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1.
Am J Epidemiol ; 168(7): 796-801, 2008 Oct 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18820272

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Fish contain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, principally eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, which are known to interfere with the body's inflammatory response and may be of benefit in chronic inflammatory conditions. METHODS: We studied the relation between the dietary intake of n-3 fatty acids and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in 8960 current or former smokers participating in a population-based study of artheroscierosis. Intake of fatty acids was estimated with a dietary questionnaire. The presence of COPD was assessed by a questionnaire on respiratory symptoms and by spirometry. Three case definitions of COPD were used: symptoms of chronic bronchitis (667 subjects), physician-diagnosed emphysema reported by the subject (185 subjects), and spirometrically detected COPD (197 subjects). RESULTS: After control for pack-years of smoking, age, sex, race, height, weight, energy intake, and educational level docosahexaenoic acid was inversely related to the ris of COPD in a quantity-dependent fashion. The adjusted odds ratio for the highest quartile was 0.66 for chronic bronchitis (95 percent confidence interval, 0.52 to 0.85; P<0.001 for linear trend across the range of intake value), 0.31 for physician-diagnosed emphysema (95 percent confidence interval, 0.18 to 0.52; P for liner trend, 0.003), and 0.50 for spirometrically detected COPD (95 percent confidence interval, 0.32 to 0.79; P for linear trend, 0.007). CONCLUSION: A high dietary intake of n-3 fatty acids may protect cigarette smokers against COPD.

2.
JAMA ; 293(12): 1471-6, 2005 Mar 23.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15784870

RESUMO

CONTEXT: Recent cervical cancer screening guidelines state that the interval between screenings can be safely extended to 3 years in healthy women 30 years or older who have normal cytology results and have negative test results for oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA. OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence of squamous intraepithelial lesions (SILs) in HIV-seropositive women with normal cytology results, by baseline HPV DNA results. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS: Participants were HIV-seropositive (n = 855; mean age, 36 years) and HIV-seronegative (n = 343; mean age, 34 years) US women with normal baseline cervical cytology who were enrolled in the Women's Interagency HIV Study (WIHS), a large, multi-institutional prospective cohort study. Since their recruitment during 1994-1995, WIHS participants have been followed up semi-annually with repeated Pap smears for a median of 7 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The cumulative incidence of any SIL and high-grade SIL or cancer (HSIL+) was estimated according to baseline HPV DNA results, stratified by HIV serostatus and CD4 T-cell count. RESULTS: Development of any SIL in women with negative HPV results (both oncogenic and nononcogenic) at 2 years was as follows: in HIV-seropositive women with CD4 counts less than 200/microL, 9% (95% CI, 1%-18%); with CD4 counts between 200/muL and 500/microL, 9% (95% CI, 4%-13%); and with CD4 counts greater than 500/microL, 4% (95% CI, 1%-7%). The CIs for these estimates overlapped with those for HIV-seronegative women with normal baseline cytology who were HPV-negative (3%; 95% CI, 1%-5%), indicating that at 2 years, there were no large absolute differences in the cumulative incidence of any SIL between groups. Furthermore, no HPV-negative participants in any group developed HSIL+ lesions within 3 years. Multivariate Cox models showed that on a relative scale, the incidence of any SIL among HIV-seropositive women with CD4 counts greater than 500/microL (hazard ratio [HR], 1.2; 95% CI, 0.5-3.0), but not those with CD4 counts less than or equal to 500/microL (HR, 2.9; 95% CI, 1.2-7.1), was similar to that in HIV-seronegative women. CONCLUSION: The similar low cumulative incidence of any SIL among HIV-seronegative and HIV-seropositive women with CD4 counts greater than 500/microL and who had normal cervical cytology and HPV-negative test results suggests that similar cervical cancer screening practices may be applicable to both groups, although this strategy warrants evaluation in an appropriate clinical trial.


Assuntos
Soropositividade para HIV/complicações , Papillomaviridae/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Papillomavirus/complicações , Displasia do Colo do Útero/epidemiologia , Displasia do Colo do Útero/virologia , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/epidemiologia , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/virologia , Adulto , Contagem de Linfócito CD4 , Estudos de Coortes , DNA Viral , Feminino , Soronegatividade para HIV , Soropositividade para HIV/imunologia , Humanos , Incidência , Programas de Rastreamento , Teste de Papanicolaou , Modelos de Riscos Proporcionais , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/diagnóstico , Esfregaço Vaginal , Displasia do Colo do Útero/diagnóstico
4.
Ginebra; Organización Mundial de la Salud; 1994.
em Italiano, Inglês, Turco, Francês, Russo, Espanhol | WHO IRIS | ID: who-39172

RESUMO

En este manual se establece el marco para abordar de forma normalizada el estudio epidemiológico de las afecciones bucodentales asociadas a la infección por el VIH. Habida cuenta de que las lesiones orales son uno de los primeros síntomas de la infección por el VIH y de su evolución hacia el SIDA, la publicación responde a la necesidad de facilitar el acopio y las comparaciones de datos mediante la normalización de la terminología, de los criterios de diagnóstico y los procedimientos de examen clínico y de los métodos de análisis y notificación de datos. Con ese marco los autores se proponen estimular la comparación de los resultados obtenidos en distintos estudios y poblaciones y a la vez considerar el estado de salud bucodental como parte integrante del tratamiento óptimo de los casos y de las actividades de vigilancia. El manual está destinado tanto a los epidemiólogos experimentados que estén interesados en las afecciones bucodentales asociadas con el VIH como a los profesionales de la salud bucodental sin conocimientos especializados de epidemiología. Contiene una guía para la planificación de los estudios epidemiológicos, con consejos para el establecimiento de objetivos, la selección de poblaciones de estudio apropiadas y la determinación del tamaño de la muestra. Para facilitar la coherencia de los diagnósticos y los informes, se exponen criterios concisos de diagnóstico clínico para cada una de las enfermedades micóticas, bacterianas y víricas, de los trastornos idiopáticos y de las neoplasias con manifestaciones orales que son más comunes y se asocian con el VIH. Se indican claramente los casos que requieren pruebas específicas para confirmar el diagnóstico. En el libro se definen asimismo los procedimientos clínicos normalizados para el examen de la cavidad bucal y los labios. En las secciones restantes se dan ejemplos de análisis y organización de los datos y se examina el formato de los informes de los estudios. El manual concluye con breves definiciones de los términos epidemiológicos más corrientes


Assuntos
Métodos Epidemiológicos , Infecções por HIV , Doenças da Boca
5.
Genève; Organisation mondiale de la Santé; 1994.
em Italiano, Inglês, Francês, Turco, Russo, Espanhol | WHO IRIS | ID: who-37519

RESUMO

Ce guide présente une approche systématique de l'organisation des études épidémiologiques sur les affections buccales associées à l'infection par le virus de l'immunodéficience humaine (VIH). Soulignant que les lésions buccales comptent parmi les premiers symptômes de l'infection à VIH et de l'évolution de l'infection vers le SIDA, le présent guide met l'accent sur la nécessité de faciliter la collecte et la comparaison des données en utilisant une terminologie, des critères de diagnostic, des procédures d'examen clinique et des méthodes normalisées applicables à l'analyse et au compte rendu des résultats. Cette présentation permet à l'auteur d'inciter à comparer les résultats obtenus dans différentes études et auprès de différentes populations, tout en considérant l'examen de santé bucco-dentaire comme faisant partie intégrante de la prise en charge optimale des cas et de la surveillance des maladies associées à l'infection par le VIH. Le présent guide est destiné aux épidémiologistes qui s'intéressent aux lésions buccales associées au VIH, ainsi qu'aux praticiens de la santé bucco-dentaire, sans spécialisation en épidémiologie


Assuntos
Métodos Epidemiológicos , Infecções por HIV , Doenças da Boca
6.
Geneva; Organización Mundial de la Salud; 1994. 29 p.
Monografia em Espanhol | PAHO | ID: pah-16777

RESUMO

Se calcula que el número de personas infectadas en todo el mundo por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia adquirida (VIH) supera ya los once millones; a la vez, se intensifican los esfuerzos para comprender mejor todos los aspectos de la infección. Las lesiones orales anomalías figuran entre las primeras manifestaciones de la infección, por lo que los profesionales de la salud bucodental se encuentran en condiciones inmejorables para contribuir de modo considerable a las investigaciones epidemiológicas


Donde los recursos lo permitan podrán emprenderse estudios independientes centrados exclusivamente en las lesiones orales, pero es más probable que las afecciones bucodentales se estudien junto con otros aspectos clínicos de la infección por el VIH. Sea cual fuere el enfoque adoptado, para que los resultados tengan validez y sean comparables a escala mundiales es esencial normalizar la terminología y los métodos de examen, diagnóstico, registro y análisis de los datos. El presente manual pretende servir de base para esa normalización. El diseño de los estudios epidemiológicos se aborda en función de los objetivos, la selección de poblaciones apropiadas para cada estudio, el tamaño de las muestras, la determinación de la situación respecto de la infección por el VIH y los criterios de diagnóstico


Assuntos
Doenças da Boca/complicações , Infecções por HIV , Métodos Epidemiológicos , Manual de Referência , Coleta de Dados/métodos
7.
Geneva; World Health Organization; 1993.
em Italiano, Inglês, Francês, Turco, Russo, Espanhol | WHO IRIS | ID: who-41787

RESUMO

Establishes the framework for a standardized approach to the epidemiological study of oral conditions associated with HIV infection. Noting that oral lesions are among the first symptoms of both infection with HIV and progression to AIDS, the guide responds to the need to facilitate data collection and comparisons through use of standardized terminology, standardized diagnostic criteria and procedures for clinical examination, and standardized methods for the analysis and reporting of data. In presenting such a framework, the authors aim to encourage the comparison of findings from different studies and different populations, while also making oral health status an integral part of optimum case management and of surveillance activities. The guide is addressed to established epidemiologists with an interest in HIV-associated oral conditions as well as to oral health practitioners who lack specialized knowledge of epidemiology. The guide has five main sections. The first provides background information about HIV infection and AIDS, emphasizing the role that epidemiological studies of oral manifestations can play in improving the understanding and control of this disease. A brief introduction to the principles of epidemiology is also provided, together with an explanation of key terms. The second and most extensive section provides a guide to the design of epidemiological studies, including advice on the establishment of objectives, the selection of appropriate study populations, and the determination of sample size. To facilitate consistent diagnosis and reporting, the guide sets out concise clinical diagnostic criteria for each of the most common HIV-associated fungal, bacterial, and viral diseases, idiopathic conditions, and neoplasms having oral manifestations. Cases where specific tests are needed to confirm diagnosis are clearly indicated. The book also defines standard clinical procedures for the examination of the oral cavity and lips. The remaining sections provide examples of data analysis and layout, and discuss the format of study reports. The guide concludes with brief definitions of common epidemiological terms


Assuntos
Métodos Epidemiológicos , Infecções por HIV , Doenças da Boca
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