Teoría sindémica como un enfoque para explicar la interacción entre problemas de salud pública / A teoria sindêmica como abordagem para explicar a interação entre problemas de saúde pública / Syndemics framework as an approach to explain the interaction between public health problems

La teoría sindémica proporciona un marco innovador que permite comprender ¿por qué ciertos problemas de salud pública se concentran geográfica y temporalmente?, y ¿cómo estos problemas interactúan biológica y socialmente?, generando efectos nocivos en grupos vulnerables. Sin embargo, la evidencia empírica que pone a prueba esta teoría aún es escasa y la existente tiene ciertas limitaciones en el enfoque y medición de conceptos claves. Por este motivo, este artículo tiene como propósito generar una discusión sobre algunas implicaciones conceptuales y metodológicas del uso de la teoría sindémica. El correcto abordaje de la teoría sindémica permite direccionar futuras investigaciones en este tema y promueve su importancia para el estudio de problemas de salud en el contexto de Latinoamérica.

A teoria sindêmica fornece um modelo inovador que nos permite entender por que determinados problemas de saúde pública estão geograficamente e temporalmente concentrados e como esses problemas interagem biológica e socialmente, gerando efeitos nocivos sobre grupos vulneráveis. No entanto, as evidências empíricas que testam essa teoria ainda são escassas e a existente apresenta certas limitações na abordagem e mensuração de conceitos-chave. Por esse motivo, este artigo tem como objetivo gerar uma discussão sobre algumas implicações conceituais e metodológicas do uso da teoria sindêmica. A correta abordagem da teoria sindêmica permite direcionar pesquisas futuras sobre o tema e promove sua importância para o estudo dos problemas de saúde no contexto da América Latina.

The syndemics theory provides an innovative framework that allows to understand why some public health problems are geographically and temporarily concentrated?, and how these problems interact biologically and socially?, generating harmful effects on vulnerable groups. However, the empirical evidence that supports this theory is still scarce and the existing has certain limitations in the approach and measurement of key concepts. For this reason, this article aims to generate a discussion about some conceptual and methodological implications of the use of syndemics theory. The correct approach to syndemics theory allows directing future research on this topic and promotes its importance for the study of health problems in the Latin American context.

Sustainable and efficient electrosynthesis of naproxen using carbon dioxide and ionic liquids.

The use of CO2 as a C1 carbon source for synthesis is raising increasing attention both as a strategy to bring value to carbon dioxide capture technologies and a sustainable approach towards chemicals and energy. The presented results focus on the application of electrochemical methods to incorporate CO2 into organic compounds using ionic liquids as electrolytes, which provides a green alternative to the formation of C-C bonds. In this sense, the current manuscript shows that Naproxen (6-Methoxy-α-methyl-2-naphthaleneacetic acid) can be synthetizing in high yield (89%) and conversion rates (90%) through an electrocarboxylation process using CO2 and ionic liquids. The role of the cathode and solvent, which can potentially enhance the synthesis, is also discussed. The "green" route described in the current work would open a new sustainable strategy for the electrochemical production of pharmaceutical compounds.

Electrocarboxylation of 1-chloro-(4-isobutylphenyl)ethane with a silver cathode in ionic liquids: an environmentally benign and efficient way to synthesize Ibuprofen.

Electrocarboxylation of organic halides is one of the most widely used approaches for valorising CO2. In this manuscript, we report a new greener synthetic route for synthesising 2-(4-isobutylphenyl)propanoic acid, Ibuprofen, one of the most popular non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The joint use of electrochemical techniques and ionic liquids (ILs) allows CO2 to be used as a C1-organic building block for synthesising Ibuprofen in high yields, with conversion ratios close to 100%, and under mild conditions. Furthermore, the determination of the reduction peak potential values of 1-chloro-(4-isobutylphenyl)ethane in several electrolytes (DMF, and ionic liquids) and with different cathodes (carbon and silver) makes it possible to evaluate the most "energetically" favourable conditions for performing the electrocarboxylation reaction. Hence, the use of ILs not only makes the electrolytic media greener, but they also act as catalysts enabling the electrochemical reduction of 1-chloro-(4-isobutylphenyl)ethane to be decreased by up to 1.0 V.

Multistimuli-Responsive Fluorescent Switches Based on Spirocyclic Meisenheimer Compounds: Smart Molecules for the Design of Optical Probes and Electrochromic Materials.

Fluorescent switches based on spirocyclic zwitterionic Meisenheimer (SZMC) complexes are stimuli-responsive organic molecules with application in a variety of areas. To expand their functionality, novel switching mechanisms are herein reported for these systems: (a) acid- and redox-triggered formation of an additional protonation state with distinct optical properties, and (b) solvent-induced fluorescence modulation. We demonstrate that these new features, which enable both multistimuli and multistate operation of SZMC switches, can be exploited in the preparation of smart organic materials: wide-range pH optical probes, electrochromic and electrofluorochromic films, and polymer-based fluorescent detectors of organic liquids.

Drastic Effect of the Peptide Sequence on the Copper-Binding Properties of Tripeptides and the Electrochemical Behaviour of Their Copper(II) Complexes.

The binding and electrochemical properties of the complexes CuII -HAH, CuII -HWH, CuII -Ac-HWH, CuII -HHW, and CuII -WHH have been studied by using NMR and UV/Vis spectroscopies, CV, and density functional calculations. The results obtained highlight the importance of the peptidic sequence on the coordination properties and, consequently, on the redox properties of their CuII complexes. For CuII -HAH and CuII -HWH, no cathodic processes are observed up to -1.2 V; that is, the complexes exhibit very high stability towards copper reduction. This behaviour is associated with the formation of very stable square-planar (5,5,6)-membered chelate rings (ATCUN motif), which enclose two deprotonated amides. In contrast, for non-ATCUN CuII -Ac-HWH, CuII -HHW complexes, simulations seem to indicate that only one deprotonated amide is enclosed in the coordination sphere. In these cases, the main electrochemical feature is a reductive irreversible one electron-transfer process from CuII to CuI , accompanied with structural changes of the metal coordination sphere and reprotonation of the amide. Finally, for CuII -WHH, two major species have been detected: one at low pH (<5), with no deprotonated amides, and another one at high pH (>10) with an ATCUN motif, both species coexisting at intermediate pH. The present study shows that the use of CV, using glassy carbon as a working electrode, is an ideal and rapid tool for the determination of the redox properties of CuII metallopeptides.

Fluorescent "Turn-Off" Detection of Fluoride and Cyanide Ions Using Zwitterionic Spirocyclic Meisenheimer Compounds.

Stable zwitterionic spirocyclic Meisenheimer compounds were synthesized using a one-step reaction between picric acid and diisopropyl (ZW1) or dicyclohexyl (ZW3) carbodiimide. A solution of these compounds displays intense orange fluorescence upon UV or visible light excitation, which can be quenched or "turned-off" by adding a mole equivalent amount of F- or CN- ions in acetonitrile. Fluorescence is not quenched in the presence of other ions such as Cl-, Br-, I-, NO2-, NO3-, or H2PO4-. These compounds can therefore be utilized as practical colorimetric and fluorescent probes for monitoring the presence of F- or CN- anions.