RESUMO
Famoxadone is a recently applied fungicide to vines that belongs to the oxazolidinedione family. The fate of famoxadone was studied by considering the decay ratio of this fungicide during the maturation of grapes and wine production. The main factors affecting the presence of fungicide residues such as fruit growth, photodegradation, evaporation, thermodegradation and co-distillation were studied with model systems. An experimental field was treated with a commercial product containing famoxadone at the recommended dose. After this application, residues of famoxadone were found in grapes at 0.27 +/- 0.06 mg kg(-1). In this field experiment, the half-life t(1/2) of famoxadone, which is described by pseudo-first-order kinetics (R2 = 0.74), was 18 +/- 6 days, resulting from the photodegradation. The famoxadone residue levels in grapes were below the established maximum residues level for Europe (2 mg kg(-1)), whilst levels in wine, carried out with and without maceration, were below the calculated limit of detection of the method.
Assuntos
Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Fungicidas Industriais/análise , Oxazóis/análise , Resíduos de Praguicidas/análise , Vitis/química , Vinho/análise , Fermentação , Manipulação de Alimentos/métodos , Fungicidas Industriais/farmacologia , Meia-Vida , Metacrilatos/análise , Metacrilatos/farmacologia , Modelos Biológicos , Oxazóis/farmacologia , Resíduos de Praguicidas/farmacologia , Estrobilurinas , Luz Solar , Temperatura , Vitis/efeitos dos fármacos , Vitis/crescimento & desenvolvimentoRESUMO
PROBLEM: To evaluate the reproducibility of the Immunobead Assay (IBA) on sperm samples before and after cryopreservation. METHOD: Sperm samples (fresh and post-thaw) from known antibody negative donors (N = 20) were evaluated for percent immunobead binding by IBA following incubation with known antibody-positive serum. RESULTS: In both fresh and thawed negative samples, the mean sperm head binding was 0.5% +/- 0.5, the mean sperm tail binding was 2.0% +/- 2.0 and the mean sperm head-tail binding was 3.0% +/- 2.0 for IgG, IgA and IgM type antibodies, respectively. The same samples exposed to positive sera showed 40.0% +/- 10.0 mean head binding, 7.0% +/- 8.0 mean tail binding and 47.0% +/- 11.0 mean head-tail binding. CONCLUSIONS: IBA is highly reproducible for detecting sperm antibodies in both fresh and cryopreserved/thawed samples of human spermatozoa.
