Women's sport and everyday resistance.

This paper presents a conceptual model to understand the relationship between everyday resistance and women's sport. Everyday resistance refers to when members of an oppressed group engage in mundane actions (i.e., playing sports) to resist dominant power structures and social norms. After reviewing resistance literature, we identify two levels of everyday resistance for women's sport: women's sport as everyday resistance and everyday resistance within women's sport. The former refers to when women participate in sport, thereby challenging social norms that marginalize women in society and exclude them from sport. The latter refers to how women athletes with intersecting marginalized identities resist the norms of who participates in women's sport and how, given the norms of sport that privilege whiteness, heteronormativity, and higher social classes among others. The model we introduce advances both sport scholarship and everyday resistance literature and can help scholars conceptualize how women create change in sport and in society-as well as how women athletes create change within women's sport, specifically.

The moderating effects of contact with lesbian and gay friends on the relationships among religious fundamentalism, sexism, and sexual prejudice.

The purpose of this study was to examine the degree to which contact with lesbian and gay friends moderated the effects of religious fundamentalism and sexism on sexual prejudice. The authors gathered data from 269 heterosexual adults living in Texas. Results indicate that the effects of religious fundamentalism on sexual prejudice were reduced when contact was high. However, the positive association between modern sexism and sexual prejudice was not moderated by contact. The authors discuss theoretical and practical implications.

Microbial Iron(II) Oxidation in Littoral Freshwater Lake Sediment: The Potential for Competition between Phototrophic vs. Nitrate-Reducing Iron(II)-Oxidizers.

The distribution of neutrophilic microbial iron oxidation is mainly determined by local gradients of oxygen, light, nitrate and ferrous iron. In the anoxic top part of littoral freshwater lake sediment, nitrate-reducing and phototrophic Fe(II)-oxidizers compete for the same e(-) donor; reduced iron. It is not yet understood how these microbes co-exist in the sediment and what role they play in the Fe cycle. We show that both metabolic types of anaerobic Fe(II)-oxidizing microorganisms are present in the same sediment layer directly beneath the oxic-anoxic sediment interface. The photoferrotrophic most probable number counted 3.4·10(5) cells·g(-1) and the autotrophic and mixotrophic nitrate-reducing Fe(II)-oxidizers totaled 1.8·10(4) and 4.5·10(4) cells·g(-1) dry weight sediment, respectively. To distinguish between the two microbial Fe(II) oxidation processes and assess their individual contribution to the sedimentary Fe cycle, littoral lake sediment was incubated in microcosm experiments. Nitrate-reducing Fe(II)-oxidizing bacteria exhibited a higher maximum Fe(II) oxidation rate per cell, in both pure cultures and microcosms, than photoferrotrophs. In microcosms, photoferrotrophs instantly started oxidizing Fe(II), whilst nitrate-reducing Fe(II)-oxidizers showed a significant lag-phase during which they probably use organics as e(-) donor before initiating Fe(II) oxidation. This suggests that they will be outcompeted by phototrophic Fe(II)-oxidizers during optimal light conditions; as phototrophs deplete Fe(II) before nitrate-reducing Fe(II)-oxidizers start Fe(II) oxidation. Thus, the co-existence of the two anaerobic Fe(II)-oxidizers may be possible due to a niche space separation in time by the day-night cycle, where nitrate-reducing Fe(II)-oxidizers oxidize Fe(II) during darkness and phototrophs play a dominant role in Fe(II) oxidation during daylight. Furthermore, metabolic flexibility of Fe(II)-oxidizing microbes may play a paramount role in the conservation of the sedimentary Fe cycle.

The benefits of sexual orientation diversity in sport organizations.

While sexual orientation diversity can potentially serve as a source of competitive advantage, researchers have largely failed to fully articulate the theoretical linkage between this diversity form and organizational effectiveness. As such, we propose a theoretical framework to understand these dynamics. Sexual orientation diversity is posited to positively contribute to organizational effectiveness through three mechanisms: enhanced decision making capabilities, improved marketplace understanding, and goodwill associated with engaging in socially responsible practices. We also propose two approaches to leveraging the benefits of sexual orientation diversity: targeting the categorization process and creating a proactive and inclusive diversity culture. Contributions and implications are discussed.

Transgene-encoded human CD2 acts in a dominant negative fashion to modify thymocyte selection signals in mice.

CD2 is a cell surface glycoprotein present on all T cells which has been shown to function as an adhesion and signaling molecule. Expressed early in T cell development, human CD2 (HCD2) has been suggested to play a role during thymopoiesis. However, the relevance of CD2 in T cell development has been called into question recently, as neither disruption of the CD2 gene nor anti-CD2 antibody treatment of fetal thymic organ cultures in mouse were shown to have any discernible consequences. We have expressed HCD2 at high levels in transgenic mice and found a profound effect of the transgene on thymocyte differentiation. Transgenic thymuses are considerably reduced in cell number as a consequence of increased apoptosis of double-positive (DP) thymocytes in the cortex. The remaining DP cells have up-regulated levels of T cell receptor (TCR) and are resistant to apoptosis mediated by administration of antigen. These effects are dependent on the cytoplasmic domain of HCD2, as mice expressing comparable levels of a tailless HCD2 transgene have a normal phenotype. The HCD2 cytoplasmic domain contains several regions of identity with mouse CD2 and can interact effciently with mouse intracellular signaling machinery. These results suggest there is considerable cross-talk between CD2 and TCR on developing thymocytes with consequences for the stimulation threshold of mature T cells.

Detection of TdT-positive cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes of immunodeficient rats: study of their antigenic phenotype.

Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) containing cells were found in the mesenteric lymph nodes of protein deprived and casein re-fed rats. Double immunofluorescence was used to characterize these TdT+ cells according to their surface antigenic phenotype. TdT+ cells expressing T-cell antigen markers recognized by monoclonal antibodies: W3/13 and OX-19 indicated thymic origin. It was found that these cells represented half the existing TdT+ population in the mesenteric lymph nodes. The rest of them presented the Ia antigen which is coded for by the class II major histocompatibility complex and is recognized by the OX-6 mAb. TdT+ cells presenting the OX-6+ phenotype were ascribed to a bone marrow derived subset. These results indicate that, in some instances, i.e., immunodeficiency due to protein deprivation, TdT+ cells may appear in the mesenteric lymph nodes. Their origin may be attributed either to trafficking of immature cells from the thymus or to cells that leave the bone marrow as a consequence of the damage provoked by protein deprivation.

[The lymphoid system and protein deficiency. Differentiation in the thymus and Peyer's patches]. / Sistema linfoide y deficiencia proteica. Diferenciación en timo y placas de Peyer.

A: Thymuses from protein deprived rats present: 1) a significant decrease in the absolute number of thymic cells bearing the CD5 phenotype (OX19+), as well as Thy 1.1 (OX7+). The predominant cell population was the one containing TdT (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase) as a sole marker: 2) in severely protein deprived rats followed by refeeding during 9 and 21 days, the existence of a small population of cells containing TdT as a sole marker. The TdT+W3/13+ cell population was restored but the CD4+ subpopulation (W3/25+) exists in lower numbers than in the age-matched controls. B: Severe protein deficiency at weaning, led to the presence in the Peyer's patches of very immature B-cells mostly c mu+OX7s mu-. Protein refeeding reinitiated the differentiation process as follows: 1) c mu+OX7+s mu- c mu-OX7-s mu+ as in the normal Peyer's patches; 2) however, switching of sIgM to sIgA-bearing cells was altered; 3) a low absolute number of W3/13+ and W3/25+ T-cells (CD4+) was found. C: Oral tolerance to dextrin evolved due to antigen specific CD8+ T-cells (found in Peyer's patches, mesenteric lymph nodes and spleen) and could be transferred to normal recipients.

Sistema linfoide y deficiencia proteica. Diferenciación en timo y placas de Peyer. / [The lymphoid system and protein deficiency. Differentiation in the thymus and Peyers patches]

A: Thymuses from protein deprived rats present: 1) a significant decrease in the absolute number of thymic cells bearing the CD5 phenotype (OX19+), as well as Thy 1.1 (OX7+). The predominant cell population was the one containing TdT (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase) as a sole marker: 2) in severely protein deprived rats followed by refeeding during 9 and 21 days, the existence of a small population of cells containing TdT as a sole marker. The TdT+W3/13+ cell population was restored but the CD4+ subpopulation (W3/25+) exists in lower numbers than in the age-matched controls. B: Severe protein deficiency at weaning, led to the presence in the Peyers patches of very immature B-cells mostly c mu+OX7s mu-. Protein refeeding reinitiated the differentiation process as follows: 1) c mu+OX7+s mu- c mu-OX7-s mu+ as in the normal Peyers patches; 2) however, switching of sIgM to sIgA-bearing cells was altered; 3) a low absolute number of W3/13+ and W3/25+ T-cells (CD4+) was found. C: Oral tolerance to dextrin evolved due to antigen specific CD8+ T-cells (found in Peyers patches, mesenteric lymph nodes and spleen) and could be transferred to normal recipients.

Teniposide (VM26) disposition in children with leukemia.

The clinical pharmacokinetics of teniposide (VM-26, NSC 122819) has been studied in 21 children (median age, 4.7 years) with acute lymphocytic leukemia. Teniposide was administered at a dosage of 165 mg/sq m as a 30- to 60-min i.v. infusion. Patients were studied either on the first or second dosage of the drug. Plasma samples were assayed for teniposide and metabolites by high-performance liquid chromatography with electro-chemical detection. Both compartmental and noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analyses were performed. Systemic clearance and apparent volume of distribution of steady state averaged 13.82 +/- 6.0 ml/min/sq m (S.D.) and 7.9 +/- 4.0 liter/sq m, respectively. Univariate and multivariate stepwise regression analyses were used to construct mathematical models to describe the relationships between certain patient-specific demographic and laboratory values and the pharmacokinetic parameters, systemic clearance, elimination rate constant, and area under the concentration-time curve. A significant relationship between serum alkaline phosphatase and systemic clearance, elimination rate constant, and area under the concentration-time curve was found, suggesting that liver function influences the disposition of this anticancer drug in humans.

A randomized-blinded evaluation of analytical error associated with the enzyme immunoassay (EMIT) of gentamicin.

Analytical error is a potential source of inaccuracy and imprecision in the pharmacokinetic dosing of the aminoglycosides. The present study was undertaken to determine the analytical error (precision and accuracy) associated with the EMIT assay for gentamicin as it is routinely used in a clinical pharmacokinetics laboratory, and to assess what impact this error would have on estimates of pharmacokinetic model parameters. Serum samples spiked with known amounts of gentamicin were assayed over a 6-week period along with routine clinical samples by a medical technologist who was blinded with regard to the expected concentration or number of replicates of each sample. Under these conditions, the assay method had a coefficient of variation (CV) of 4.8%. When this analytical error was incorporated into a first-order, one-compartment pharmacokinetic model, the CV was 0.8% for the y intercept and 1.2% for the slope. When all measured concentrations were compared with actual values, the slope and intercept were not significantly different from the line of reference. As indicated by these data, the EMIT assay for gentamicin as it is routinely used in a clinical laboratory is both precise and accurate, indicating that analytical error is not the major source of inaccuracy in pharmacokinetic dosing of gentamicin.

Rapid biochemical characterization of Haemophilus species by using the micro-ID.

Biotyping of Haemophilus influenzae into five type and H. parainfluenzae into three types based on indole production, ornithine decarboxylase, and urease has been reported (M. Kilian, Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. Sect. B 82:835--842, 1976). A commercially available test system designed for the 4-h identification of Enterobacteriaceae. Micro-ID, proved efficacious for the rapid biotyping of these two Haemophilus species. The nitrate reductase, indole production, ornithine decarboxylase, urease, and o-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside hydrolysis tests in Micro-ID correlated over 99% with conventional methodology. By utilizing the indole and o-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside tests it was possible, with 261 of 272 (96.1%) isolates, to distinguish H. influenzae from H. parainfluenzae. Cerebrospinal fluid isolates were over 90% H. influenzae biotype I, and conjunctival isolates were approximately 70% biotype II. Type b H. influenzae were predominantly biotypes I and II; these type b isolates were also overwhelmingly indole producers. Although over 90% of biotypes I and II have been reported to produce beta-lactamase, this was not confirmed by the small number of beta-lactamase producers encountered here. The 4-h Micro-ID should prove a useful mechanism, amenable to the routine clinical laboratory, for the further exploration of the association of Haemophilus with the site of isolation, antigenicity, and antibiotic resistance.