) to test the differences between editions. Results: the prevalence rate of bullying decreased from 20.4% (95%CI: 19.2 - 21.5) in 2015 to 12.0% (95%CI: 11.6 - 12.5) in 2019. The reasons cited for being bullied were similar in both editions: bodily appearance, facial appearance, and color/race. Prevalence rates were similar between states. The state of Tocantins presented the highest number of bully-victims; states of Mato Grosso and Amapá had the highest number of adolescents being involved in cyberbullying situations, and the state of Rio de Janeiro presented the highest number of bullies. Conclusion: there was a reduction by half in bullying and in the report on not being treated well among Brazilian adolescents; however, the prevalence rate of being bullied and cyberbullying are high in the country. Therefore, attention should be paid to policies to reduce and confront this issue on the national scene.

Resumen Objetivo: estimar la prevalencia de indicadores relacionados con el bullying entre escolares brasileños de 13 a 17 años y comparar los eventos de 2015 y 2019. Método: estudio descriptivo, transversal, con datos de las Encuestas Nacionales de Salud Escolar realizado en todos los estados brasileños. Las prevalencias e intervalos de confianza (IC95%) de los indicadores se estimaron en 2019. Para probar las diferencias entre las dos ediciones se utilizó la prueba T de Student (p ≤ 0,01). Resultados: la prevalencia de la práctica de bullying disminuyó del 20,4% (IC95%: 19,2-21,5) en 2015 al 12,0% (IC95%: 11,6-12,5) en 2019. Los motivos aducidos para sufrir bullying fueron similares en las dos ediciones: apariencia del cuerpo y rostro y color de piel o raza. Las prevalencias entre los estados brasileños fueron similares, siendo que hubo mayores índices de padecer bullying en el estado de Tocantins, de situaciones de cyberbullying en los estados de Mato Grosso y Amapá, y de hacer bullying en Río de Janeiro. Conclusión: hubo una reducción a la mitad en la práctica de bullying, con un informe señalando que la relación no es buena entre los adolescentes brasileños, sin embargo, la prevalencia de bullying y cyberbullying es alta en el país. Por lo tanto, se debe prestar atención a las políticas públicas para reducir y enfrentar esta situación en el escenario nacional.

Sensitivity assessment and SDHC-I86F mutation frequency of Phakopsora pachyrhizi populations to benzovindiflupyr and fluxapyroxad fungicides from 2015 to 2019 in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Fungicides of the succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHIs) group have been used in soybean to control Asian soybean rust (ASR) caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi. Fungal populations with less sensitivity to SDHI fungicides have been reported since 2015. RESULTS: In this study, fungal sensitivity to benzovindiflupyr (BZV) and fluxapyroxad (FXD) was assessed using a total of 770 P. pachyrhizi populations sampled over four soybean growing seasons. Cross-resistance, intrinsic activity, and frequency of SDHC-I86F mutation were also analyzed. The average effective concentration to inhibit 50% (EC50 ) and SDHC-I86F frequency increased over the 2015/2016, 2016/2017, 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 soybean-seasons. Fourteen P. pachyrhizi populations had the EC50 value above 10 mg L-1 for both carboxamides. No difference was found in intrinsic active to BZV and FXD fungicides for sensitive P. pachyrhizi populations. For P. pachyrhizi classified as less sensitive BZV showed the highest fungitoxicity effect. High frequency of the C-I86F mutation was observed in samples collected in volunteer soybean plants. The maximum frequency of SDHC-I86F mutation in the population was 50% and resulting in ASR populations with low sensitivity to SDHIs. A low correlation between bioassay and SDHC-I86F mutation was observed possible due to the dikaryotic nature of rust fungi or other mutations in the other succinate dehydrogenase subunits. CONCLUSION: The present work provides an overview of a large sampling size of P. pachyrhizi populations and their performance over the four crop seasons. The high frequency of SDHC-I86F mutation and low sensitivity to SDHIs are widely distributed in the main soybean growing regions in Brazil and present in volunteer plants in the soybean-free period. Further detailed studies are needed to identify novel point mutations affecting the effectiveness of SDHIs. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

Comparison between nerve conduction study anf high-resolution ultrasonography with color doppler in type 1 and type 2 leprosy

Objective: To analyze the role of high-resolution ultrasonography with color Doppler (HRUS with CD) to diagnose inflammatory activity (IA) in nerves of leprosy patients under type 1 (RT1) and 2 (RT2) reactions compared to Nerve Conduction Studies (NCS). Methods: Leprosy patients with signs or symptoms suggestive of neuritis (RT1 and RT2) without corticosteroids use were selected. They were evaluated by NCS and subsequently by HRUS with CD. Subacute segmental demyelination and the presence of blood flow, respectively, were considered signs of IA. The two methods were compared for their ability to diagnose patients with leprosy reactions. Results: A total of 257 nerves from 35 patients were evaluated. NCS and HRUS with CD diagnosed IA in 68% and 74% of patients, respectively. When both methods were used concomitantly, the diagnosis rate was 91.4%. HRUS with CD was particular helpful when there was minimal neurophysiological compromise in NCS or when motor potentials were not detected. Conclusion: HRUS with CD was able to detect leprosy reactions, especially when combined with NCS. It was especially useful in two opposite situations: nerves with only minor changes and those without motor response in NCS. Significance: Our data shows the usefulness of HRUS and CD, similar to NCS, as a tool to diagnose leprosy reactions.

Halogenated natural products in birds associated with the marine environment: A review.

Halogenated natural products (HNPs) are widespread compounds found at high concentrations in top predators such as seabirds. This paper reviews available data on methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (MeO-BDEs), heptachloro-1'-methyl-1,2'-bipyrrole (Q1) and 1,1'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyrroles (HDBPs) in these animals. In all, 25 papers reported such HNPs in seabirds. White tailed sea eagle from Sweden was the seabird species with higher MeO-BDEs levels in eggs and blood, while in liver the European shag from Norway was the one. Regarding HDBPs, glaucous gull livers from North Water Polynya and Leach's storm petrel eggs from South Canada (NE Atlantic) showed the highest levels, while brown skua eggs presented the highest concentration of Q1. DBP-Br4Cl2 and DBP-Br6 were the most abundant HDBPs in seabirds, although only one study investigated DBP-Br6. Furthermore, 2'-MeO-BDE-68/6'-MeO-BDE-47 ratios were lower than one in mostly of the studies (91%). The main sources of methoxylated congeners found in seabirds might to be from sponges and/or associated organisms (bacteria). The scarcity of data in seabirds showed the gap in knowledge. Few studies were done especially in tropical areas and Southern Hemisphere and the most were conducted in the northwest part of the globe. This review arouses the need of knowledge about the distribution of these compounds in seabirds worldwide as well as it encourages toxicological studies to better understand the possible effects of HNPs on seabirds.

Theater of the Oppressed and bullying: nursing performance in school adolescent health.

OBJECTIVE: to assess the effects of an intervention based on the Theater of the Oppressed in reducing school bullying. METHOD: a quasi-experimental study with 232 first-year high school students from two public schools in the city of Cuiabá, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. An intervention was performed with the Theater of the Oppressed, a theatrical methodology created by Augusto Boal and inspired by Paulo Freire's "Pedagogy of the Oppressed", in which one school composed the intervention group, and another school, the comparison group. Both groups were assessed for involvement in bullying situations before and after intervention. For data analysis, Poisson Regression models with random effect were used. RESULTS: intervention group presented a significant decrease in direct victimization (physical and verbal aggression). CONCLUSION: the Theater of the Oppressed represents an important strategy in reducing bullying victimization among school adolescents.

Tandem mass spectrometry methods to accelerate the identification of phytotoxic metabolites produced by Streptomyces sp. 39 PL.

Natural products isolated by microorganisms are interesting in the search for new compounds with several biological activities. However, low concentration and structural diversity make the isolation a time-consuming step. Tandem mass spectrometry is a well-established technology for the identification and characterization of target microbial natural products due to high sensitivity and selectivity of these experiments. We developed a method employing neutral loss experiments (LC-ESI-MS/MS) to identify luminacins in microbial crude extracts. The luminacins class exhibited conserved fragmentation pattern with loss at 172 Da relative to glycosides fragment and this loss was used in searching for compounds belonging to this class. Therefore, the crude extract produced by Streptomyces sp. 39 PL was analysed and five luminacins were isolated - one is a novel luminacin I at 466 Da.

Determination of acetylcholinesterase and α-glucosidase inhibition by electrophoretically-mediated microanalysis and phenolic profile by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS of fruit juices from Brazilian Myrtaceae Plinia cauliflora (Mart.) Kausel and Eugenia uniflora L.

Alzheimer's disease and diabetes mellitus are contemporary diseases of great concern. Phenolic compounds are linked to several health benefits and could lead to novel strategies to combat these ailments. The objective of this study was to evaluate by electrophoretically-mediated microanalysis the potential inhibitory activity of the fruit juices from Plinia cauliflora ("jaboticaba") and Eugenia uniflora ("pitanga") toward acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and α-glucosidase, target enzymes in strategies for the treatment of these diseases. The phenolic profiles of the samples were also investigated. Jaboticaba and pitanga juices inhibited 85.90 ± 1.73 and 52.67 ± 1.24% of AChE activity at 5 mg mL-1, and 57.91 ± 2.60 and 69.47 ± 2.89% of α-glucosidase activity at 1 mg mL-1, respectively. Total phenolic content of the juices were 303.54 ± 28.28 and 367.00 ± 11.42 mgGA L-1, respectively. The observed inhibitory activity can be explained, at least in part, by the presence of the phenolic compounds.

Theater of the Oppressed and bullying: nursing performance in school adolescent health / Teatro del oprimido y el bullying: el desempeño de enfermería en la salud escolar de los adolescentes / Teatro do Oprimido e bullying: atuação da Enfermagem na saúde do adolescente escolar

ABSTRACT Objective: to assess the effects of an intervention based on the Theater of the Oppressed in reducing school bullying. Method: a quasi-experimental study with 232 first-year high school students from two public schools in the city of Cuiabá, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. An intervention was performed with the Theater of the Oppressed, a theatrical methodology created by Augusto Boal and inspired by Paulo Freire's "Pedagogy of the Oppressed", in which one school composed the intervention group, and another school, the comparison group. Both groups were assessed for involvement in bullying situations before and after intervention. For data analysis, Poisson Regression models with random effect were used. Results: intervention group presented a significant decrease in direct victimization (physical and verbal aggression). Conclusion: the Theater of the Oppressed represents an important strategy in reducing bullying victimization among school adolescents.

RESUMEN Objetivo: evaluar los efectos de una intervención basada en el Teatro del Oprimido para reducir el bullyig escolar. Método: un estudio cuasi experimental con 232 estudiantes de primer año de secundaria de dos escuelas públicas en la ciudad de Cuiabá, estado de Mato Grosso. Se realizó una intervención con el Teatro del Oprimido, una metodología teatral creada por Augusto Boal e inspirada en la "Pedagogía del Oprimido" de Paulo Freire, en la que una escuela compuso el grupo de intervención y otra escuela, el grupo de comparación. Ambos grupos fueron evaluados por su participación en situaciones de bullying antes y después de la intervención. Para el análisis de los datos, utilizamos modelos de regresión de Poisson con efecto aleatorio. Resultados: el grupo de intervención presentó una reducción significativa en la victimización directa (agresión física y verbal). Conclusión: el Teatro del Oprimido representa una estrategia importante para reducir la victimización por bullying entre los adolescentes escolares.

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar os efeitos de uma intervenção baseada no Teatro do Oprimido na redução do bullying escolar. Método: estudo quase-experimental, realizado com 232 estudantes do primeiro ano do Ensino Médio de duas escolas públicas da cidade de Cuiabá-MT. Realizou-se uma intervenção com o Teatro do Oprimido, metodologia teatral criada por Augusto Boal e inspirada na obra "Pedagogia do Oprimido" de Paulo Freire, em que uma escola compôs o grupo de intervenção, e a outra escola, o grupo de comparação. Ambos os grupos foram avaliados quanto ao envolvimento em situações de bullying antes e depois da realização da intervenção. Para análise dos dados, utilizaram-se modelos de Regressão de Poisson com efeito aleatório. Resultados: o grupo de intervenção apresentou redução significativa na vitimização direta (agressões físicas e verbais). Conclusão: o Teatro do Oprimido representa uma estratégia importante na redução da vitimização por bullying entre adolescentes escolares.

Prevalence of practice of bullying reported by Brazilian students: data from the National School Health Survey, 2015. / Prevalência da prática de bullying referida por estudantes brasileiros: dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar, 2015.

OBJECTIVE: to identify the practice of bullying reported by Brazilian students, according to sex, age and geographical location. METHODS: this was a cross-sectional study based on two national samples from the National School Health Survey (PeNSE), 2015; a total of 102,301 students participated in the study forming a nationally representative sample; data were collected through a self-administered questionnaire. RESULTS: bullying prevalence was 19.8% (95%CI - 19.2;20.3), with higher prevalence in the Southeast region of the country (22.2% - 95%CI 21.1;23.4), and in the State of São Paulo (24.2% - 95%CI 22.3;26.2), however the city with the highest prevalence was Boa Vista (25.5% - 95%CI 22.9;28.1), capital of the State of Roraima; boys (24.2% - 95%CI 23.4;25.0) practiced more bullying than girls (15.6% - 95%CI 14.9;16.2), as did younger students aged 13 to 15 years (22.0% - 95%CI 20.4;23.6). CONCLUSION: higher rates of reported bullying practices were found among adolescents from the Southeast region, among male and younger students.

Prevalence of bullying and associated factors among Brazilian schoolchildren in 2015. / Prevalência de bullying e fatores associados em escolares brasileiros, 2015.

This study analyzed the prevalence of bullying and associated factors among Brazilian schoolchildren using data produced by the 2015 National School Health Survey (PeNSE, acronym in Portuguese) consisting of a national sample of 102,301 eighth grade students. The prevalence of bullying was calculated and bivariate analysis was performed using a 95% confidence level to determine the association between victimization and socio-demographic variables and other variables relating to family background, mental health, and risk behaviors. Multivariate analysis was then conducted using the biologically plausible variables of interest. For the final model, variables that obtained p-values of < 0.05 were maintained. The prevalence of bullying was found to be 7.4%. The results of the multivariate analysis showed that boys aged 13 years studying in public schools who worked and whose mother did not have any schooling were more likely to be bullied, as were schoolchildren who felt lonely, had no friends, suffered from insomnia, skipped lessons without parental permission, and who smoked. Victims of bullying were predominantly 13-year-olds from an unfavorable social and family background, painting a picture of vulnerability that calls for support from social protection networks, schools and families alike .

O estudo analisou a prevalência de sofrer bullying e fatores associados em escolares brasileiros. Trata-se de análise da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar (PeNSE) 2015 em amostra nacional com 102.301 alunos do 9º ano. Foi calculada a prevalência de sofrer bullying e foi feita inicialmente análise bivariada com estimativas de razões de chance (OR) e IC95% para estimar as associações entre vitimização e variáveis sociodemográficas, contexto familiar, violência familiar, saúde mental e comportamentos de risco. Posteriormente, procedeu-se ao modelo de regressão logística múltipla, inserindo as variáveis de interesse com (p < 0,20). No modelo final ajustado (ORa) permaneceram variáveis com p < 0,05. A prevalência de bullying foi de 7,4%. A análise multivariada mostrou que quem tem maior chance de sofrer bullying são os escolares do sexo masculino, com 13 anos, da escola pública, filhos de mães sem escolaridade, que trabalham, com relato de solidão, sem amigos, com insônia; que sofreram agressão física dos familiares, faltaram as aulas sem avisar aos pais, usaram tabaco. Predominaram vítimas de 13 anos, com contexto social e familiar desfavorável, mostrando cenário de vulnerabilidades, demandando apoio de redes de proteção social, escolar e famíliar.

Prevalência de bullying e fatores associados em escolares brasileiros, 2015 / Prevalence of bullying and associated factors among Brazilian schoolchildren in 2015

Resumo O estudo analisou a prevalência de sofrer bullying e fatores associados em escolares brasileiros. Trata-se de análise da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar (PeNSE) 2015 em amostra nacional com 102.301 alunos do 9º ano. Foi calculada a prevalência de sofrer bullying e foi feita inicialmente análise bivariada com estimativas de razões de chance (OR) e IC95% para estimar as associações entre vitimização e variáveis sociodemográficas, contexto familiar, violência familiar, saúde mental e comportamentos de risco. Posteriormente, procedeu-se ao modelo de regressão logística múltipla, inserindo as variáveis de interesse com (p < 0,20). No modelo final ajustado (ORa) permaneceram variáveis com p < 0,05. A prevalência de bullying foi de 7,4%. A análise multivariada mostrou que quem tem maior chance de sofrer bullying são os escolares do sexo masculino, com 13 anos, da escola pública, filhos de mães sem escolaridade, que trabalham, com relato de solidão, sem amigos, com insônia; que sofreram agressão física dos familiares, faltaram as aulas sem avisar aos pais, usaram tabaco. Predominaram vítimas de 13 anos, com contexto social e familiar desfavorável, mostrando cenário de vulnerabilidades, demandando apoio de redes de proteção social, escolar e famíliar.

Abstract This study analyzed the prevalence of bullying and associated factors among Brazilian schoolchildren using data produced by the 2015 National School Health Survey (PeNSE, acronym in Portuguese) consisting of a national sample of 102,301 eighth grade students. The prevalence of bullying was calculated and bivariate analysis was performed using a 95% confidence level to determine the association between victimization and socio-demographic variables and other variables relating to family background, mental health, and risk behaviors. Multivariate analysis was then conducted using the biologically plausible variables of interest. For the final model, variables that obtained p-values of < 0.05 were maintained. The prevalence of bullying was found to be 7.4%. The results of the multivariate analysis showed that boys aged 13 years studying in public schools who worked and whose mother did not have any schooling were more likely to be bullied, as were schoolchildren who felt lonely, had no friends, suffered from insomnia, skipped lessons without parental permission, and who smoked. Victims of bullying were predominantly 13-year-olds from an unfavorable social and family background, painting a picture of vulnerability that calls for support from social protection networks, schools and families alike .

Prevalência da prática de bullying referida por estudantes brasileiros: dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar, 2015 / Prevalencia de la práctica de acoso escolar por estudiantes brasileños: datos de la Investigación Nacional de Salud del Escolar, 2015 / Prevalence of practice of bullying reported by Brazilian students: data from the National School Health Survey, 2015

Objetivo: identificar a prática de bullying referida por estudantes brasileiros, segundo o sexo, a idade e a localização geográfica. Métodos: estudo transversal, estruturado em duas amostras nacionais da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar (PeNSE) de 2015; participaram do estudo 102.301 estudantes, amostra nacionalmente representativa; a coleta de dados ocorreu mediante questionário autoaplicável. Resultados: a prevalência de prática de bullying foi de 19,8% (IC95% - 19,2;20,3), com maior ocorrência na região Sudeste do país (22,2% - IC95% 21,1;23,4) e no estado de São Paulo (24,2% - IC95% 22,3;26,2), embora a cidade com maior prevalência tenha sido Boa Vista (25,5% - IC95% 22,9;28,1), capital do estado de Roraima; meninos (24,2% - IC95% 23,4;25,0) praticaram mais bullying que meninas (15,6% - IC95% 14,9;16,2), assim como os estudantes mais jovens, de 13 a 15 anos (22,0% - IC95% 20,4;23,6). Conclusão: observou-se maior prática referida de bullying por adolescentes da região Sudeste, indivíduos do sexo masculino, e entre os mais jovens.

Objetivo: identificar la práctica de acoso escolar por estudiantes brasileños, según sexo, edad y localización geográfica. Métodos: estudio transversal, estructurado en dos muestras nacionales de la Investigación Nacional de Salud del Escolar (PeNSE) de 2015; participaron del estudio 102.301 estudiantes, muestra nacionalmente representativa; la recolección de datos ocurrió mediante cuestionario autoaplicable. Resultados: la prevalencia de la práctica de acoso fue del 19,8% (IC95% 19,2;20,3), con mayor incidencia en la región Sudeste del país (22,2% - IC95% 21,1;23,4) y en el Estado de São Paulo (24,2% - IC95% 22,3;26,2), aunque la ciudad con mayor prevalencia fue Boa Vista (25,5% - IC95% 22,9;28,1), capital del Estado de Roraima; los niños (24,2% - IC95% 23,4;25,0) practicaron más acoso que las niñas (15,6% - IC95% 14,9;16,2), así como los estudiantes más jóvenes, de 13 a 15 años (22,0% - IC95% 20,4;23,6). Conclusión: se observó mayor práctica de acoso moral por adolescentes de la región Sudeste, de sexo masculino, y entre los más jóvenes.

Objective: to identify the practice of bullying reported by Brazilian students, according to sex, age and geographical location. Methods: this was a cross-sectional study based on two national samples from the National School Health Survey (PeNSE), 2015; a total of 102,301 students participated in the study forming a nationally representative sample; data were collected through a self-administered questionnaire. Results: bullying prevalence was 19.8% (95%CI - 19.2;20.3), with higher prevalence in the Southeast region of the country (22.2% - 95%CI 21.1;23.4), and in the State of São Paulo (24.2% - 95%CI 22.3;26.2), however the city with the highest prevalence was Boa Vista (25.5% - 95%CI 22.9;28.1), capital of the State of Roraima; boys (24.2% - 95%CI 23.4;25.0) practiced more bullying than girls (15.6% - 95%CI 14.9;16.2), as did younger students aged 13 to 15 years (22.0% - 95%CI 20.4;23.6). Conclusion: higher rates of reported bullying practices were found among adolescents from the Southeast region, among male and younger students.

Evolution of the report of suffering bullying among Brazilian schoolchildren: National Scholl Health Survey - 2009 to 2015. / Evolução do relato de sofrer bullying entre escolares brasileiros: Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar - 2009 a 2015.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this paper was to compare the tendency of bullying across Brazilian capitals, considering the editions of National Scholl Health Survey (PeNSE) 2009, 2012 and 2015, and to describe the prevalence of bullying by sex, age and administrative dependence of the school in the 2015 sample. METHODOLOGY: The prevalence of bullying and its 95% confidence interval (95%CI) were assessed per State capital and for all capitals. 95%CI was used to check for differences in the period. In the last edition, two samples were analyzed: sample 1 represents the students of the 9th year of Elementary School and sample 2 holds students from 13 to 17 years of age, from the 6th to 9th grade of Elementary and High Schools. RESULTS: The report of suffering bullying by 9th graders in Brazilian capitals increased from 5.4% (95%CI 5.1 - 5.7), in 2009, to 7.2% (95%CI 6.6 - 7.8), in 2012, staying at 7.4% (95%CI 7.1 - 7.7) in 2015. Descriptive analysis for Brazil showed variation by age, as adolescents aged 13 years suffered more bullying than those aged 14, 15 and 16 years. Boys usually report more this problem than girls, as well as public school students, but with overlapping CI. DISCUSSION: The study pointed 37% increase in the prevalence of bullying between 2009 and 2015 in Brazilian capitals by. CONCLUSION: This study reiterates that Brazilian schools are still a space for violence reproduction, which makes it urgent to make progress in prevention and minimization of bullying at schools based on the concept of health promotion and integral care.

INTRODUÇÃO: O estudo objetivou comparar a tendência de bullying nas capitais brasileiras, considerando as edições da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar (PeNSE) 2009, 2012 e 2015, e descrever na amostra de 2015 a prevalência do bullying por sexo, idade e dependência administrativa da escola. METODOLOGIA: Foram comparadas as prevalências de sofrer bullying e seus intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%), por cada capital e total de capitais. Foram considerados os IC95% para verificar a ocorrência de diferenças no período. Na última edição, foram analisadas duas amostras: a amostra 1 representa os alunos do 9º ano do Ensino Fundamental e a amostra 2, alunos de 13 a 17 anos, estudantes do 6º ao 9º ano do Ensino Fundamental e do 1º ao 3º ano do Ensino Médio. RESULTADOS: O relato de sofrer bullying entre os alunos do 9º ano das capitais brasileiras aumentou de 5,4% (IC95% 5,1 - 5,7), em 2009, para 7,2% (IC95% 6,6 - 7,8), em 2012, e 7,4% (IC95% 7,1 - 7,7), em 2015. Uma análise descritiva do Brasil apontou variação do problema com a idade e que adolescentes de 13 anos sofreram mais bullying que alunos de 14 a 16 anos. Meninos em geral relatam mais esse problema que as meninas, bem como alunos da escola pública, embora com sobreposição dos IC. DISCUSSÃO: O estudo apontou aumento de 37% da prevalência de sofrer bullying entre 2009 e 2015 nas capitais brasileiras. CONCLUSÃO: Reitera-se do estudo que o contexto escolar brasileiro continua sendo um espaço de reprodução da violência, tornando-se urgente avançar na perspectiva de prevenção e minimização das situações de bullying na escola, fundamentada no conceito de promoção da saúde e integralidade do cuidado.

Family violence against gay and lesbian adolescents and young people: a qualitative study.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the experiences of gay and lesbian adolescents and young people in the process of revealing sexual orientation to their families. METHOD: A qualitative study carried out in a city in the state of São Paulo. Twelve gay and lesbian adolescents and youngsters participated. For the data collection, the semi-structured interview was used and data analysis was performed using the method of interpretation of the senses. RESULTS: The family reactions in the process of "coming out of the closet" of the participants were violent, with persecution and even expulsion from home, in addition to the repression of expressions of homoerotic experiences, which impacted on their health and quality of life. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: The family is an essential component of the support network, but also a space that can generate and reproduce forms of violence in the name of heteronormativity. Health services should develop care practices and care for the family and adolescent and homosexual youth victim of violence.

Family violence against gay and lesbian adolescents and young people: a qualitative study / Violencia familiar contra adolescentes y jóvenes gays y lesbianas: un estudio cualitativo / Violência familiar contra adolescentes e jovens gays e lésbicas: um estudo qualitativo

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the experiences of gay and lesbian adolescents and young people in the process of revealing sexual orientation to their families. Method: A qualitative study carried out in a city in the state of São Paulo. Twelve gay and lesbian adolescents and youngsters participated. For the data collection, the semi-structured interview was used and data analysis was performed using the method of interpretation of the senses. Results: The family reactions in the process of "coming out of the closet" of the participants were violent, with persecution and even expulsion from home, in addition to the repression of expressions of homoerotic experiences, which impacted on their health and quality of life. Final considerations: The family is an essential component of the support network, but also a space that can generate and reproduce forms of violence in the name of heteronormativity. Health services should develop care practices and care for the family and adolescent and homosexual youth victim of violence.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar las experiencias de los adolescentes y jóvenes gays y lesbianas en el proceso de revelación de la orientación sexual a sus familias. Método: Estudio cualitativo realizado en una ciudad del interior de São Paulo. Participaron 12 adolescentes y jóvenes gays o lesbianas. Para la recolección de los datos se utilizó la entrevista semiestructura y el análisis de los datos ocurrió por medio del método de interpretación de los sentidos. Resultados: Las reacciones familiares en el proceso de "la salida del armario" de los participantes fueron violentas, con persecuciones e incluso la expulsión de casa, además de la represión de las expresiones de las vivencias homoeróticas, lo que impactó en la salud y calidad de vida de estas personas. Consideraciones finales: La familia es componente esencial de la red de apoyo, pero también espacio que puede generar y reproducir formas de violencia en el nombre de la heteronormatividad. Los servicios de salud deben desarrollar prácticas de cuidado y atención a la familia y al adolescente y joven homosexual víctima de violencia.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar as experiências de adolescentes e jovens gays e lésbicas no processo de revelação da orientação sexual às suas famílias. Método: Estudo qualitativo realizado em uma cidade do interior paulista. Participaram 12 adolescentes e jovens gays ou lésbicas. Para a coleta dos dados utilizou-se a entrevista semiestruturada e a análise dos dados ocorreu por meio do método de interpretação dos sentidos. Resultados: As reações familiares no processo de "saída do armário" dos participantes foram violentas, com perseguições e até a expulsão de casa, além da repressão das expressões das vivências homoeróticas, o que impactou na saúde e qualidade de vida dos mesmos. Considerações finais: A família é componente essencial da rede de apoio, mas também espaço que pode gerar e reproduzir formas de violência em nome da heteronormatividade. Serviços de saúde devem desenvolver práticas de cuidado e atenção à família e ao adolescente e jovem homossexual vítima de violência.