Prognostic impact of MYD88 and CXCR4 mutations assessed by droplet digital polymerase chain reaction in IgM monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and smouldering Waldenström macroglobulinaemia.

Waldenström macroglobulinaemia (WM) is characterized by recurrent somatic mutations in MYD88 and CXCR4 genes. However, limitations arise when analysing these mutations in IgM monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) or smouldering WM (SWM) given the lower tumour load. Here, we used droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) to analyse MYD88 L265P and CXCR4 S338* mutations (C1013G and C1013A) in unsorted bone marrow (BM) or cell-free DNA (cfDNA) samples from 101 IgM MGUS and 69 SWM patients. ddPCR was more sensitive to assess MYD88 L265P compared to allele-specific PCR, especially in IgM MGUS (64% vs 39%). MYD88 mutation burden correlated with other laboratory biomarkers, particularly BM infiltration (r = 0.8; p < 0.001). CXCR4 C1013G was analysed in MYD88-mutated samples with available genomic DNA and was detected in 19/54 (35%) and 18/42 (43%) IgM MGUS and SWM cases respectively, also showing correlation with BM involvement (r = 0.9; p < 0.001). ddPCR also detected 8 (38%) and 10 (63%) MYD88-mutated cfDNA samples in IgM MGUS and SWM respectively. Moreover, high BM mutation burden (≥8% MYD88 and ≥2% CXCR4) was associated with an increased risk of progression to symptomatic WM. We show the clinical applicability of ddPCR to assess MYD88 and CXCR4 in IgM MGUS and SWM and provide a molecular-based risk classification.

CD229 (Ly9) a Novel Biomarker for B-Cell Malignancies and Multiple Myeloma.

CD229 (Ly9) homophilic receptor, which belongs to the SLAM family of cell-surface molecules, is predominantly expressed on B and T cells. It acts as a signaling molecule, regulating lymphocyte homoeostasis and activation. Studies of CD229 function indicate that this receptor functions as a regulator of the development of marginal-zone B cells and other innate-like T and B lymphocytes. The expression on leukemias and lymphomas remains poorly understood due to the lack of CD229 monoclonal antibodies (mAb) for immunohistochemistry application (IHC). In this study, we used a new mAb against the cytoplasmic region of CD229 to study the expression of CD229 on normal tissues and B-cell malignancies, including multiple myeloma (MM), using tissue microarrays. We showed CD229 to be restricted to hematopoietic cells. It was strongly expressed in all cases of MM and in most marginal-zone lymphomas (MZL). Moderate CD229 expression was also found in chronic lymphocyte leukemia (CLL), follicular (FL), classic mantle-cell (MCL) and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Given the high expression on myeloma cells, we also analyzed for the presence of soluble CD229 in the sera of these patients. Serum levels of soluble CD229 (sCD229) at the time of diagnosis in MM patients could be useful as a prognostic biomarker. In conclusion, our results indicate that CD229 represents not only a useful biomarker but also an attractive therapeutic target.

Gene Expression Analysis of the Bone Marrow Microenvironment Reveals Distinct Immunotypes in Smoldering Multiple Myeloma Associated to Progression to Symptomatic Disease.

Background: We previously reported algorithms based on clinical parameters and plasma cell characteristics to identify patients with smoldering multiple myeloma (SMM) with higher risk of progressing who could benefit from early treatment. In this work, we analyzed differences in the immune bone marrow (BM) microenvironment in SMM to better understand the role of immune surveillance in disease progression and to identify immune biomarkers associated to higher risk of progression. Methods: Gene expression analysis of BM cells from 28 patients with SMM, 22 patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) and 22 patients with symptomatic MM was performed by using Nanostring Technology. Results: BM cells in SMM compared to both MGUS and symptomatic MM showed upregulation of genes encoding for key molecules in cytotoxicity. However, some of these cytotoxic molecules positively correlated with inhibitory immune checkpoints, which may impair the effector function of BM cytotoxic cells. Analysis of 28 patients with SMM revealed 4 distinct clusters based on immune composition and activation markers. Patients in cluster 2 showed a significant increase in expression of cytotoxic molecules but also inhibitory immune checkpoints compared to cluster 3, suggesting the presence of cytotoxic cells with an exhausted phenotype. Accordingly, patients in cluster 3 had a significantly longer progression free survival. Finally, individual gene expression analysis showed that higher expression of TNF superfamily members (TNF, TNFAIP3, TNFRSF14) was associated with shorter progression free survival. Conclusions: Our results suggest that exhausted cytotoxic cells are associated to high-risk patients with SMM. Biomarkers overexpressed in patients with this immune gene profile in combination with clinical parameters and PC characterization may be useful to identify SMM patients with higher risk of progression.

First report of CART treatment in AL amyloidosis and relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma.

Multiple myeloma (MM) remains incurable despite the number of novel therapies that have become available in recent years. Occasionally, a patient with MM will develop an amyloid light-chain (AL) amyloidosis with organ dysfunction. Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CART) therapy has become a promising approach in treating hematological malignancies. Our institution has developed a second-generation B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA)-CART which is currently being tested in a clinical trial for relapsed/refractory MM.We present the first reported case, to our knowledge, of a patient with AL amyloidosis and renal involvement in the course of an MM, successfully treated with CART therapy targeting BCMA. The patient received a fractioned dose of 3×106/kg BCMA-CARTs after lymphodepletion. At 3 months from infusion, the patient had already obtained a deep hematological response with negative measurable residual disease by flow cytometry in the bone marrow. After 12 months, the patient remains in hematological stringent complete remission and has achieved an organ renal response with a decrease of 70% of proteinuria.This case suggests that concomitant AL amyloidosis in the setting of MM can benefit from CART therapy, even in patients in which predominant symptoms at the time of treating are caused by AL amyloidosis.

Immunoparesis defined by heavy/light chain pair suppression in smoldering multiple myeloma shows initial isotype specificity and involves other isotypes in advanced disease.

Smoldering multiple myeloma (SMM) is an asymptomatic and biologically heterogeneous plasma cell disorder, with a highly variable clinical course. Immunoparesis, defined by total immunoglobulin measurements, has been shown to be an independent risk factor for progression to symptomatic disease. The heavy/light chain (HLC) assay allows precise measurement of the polyclonal immunoglobulin of the same isotype, enabling the evaluation of isotype-matched immunoparesis (IMI). In this study, we prospectively characterized immunoparesis, as determined by HLC measurements, in 53 SMM patients. Severe IMI was present in 51% of patients, while severe IP of uninvolved isotypes (HLC IP) was present in 39%. Most of the patients with severe HLC IP presented with severe IMI, but not the other way around. Isotype specificity of immune suppression was suggested by lower relative values of isotype-matched HLC pairs, both for IgG and IgA SMM. Severe IMI was associated with other risk factors for progression while patients with severe IMI and severe HLC IP showed an even higher risk profile. Both severe IMI and severe IgM HLC IP showed a significantly shorter time to progression. Finally, gene expression analysis demonstrated differences in the bone marrow microenvironment between patients with IMI and IMI plus HLC IP, with an increased expression of genes associated with cytolytic cells. In conclusion, our data supports isotype specificity of early immunoglobulin suppression mechanisms. While suppression of both involved and uninvolved isotypes is associated with risk of progression, the later appears to develop with more advanced disease and could be mediated by different mechanisms.

Defining an Ultra-Low Risk Group in Asymptomatic IgM Monoclonal Gammopathy.

We analyzed 171 patients with asymptomatic IgM monoclonal gammopathies (64 with IgM monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance-MGUS and 107 with smoldering Waldenström macroglobulinemia - SWM) who had a bone marrow (BM) evaluation performed at diagnosis. Abnormal free-light chain ratio (53% vs. 31%) and MYD88 mutation prevalence (66% vs. 30%) were higher in patients with SWM. No other differences were found among groups. With a median follow-up of 4.3 years, 14 patients progressed to Waldenström macroglobulinemia, 1 to amyloidosis, and 28 died without progression. The MYD88 mutation was found in 53% of patients (available in 160 patients). Multivariate analysis showed that immunoparesis (subhazard ratio-SHR 10.2, 95% confidence interval-CI: 4.2-24.8; p < 0.001) and BM lymphoplasmacytic infiltration ≥ 20% (SHR: 6, 95% CI: 1.6-22.1; p = 0.007) were associated with higher risk of progression. We developed a risk model based on these two risk factors. In the absence of both variables, an ultra-low risk group was identified (SHR 0.1, 95% CI 0.02-0.5; p = 0.004), with 3% and 6% of cumulative incidence of progression at 10 and 20 years, respectively. Bootstrap analysis confirmed the reproducibility of these results. This study finds immunoparesis and BM infiltration as biomarkers of progression as well as a low-risk group of progression in asymptomatic IgM monoclonal gammopathies.

Nectin-2 Expression on Malignant Plasma Cells Is Associated with Better Response to TIGIT Blockade in Multiple Myeloma.

PURPOSE: T-cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domain (TIGIT) blockade could represent an alternative therapeutic option to release the immune response in patients with multiple myeloma. Here we analyzed the expression of TIGIT and its ligands poliovirus receptor (PVR) and nectin-2 in the bone marrow (BM) of patients with monoclonal gammopathies and the efficacy of TIGIT blockade activating antimyeloma immunity. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Expression levels of TIGIT and its ligands were characterized by flow cytometry and ELISA. TIGIT blockade was analyzed in in vitro functional assays with peripheral T cells. BM cells were studied with NanoString technology, real-time PCR, and ex vivo patient BM cell models. RESULTS: TIGIT and its ligands are highly expressed in the BM of patients with multiple myeloma, suggesting that may play a role in restraining immune activation. TIGIT blockade depleted FoxP3+ Tregs while increasing proliferation of IFNγ-producing CD4+ T cells from patients with multiple myeloma. PVR ligation inhibited CD8+ T-cell signaling and cell proliferation which could be overcome with anti-TIGIT mAb. However, BM cells showed a remarkable heterogeneity in immune signature. Accordingly, functional ex vivo BM assays revealed that only some patients respond to checkpoint blockade. Thus, response to TIGIT blockade correlated with low frequency of TIGIT+ cells and high nectin-2 expression on malignant plasma cells. CONCLUSIONS: TIGIT blockade efficiently reinvigorated peripheral T cells from patients with multiple myeloma. However, in the BM, the efficacy of blocking anti-TIGIT mAb to achieve tumor cell death may depend on the expression of TIGIT and nectin-2, becoming potential predictive biomarkers for identifying patients who may benefit from TIGIT blockade.

Loss of the Immune Checkpoint CD85j/LILRB1 on Malignant Plasma Cells Contributes to Immune Escape in Multiple Myeloma.

Mechanisms of immune regulation may control proliferation of aberrant plasma cells (PCs) in patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) preventing progression to active multiple myeloma (MM). We hypothesized that CD85j (LILRB1), an inhibitory immune checkpoint for B cell function, may play a role in MM pathogenesis. In this study, we report that patients with active MM had significantly lower levels of CD85j and its ligand S100A9. Decreased CD85j expression could also be detected in the premalignant condition MGUS, suggesting that loss of CD85j may be an early event promoting tumor immune escape. To gain insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying CD85j functions, we next enforced expression of CD85j in human myeloma cell lines by lentiviral transduction. Interestingly, gene expression profiling of CD85j-overexpressing cells revealed a set of downregulated genes with crucial functions in MM pathogenesis. Furthermore, in vitro functional assays demonstrated that CD85j overexpression increased susceptibility to T cell- and NK-mediated killing. Consistently, ligation of CD85j decreased the number of PCs from individuals with MGUS but not from patients with MM. In conclusion, downregulation of inhibitory immune checkpoints on malignant PCs may provide a novel mechanism of immune escape associated with myeloma pathogenesis.

The BET bromodomain inhibitor CPI203 improves lenalidomide and dexamethasone activity in in vitro and in vivo models of multiple myeloma by blockade of Ikaros and MYC signaling.

Most patients with multiple myeloma treated with current therapies, including immunomodulatory drugs, eventually develop relapsed/refractory disease. Clinical activity of lenalidomide relies on degradation of Ikaros and the consequent reduction in IRF4 expression, both required for myeloma cell survival and involved in the regulation of MYC transcription. Thus, we sought to determine the combinational effect of an MYC-interfering therapy with lenalidomide/dexamethasone. We analyzed the potential therapeutic effect of the combination of the BET bromodomain inhibitor CPI203 with the lenalidomide/dexamethasone regimen in myeloma cell lines. CPI203 exerted a dose-dependent cell growth inhibition in cell lines, indeed in lenalidomide/dexamethasone-resistant cells (median response at 0.5 µM: 65.4%), characterized by G1 cell cycle blockade and a concomitant inhibition of MYC and Ikaros signaling. These effects were potentiated by the addition of lenalidomide/dexamethasone. Results were validated in primary plasma cells from patients with multiple myeloma co-cultured with the mesenchymal stromal cell line stromaNKtert. Consistently, the drug combination evoked a 50% reduction in cell proliferation and correlated with basal Ikaros mRNA expression levels (P=0.04). Finally, in a SCID mouse xenotransplant model of myeloma, addition of CPI203 to lenalidomide/dexamethasone decreased tumor burden, evidenced by a lower glucose uptake and increase in the growth arrest marker GADD45B, with simultaneous downregulation of key transcription factors such as MYC, Ikaros and IRF4. Taken together, our data show that the combination of a BET bromodomain inhibitor with a lenalidomide-based regimen may represent a therapeutic approach to improve the response in relapsed/refractory patients with multiple myeloma, even in cases with suboptimal prior response to immunomodulatory drugs.

NFAT2 regulates COX-2 expression and modulates the integrin repertoire in endothelial cells at the crossroads of angiogenesis and inflammation.

The mechanisms controlling the switch between the pro-angiogenic and pro-inflammatory states of endothelial cells are still poorly understood. In this paper, we show that: (a) COX-2 expression induced by VEGF-A is NFAT2-dependent; and (b) the integrin profile in endothelial cells induced by the pro-angiogenic VEGF-A is distinct from that brought on by the inflammatory cytokine TNF-α. Two groups of integrin subunits specifically upregulated over time by both cytokines were identified using RT-PCR and Western Immunoblotting. The first group included α4, α5, α6, and ß5 subunits that were upregulated by VEGF-A; the second group consisted of αV and ß3 induced by TNF-α. Both cytokines significantly enhanced the expression of ß1 and modulated α2 mRNA. In contrast to TNF-α, VEGF-A induction of integrin subunits depended on the activation of the calcineurin/NFAT pathway. Both calcineurin inhibitors (cyclosporineA and 11R-VIVIT) and downregulation of NFAT2 with specific siRNA decreased induction of integrin subunits. This process of induction could be increased by upregulation of NFAT2 by pBJ5-NFAT2 transfection. This suggests that NFAT2 mediates VEGF-induced upregulation of integrin subunit synthesis by providing a constant supply of newly synthesized "refreshed" mature integrin receptors, particularly α2ß1, α5ß1, α4ß1, α6ß1 and αVß5, which are involved at different stages of angiogenesis.

Effect of Mediterranean diet on the expression of pro-atherogenic genes in a population at high cardiovascular risk.

Experimental and epidemiological studies have demonstrated the beneficial effects of the traditional Mediterranean diet (TMD) on the incidence and progression of atherosclerosis. Several genes play a major role in determining atherosclerosis susceptibility. We compared the short-term effects of two TMD diets versus a control diet on the expression of pro-atherogenic genes. One TMD diet was supplemented with virgin olive oil (VOO) (TMD+VOO) and the other with nuts (TMD+nuts). Gene expression was analyzed in monocytes from 49 asymptomatic high cardiovascular-risk participants (23 men, 26 women), aged 55-80 years. Monocytes were isolated from blood before and 3 months after dietary intervention. We analyzed the expression of genes involved in inflammation [cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-1)], genes involved in foam cell formation [low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP1), LDL receptor and CD36], and genes involved in thrombosis [tissue factor (TF) and tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI)]. We found that TMD+VOO intervention prevented an increase in COX-2 and LRP1, and reduced MCP-1 expression compared to TMD+nuts or control diet interventions. TMD+nuts specifically increased the expression of CD36 and TFPI compared to TMD+VOO and control diet intervention. Our findings showed that the Mediterranean diet influences expression of key genes involved in vascular inflammation, foam cell formation and thrombosis. Dietary intervention can thus actively modulate the expression of pro-atherothrombotic genes even in a high-risk population.

Inhibition of circulating immune cell activation: a molecular antiinflammatory effect of the Mediterranean diet.

BACKGROUND: Adherence to the Mediterranean diet (Med-Diet) is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, the molecular mechanisms involved are not fully understood. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to compare the effects of 2 Med-Diets with those of a low-fat diet on immune cell activation and soluble inflammatory biomarkers related to atherogenesis in subjects at high risk of CVD. DESIGN: In a controlled study, we randomly assigned 112 older subjects with diabetes or > or =3 CVD risk factors to 3 dietary intervention groups: Med-Diet with supplemental virgin olive oil (VOO), Med-Diet with supplemental nuts, and low-fat diet. Changes from baseline in cellular and serum inflammatory biomarkers were assessed at 3 mo. RESULTS: One hundred six participants (43% women; average age: 68 y) completed the study. At 3 mo, monocyte expression of CD49d, an adhesion molecule crucial for leukocyte homing, and of CD40, a proinflammatory ligand, decreased (P < 0.05) after both Med-Diets but not after the low-fat diet. Serum interleukin-6 and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1, inflammatory mediators crucial in firm adhesion of leukocytes to endothelial surfaces, decreased (P < 0.05) in both Med-Diet groups. Soluble vascular cellular adhesion molecule-1 and C-reactive protein decreased only after the Med-Diet with VOO (P < 0.05), whereas interleukin-6, soluble vascular cellular adhesion molecule-1, and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 increased (P < 0.05) after the low-fat diet. CONCLUSIONS: Med-Diets supplemented with VOO or nuts down-regulate cellular and circulating inflammatory biomarkers related to atherogenesis in subjects at high risk of CVD. The results support the recommendation of the Med-Diet as a useful tool against CVD.

Down-regulation of adhesion molecules and other inflammatory biomarkers after moderate wine consumption in healthy women: a randomized trial.

BACKGROUND: Moderate alcohol consumption is cardioprotective. The mechanism for this beneficial effect might be reduced inflammatory responses, as suggested by prospective studies and small clinical trials in men. No studies have evaluated the antiinflammatory effects of wine in women. OBJECTIVE: We investigated whether low-dose intake of white and red wines has differential effects on inflammatory markers in women. DESIGN: In a crossover study, we randomly assigned 35 healthy women to two 4-wk periods of 20 g ethanol/d as white or red wine, preceded by two 4-wk washout periods. Before and after interventions, we measured serum lipids, circulating inflammatory biomarkers, cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs), and adhesion of monocytes to stimulated endothelial cells. RESULTS: HDL cholesterol increased, and the serum concentrations of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, CD40L, and interleukin-6 decreased after either wine (P < 0.01, all). Vascular CAM-1 and E-selectin decreased (P < 0.01) only after red wine. CAM expression by mononuclear cells was blunted after either wine, with a greater suppressant effect of red wine. Enhanced adhesion of monocytes to stimulated endothelial cells was reduced by 51% (95% CI: -57%, -45%) after white wine and by 89% (95% CI: -96%, -82%) after red wine (P = 0.01 for between-wine differences). CONCLUSIONS: Moderate wine consumption is associated with beneficial effects on various inflammatory pathways related to endothelial activation in women. Probably because of its higher polyphenol content, red wine shows superior antiinflammatory effects than does white wine. Reducing low-grade inflammation and endothelial activation may be another potential mechanism by which alcoholic beverages exert their cardioprotective effect.