Rendimiento de la memoria prospectiva en personas mayores, adultos y jóvenes / Prospective memory performance in older people, adults and youth / Rendimento da memória prospectiva em idosos, adultos e jovens

La finalidad del presente trabajo fue comprobar las diferencias que pudieran existir en Memoria Prospectiva (MP) entre jóvenes, adultos y personas mayores; analizar las relaciones existentes entre variables de comprensión y fluidez verbal y la MP; y verificar la existencia de relaciones entre la percepción subjetiva del estado de salud y el rendimiento de la MP. A través de un diseño transversal, se trabajó con 270 participantes distribuidos en tres grupos de edad: jóvenes de 18 a 28 años; adultos de 45 a 55, y personas mayores de 60 a 80. Se evaluó a los participantes en relación con sus aptitudes de comprensión y fluidez verbal, así como en la percepción subjetiva de su estado de salud. Posteriormente se realizó un experimento donde se les presentaron párrafos de tres frases en la pantalla del computador y ellos tenían que reconocer palabras previamente acordadas, que indicarían su nivel de MP. Los resultados permitieron confirmar diferencias significativas en memoria prospectiva entre mayores y jóvenes. Sin embargo, no se encontraron diferencias entre jóvenes y adultos. Se detectó la importancia de las aptitudes verbales y la influencia de la percepción subjetiva del estado de salud para tener un mejor rendimiento en estas tareas de laboratorio de MP.

The aims of this study were to verify the potential differences in prospective memory (PM) among young people, adults and the elderly; analyze the relationships between variables of comprehension and verbal fluency and PM; and finally, verify the existence of a relationship between self-reported health status and performance on PM. A cross- sectional design was used. The study involved 270 participants divided into three age groups: young people aged 18 to 28 years; adults 45 to 55, and seniors 60 to 80. Their comprehension and verbal fluency skills were assessed as well as their self-perceived health status. Subsequently, an experiment was carried out where participants were presented with paragraphs of three sentences on a computer screen and they had to recognize previously agreed words that would indicate their level of MP. The results established significant differences in prospective memory between adults and older people and between young people and the elderly. But no differences between youth and adults were found..The importance of verbal comprehension and verbal fluency in solving prospective memory experimental tasks was also significant. In addition, a better self-perception of well-being was linked to a higher performance in PM.

A finalidade do presente trabalho foi comprovar as diferenças que puderam existir na Memória Prospectiva (MP) entre jovens, adultos e idosos; analisar as relações existentes entre variáveis de compreensão e fluência verbal e a MP; e verificar a existência de relações entre a percepção subjetiva do estado de saúde e o rendimento da MP. Através de um desenho transversal, se trabalhou com 270 participantes distribuídos em três grupos de idade: jovens de 18 a 28 anos; adultos de 45 a 55, e idosos de 60 a 80. Avaliaram-se os participantes em relação com suas aptidões de compreensão e fluência verbal, assim como na percepção subjetiva de seu estado de saúde. Posteriormente realizou-se um experimento onde foram apresentados parágrafos de três frases na tela do computador e eles tinham que reconhecer palavras previamente lembradas, que indicariam seu nível de MP. Los resultados permitiram confirmar diferencias significativas em memória prospectiva entre idosos e jovens. Porém, não se encontraram diferenças entre jovens e adultos. Detectou-se a importância das aptidões verbais e a influencia de a percepção subjetiva do estado de saúde para ter um melhor rendimento nestas tarefas de laboratório de MP.

Niveles de dificultad de la conciencia fonológica y aprendizaje lector / Levels of difficulty in phonological awareness and learning to read

Aunque existe una relación entre conciencia fonológica y lectura, se da una controversia sobre su posible causalidad. El conocimiento fonológico es una habilidad necesaria para el aprendizaje de la lectura, pero el proceso de aprender a leer puede facilitar su desarrollo. Estudios previos han efectuado un entrenamiento en conciencia fonológica, pero son menos los que evalúan el desarrollo de la conciencia fonológica en alumnos que no han recibido entrenamiento. Los objetivos fundamentales de este estudio han sido: a) determinar los niveles de dificultad de la conciencia fonológica en relación con niveles silábico y fonémico en tareas de identificación, adición y omisión en sílabas y fonemas, y b) identificar diferencias de conciencia fonológica en función del desarrollo lector. Se evaluó, mediante la Prueba de Evaluación del Conocimiento Fonológico, a 299 estudiantes de edades comprendidas entre 5,6 y 7,6 años (el 52,6 %, niños, y el 47,4 %, niñas), procedentes de colegios públicos. Fueron distribuidos en tres grupos según el nivel lector alcanzado. Los resultados mostraron diferencias significativas en la conciencia fonológica en función del nivel de desarrollo lector entre los grupos, considerando conciencia fonológica, silábica y fonémica. Se detectó a aproximadamente el 18 % de los participantes (un total de 53 alumnos) con dificultades, el 55 %, niños, y el 45 %, niñas. Estos resultados son relevantes por cuanto indican que conviene realizar una intervención cuando los problemas con la lectura tengan que ver con el conocimiento fonológico. La secuencia de desarrollo encontrada permite establecer actividades para entrenar al alumnado con dificultades de aprendizaje de la lectura (AU)

Although there is a relationship between phonological awareness and reading, the reasons for this relationship are controversial. Phonological knowledge is a necessary skill for learning to read, but the process of learning to read can facilitate the development of this knowledge. Previous studies have provided training in phonological awareness, but few have evaluated the development of phonological awareness in students with no previous training in reading. The main aims of this study were (1) to analyze levels of difficulty in phonological awareness in relation to the identification, addition and omission of syllables and phonemes, and (2) to identify differences in phonological awareness as a function of reading development. A total of 299 preschool and first-grade students, aged between 5.6 and 7.6 years (52.6 % boys and 47.4 % girls), from distinct public schools were assessed by the Phonological Awareness Assessment Test. Participants were distributed in three different groups according to their reading skills. The results showed significant differences in phonological awareness as a function of reading development among the groups when syllabic and phonemic phonological knowledge were assessed. Approximately 18 % of participants (53 students) were identified as having learning difficulties (55 % boys and 45 % girls). These results suggest the advisability of implementing intervention programs when reading problems are related to phonological knowledge. The sequence of phonological development identified allows us to design tasks with different levels of difficulty in order to train students with learning problems in reading (AU)

[Naming speed and phonological awareness in early reading learning]. / Velocidad de nombrar y conciencia fonológica en el aprendizaje inicial de la lectura.

The ability to read is a basic acquisition that conditions children's social integration and it is an important factor in school success. It is considered a complex activity in which different levels of cognitive processes are involved. The relationship between phonological awareness, naming speed and learning to read has been widely studied. Research on this topic has previously been carried out with different training procedures, or with children with reading and writing learning disabilities, or children with phonological awareness problems. The innovative aspect of this research is that it presents a longitudinal study of the influence of phonological awareness and naming speed on reading with no training procedure. 85 kindergarten children were assessed with Rapid Automatized Naming Test, The Phonological Knowledge Test (PECO) and the Reading Test (PROLEC-R) at two development points: at 5,6 and at 6.5 years old. A correlational comparison and a hierarchical regression analysis were calculated in order to determine the explicit variance for phonological awareness and naming speed in reading. Results showed that phonological awareness and naming speed differentially explain variance in reading. The discrepancies found are a consequence of the different measurement techniques for phonological awareness and naming speed used by the diverse authors.

Velocidad de nombrar y conciencia fonológica en el aprendizaje inicial de la lectura / Naming speed and phonological awareness in early reading learning

Se estima que existe relación entre conciencia fonológica y la velocidad de nombrar en el aprendizaje de la lectura. Los estudios se han realizado a través de procedimientos de intervención, o bien con alumnos con dificultades de aprendizaje de lectoescritura o con escasa conciencia fonológica. Se presenta un estudio longitudinal sin intervención como elemento innovador para conocer la influencia de la conciencia fonológica y la velocidad de nombrar sobre la lectura. 85 alumnos fueron evaluados con el Rapid Automatized Naming Test, la Prueba de Evaluación del Conocimiento Fonológico y el test de evaluación de lectura PROLEC-R en dos momentos evolutivos: a los 5,6 y a los 6,5 años. Se realizó un cálculo correlacional, así como un análisis de regresión jerárquica para conocer la varianza explícita de las variables conciencia fonológica y velocidad de nombrar en la lectura. Los resultados mostraron que la conciencia fonológica y la velocidad de nombrar contribuyen de manera distinta a la decodificación lectora. Las discrepancias encontradas con estudios previos en este campo pueden derivarse de las distintas medidas utilizadas en conciencia fonológica y velocidad de nombrar(AU)

The ability to read is a basic acquisition that conditions children’s social integration and it is an important factor in school success. It is considered a complex activity in which different levels of cognitive processes are involved. The relationship between phonological awareness, naming speed and learning to read has been widely studied. Research on this topic has previously been carried out with different training procedures, or with children with reading and writing learning disabilities, or children with phonological awareness problems. The innovative aspect of this research is that it presents a longitudinal study of the influence of phonological awareness and naming speed on reading with no training procedure. 85 kindergarten children were assessed with Rapid Automatized Naming Test, The Phonological Knowledge Test (PECO) and the Reading Test (PROLEC-R) at two development points: at 5,6 and at 6.5 years old. A correlational comparison and a hierarchical regression analysis were calculated in order to determine the explicit variance for phonological awareness and naming speed in reading. Results showed that phonological awareness and naming speed differentially explain variance in reading. The discrepancies found are a consequence of the different measurement techniques for phonological awareness and naming speed used by the diverse authors(AU)