Effects of replacing ground corn with Nopalea cochenillifera meal on the intake, performance, and economic viability of grazing steers.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of replacing different levels of spineless-cactus meal instead of ground corn on supplements for crossbred steers grazing in Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandú pastures. Forty crossbred steers with an average body weight (BW) of 261 ± 7.46 kg were distributed in a completely randomized design. In supplements, the ground corn grain was substituted with 0%, 30%, 60%, and 90% spineless-cactus meal. The substitution of spineless-cactus meal instead ground corn promoted a linear decrease in the ether extract (EE; P = 0.03) and non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC; P < 0.01) intakes. The apparent digestibility of EE was influenced (P < 0.05) showing a linear decrease. The apparent digestibility of NFC had a quadratic effect (P = 0.03). For the neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein, the apparent digestibility increased linearly (P = 0.01). The average daily gain showed a quadratic effect (P < 0.01), with a maximum response estimated at 44.94% (1055.52 g/day) substitution with spineless-cactus meal for ground corn. The cost per animal per period and the cost per hectare decreased linearly (P < 0.01). The revenue, net revenue, exchange rate, and monthly revenue of the activity showed quadratic responses to the spineless-cactus meal supplements (P < 0.01), with maximum effects at 44.99%, 47.46%, 61.25%, and 57.35%, respectively. The substitution with up to 44.94% of spineless-cactus meal for ground corn provided daily gains, increased the feed conversion, and was favorable as a cost to the production system. Moreover, the profitability increased with maximum animal performance and improved use of fiber from pastures.

Replacing sorghum with palm kernel cake in the diet decreased intake without altering crossbred cattle performance.

Palm kernel cake is a viable alternative for use in cattle feed to reduce production costs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of concentrations in diet dry matter (DM) of palm kernel cake on intake and digestibility of nutrients and performance of cattle finished in a feedlot system. Forty non-castrated crossbred cattle, with an average age of 24 ± 2 months and an average weight of 331.12 ± 36.20 kg, were distributed among four treatments (control 0%, without heart of palm kernel cake in the diet; 8%, 16%, and 24% of palm kernel cake in diet DM). Variance and regression analysis were performed in function of the palm kernel cake concentrations in diet DM (P < 0.05). The dry matter intake decreased linearly (P < 0.05) as the concentrations in diet DM of palm kernel cake in the diet increased. The inclusion of palm kernel cake in the animals' diet decreased (P < 0.05) on dry matter digestibility. No effects (P > 0.05) of palm kernel cake on average daily gain or feed conversion were observed. The palm kernel cake can be included in the diet of crossbred bulls finished in confinement at concentrations in diet DM of up to 24%, as it has not influenced performance.

Increasing levels of supplementation for crossbred steers on pasture during the dry period of the year.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of increasing concentrate supplementation levels on the intake, nutrient digestibility, and performance of crossbred steers during the dry period of the year. The experiment was developed on Princesa do Mateiro farm, in the municipality of Ribeirão do Largo, located in the southwest region of Bahia State, Brazil. Forty uncastrated male crossbred (½ Holstein-Zebu) steers with an average body weight (BW) of 232.55 ± 24.97 kg were distributed into four treatments in a completely randomized design with ten replicates. The animals were managed in an experimental area formed by Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, in an intermittent grazing system. Treatments consisted of the following supplementation levels: 0.2% BW, with 60% crude protein (CP); 0.3% BW, with 40% CP; 0.4% BW, with 30% CP; and 0.5% BW, with 24% CP. The intakes of forage dry matter in kg/day and %BW and neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein (NDFap) in %BW decreased linearly, whereas the intake of non-fibrous carbohydrates corrected for ash and protein in kg/day and average daily gain increased linearly. Therefore, the use of supplementation at 0.5% BW (24% crude protein) to provide gains of up to 0.500 kg/day is recommended for grazing steers during the post-weaning period in the dry season of the year.

Crude glycerin in diets for lactating cows grazing on tropical pasture: ingestive behavior / Glicerina bruta na dieta de vacas lactantes mantidas em pastagem tropical: comportamento ingestivo

The objective of this study was to evaluate the ingestive behavior of lactating dairy cows grazing on tropical pasture supplemented with different levels of crude glycerin in the diet. Ten lactating cows, ¾ Gir x » Holstein Dairy cows, primiparous, and 109 ± 24 days of lactation, mean age 30 ± 6 months and mean body weight of 426.2 ± 68.29 kg, distributed into five treatments, in double (5x5) Latin square design, were used. The treatments consisted of inclusion levels of crude glycerin in the diet (0.0, 4.5, 9.0, 13.5, and 18.0% dry matter basis). The behavior evaluation was performed on the 14th day of each period, with observations every five minutes for a period of 24 hours. The results were analyzed statistically using analysis of variance and regression at 5% probability. For the grazing time, other activities, rumination, feeding trough, the number of grazing periods, other activities, rumination and feeding trough, as well as bit rate, number and time of chews per bolus, and efficiencies of eating and ruminating were not significant differences among crude glycerin levels in the diet (P>0.05). The inclusion of crude glycerin in diets for lactating cows in tropical pastures does not promote changes in ingestive behavior. The absence of negative effects related to the use of this byproduct in substitution of corn in these conditions allows its use in up to 18% crude gly

Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar o comportamento ingestivo de vacas lactantes mantidas em pastagem tropical suplementadas com diferentes níveis de glicerina bruta na dieta. Foram utilizadas 10 vacas lactantes, ¾ Holandesa x » Gir Leiteiro, primíparas, com 109 ± 24 dias de lactação, idade média de 30 ± 6 meses e peso corporal médio de 426,2 ± 68,29 kg, distribuídas em cinco tratamentos, utilizando-se dois quadrados latinos cinco por cinco (5x5), Os tratamentos foram constituídos pelos níveis de inclusão de glicerina bruta na dieta (0; 4,5; 9; 13,5 e 18%; base matéria seca). A avaliação do comportamento foi realizada no 14º dia de cada período, sendo feitas observações a cada cinco minutos por um período de 24 horas. Os resultados foram analisados estatisticamente por meio de análises de variância e regressão a 5% de probabilidade. Para os tempos de pastejo, outras atividades, ruminação, alimentação no cocho, número de períodos de pastejo, outras atividades, ruminação e alimentação no cocho, assim como taxa de bocado, número de mastigações merícicas e tempo por bolo alimentar, e as eficiências de alimentação e ruminação não foram verificadas diferenças entre os níveis de glicerina bruta na dieta (P>0,05). A inclusão de glicerina bruta na dieta de vacas lactantes em pastagens tropicais não promove variações no comportamento ingestivo. A ausência de efeitos negativos relacio

Crude glycerin in diets for lactating cows grazing on tropical pasture: ingestive behavior / Glicerina bruta na dieta de vacas lactantes mantidas em pastagem tropical: comportamento ingestivo

The objective of this study was to evaluate the ingestive behavior of lactating dairy cows grazing on tropical pasture supplemented with different levels of crude glycerin in the diet. Ten lactating cows, ¾ Gir x » Holstein Dairy cows, primiparous, and 109 ± 24 days of lactation, mean age 30 ± 6 months and mean body weight of 426.2 ± 68.29 kg, distributed into five treatments, in double (5x5) Latin square design, were used. The treatments consisted of inclusion levels of crude glycerin in the diet (0.0, 4.5, 9.0, 13.5, and 18.0% dry matter basis). The behavior evaluation was performed on the 14th day of each period, with observations every five minutes for a period of 24 hours. The results were analyzed statistically using analysis of variance and regression at 5% probability. For the grazing time, other activities, rumination, feeding trough, the number of grazing periods, other activities, rumination and feeding trough, as well as bit rate, number and time of chews per bolus, and efficiencies of eating and ruminating were not significant differences among crude glycerin levels in the diet (P>0.05). The inclusion of crude glycerin in diets for lactating cows in tropical pastures does not promote changes in ingestive behavior. The absence of negative effects related to the use of this byproduct in substitution of corn in these conditions allows its use in up to 18% crude gly

Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar o comportamento ingestivo de vacas lactantes mantidas em pastagem tropical suplementadas com diferentes níveis de glicerina bruta na dieta. Foram utilizadas 10 vacas lactantes, ¾ Holandesa x » Gir Leiteiro, primíparas, com 109 ± 24 dias de lactação, idade média de 30 ± 6 meses e peso corporal médio de 426,2 ± 68,29 kg, distribuídas em cinco tratamentos, utilizando-se dois quadrados latinos cinco por cinco (5x5), Os tratamentos foram constituídos pelos níveis de inclusão de glicerina bruta na dieta (0; 4,5; 9; 13,5 e 18%; base matéria seca). A avaliação do comportamento foi realizada no 14º dia de cada período, sendo feitas observações a cada cinco minutos por um período de 24 horas. Os resultados foram analisados estatisticamente por meio de análises de variância e regressão a 5% de probabilidade. Para os tempos de pastejo, outras atividades, ruminação, alimentação no cocho, número de períodos de pastejo, outras atividades, ruminação e alimentação no cocho, assim como taxa de bocado, número de mastigações merícicas e tempo por bolo alimentar, e as eficiências de alimentação e ruminação não foram verificadas diferenças entre os níveis de glicerina bruta na dieta (P>0,05). A inclusão de glicerina bruta na dieta de vacas lactantes em pastagens tropicais não promove variações no comportamento ingestivo. A ausência de efeitos negativos relacio